Deck 6: Formulating the Hypothesis

Question 1

The Characteristics of an Experimental Hypothesis Identify the synthetic statement.

A)A = A.
B)Susan is reading a book and not reading a book.
C)Tim is short and tall.
D)Women drive automobiles more safely than men.

Answer 1

Women drive automobiles more safely than men.

Question 2

Introduction Words like "guess" and "hunch" are nonscientific synonyms for a

A)hypothesis.
B)law.
C)model.
D)theory.

Answer 2

hypothesis.

Question 3

The Characteristics of an Experimental Hypothesis ____ statements are always true.

A)Analytic
B)Contradictory
C)Parsimonious
D)Synthetic

Answer 3

Analytic

Question 4

The Characteristics of an Experimental Hypothesis A good hypothesis is all of the following except

A)synthetic.
B)parsimonious.
C)analytic.
D)fruitful.

Question 5

The Characteristics of an Experimental Hypothesis An experimental hypothesis is

A)a law that allows prediction of behavior.
B)a model of behavior.
C)a tentative explanation of behavior or an event.
D)knowing without reasoning.

Question 6

Introduction Psychology experiments are designed to test statements called

A)hypotheses.
B)models.
C)laws.
D)theories.

Question 7

The Characteristics of an Experimental Hypothesis Select the experimental hypothesis.

A)If people are repressors, then they will report fewer treatment side effects.
B)If people experience a nurturing attachment relationship during childhood, they will commit fewer violent crimes.
C)If people take St.John's Wort daily, they will report fewer depressive symptoms.
D)If people work as welders, they will have a greater risk of developing Parkinson's disease.

Question 8

The Characteristics of an Experimental Hypothesis The statement, "Hungry students read slowly," is

A)analytic.
B)contradictory.
C)not testable.
D)synthetic.

Question 9

Introduction All of these research methods describe behaviors as they naturally occur.
Which one can test hypotheses and establish causal relationships?

A)case studies.
B)field experiments.
C)naturalistic observation.
D)surveys.

Question 10

The Characteristics of an Experimental Hypothesis Choose the analytic statement.

A)Dieters' weights will fluctuate.
B)My pet is a dog and is not a dog.
C)Sam is married and single.
D)Today is Monday and Wednesday.

Question 11

Introduction Which nonexperimental design is likely to incorporate a hypothesis about a
Predicted relationship between variables?

A)correlational studies
B)field experiments
C)naturalistic observation
D)surveys

Question 12

The Characteristics of an Experimental Hypothesis Maria developed the following hypothesis, "If you dress badly, then you are probably a professor." While this hypothesis is ____, it is not

A)synthetic; experimental.
B)falsifiable; synthetic.
C)analytic; testable.
D)experimental; contradictory.

Question 13

The Characteristics of an Experimental Hypothesis Hannah hypothesizes that Americans are happiest when the President is a Democrat.This hypothesis is ____, but not

A)parsimonious; synthetic.
B)contradictory; testable.
C)synthetic; experimental.
D)nonexperimental; falsifiable.

Question 14

The Characteristics of an Experimental Hypothesis "The taller you are, the faster your heart rate." This hypothesis is ____, but not

A)experimental; synthetic.
B)contradictory; testable.
C)nonexperimental; falsifiable.
D)testable; experimental.

Question 15

Introduction Which of the following is a nonexperimental hypothesis?

A)If people are first asked a small favor, then they will be more likely to agree to a larger request.
B)If people live together before marriage, then they will be more likely to divorce.
C)If people hear a news broadcast about another person's generosity, then they will make larger donations to charity
D)If women aerobically exercise 5 hours a week, they will reduce their risk of breast cancer.

Question 16

The Characteristics of an Experimental Hypothesis Select the contradictory statement.

A)Adversity builds character.
B)All people are mortal.
C)It only rains on weekends.
D)You have a sister and are an only child.

Question 17

The Characteristics of an Experimental Hypothesis One way to ensure that your hypothesis is synthetic is to

A)place it in an "If…then" format.
B)make sure the variables can be measured.
C)base it on inductive reasoning.
D)remove as many supporting assumptions as you can.

Question 18

The Characteristics of an Experimental Hypothesis ____ statements can be either true or false.

A)Analytic
B)Contradictory
C)Synthetic
D)All of these

Question 19

The Characteristics of an Experimental Hypothesis An experimental hypothesis is a statement of a potential relationship between

A)a subject variable and an independent variable.
B)at least two independent variables.
C)at least two measurable behaviors.
D)specific antecedent conditions and a dependent variable.

Question 20

The Characteristics of an Experimental Hypothesis Hypotheses that can be stated in an "if…then" form are
____ statements.

A)analytic
B)contradictory
C)parsimonious
D)synthetic

Question 21

The Inductive Model A researcher who develops a theory from the findings of several specific
Experiments illustrates the ____ approach.

A)deductive
B)inductive
C)combined deductive and inductive
D)nonexperimental

Question 22

The Characteristics of an Experimental Hypothesis A hypothesis that contains the fewest supporting assumptions is

A)falsifiable.
B)internally valid.
C)parsimonious.
D)testable.

Question 23

The Characteristics of an Experimental Hypothesis Select the form required by an experimental hypothesis:

A)analytic…synthetic
B)before…after
C)if…then
D)inductive…deductive

Question 24

The Inductive Model While reviewing data from several studies of how roommates finish each
Other's sentences, a researcher suddenly discovers a general principle that
Connects all her findings.This illustrates the ____ approach.

A)deductive
B)inductive
C)combined deductive and inductive
D)synthetic

Question 25

The Inductive Model Maggie is attempting to earn enough money for college by day-trading on the stock market.She noticed that a particular stock gained value yesterday and that it also gained value today.She concludes that it is a good stock that will continue to gain value in the future.This conclusion is based on

A)induction.
B)deduction.
C)commonsense psychology.
D)the windfall hypothesis.

Question 26

The Inductive Model Walster, Walster, and Berscheid formulated equity theory based on their
Own and others' observations by using

A)deductive reasoning.
B)inductive reasoning.
C)reductionism.
D)serendipity.

Question 27

The Characteristics of an Experimental Hypothesis Which of the following hypotheses is the least parsimonious?

A)Objects fall to the earth because of gravitational pull.
B)Walking across campus at night is dangerous if you are alone and unarmed.
C)Prices are cheaper at Wal-Mart than at Target.
D)People who eat healthy diets live longer than those who don't.

Question 28

The Characteristics of an Experimental Hypothesis Dr.Moss assures his students that they can get an A in his class as long as they study enough.We could not use his statement as an experimental hypothesis because it is not

A)parsimonious.
B)falsifiable.
C)heuristic
D)fair.

Question 29

The Inductive Model ____ is the basic tool that researchers use to build theories from empirical
Findings.

A)Deductive reasoning
B)Inductive reasoning
C)Phenomenology
D)Reductionism

Question 30

The Characteristics of an Experimental Hypothesis A fruitful hypothesis

A)confirms a theory.
B)contains the fewest assumptions.
C)is internally valid.
D)leads to new studies.

Question 31

The Characteristics of an Experimental Hypothesis Jack hypothesizes that the world would be a better place if everyone on the planet would listen to him and follow his directions.The problem with Jack's hypothesis is that it is

A)contradictory.
B)analytic.
C)not parsimonious.
D)not testable.

Question 32

The Characteristics of an Experimental Hypothesis Sara's roommate is a bit flaky.One minute she loves her boyfriend and the next minute she hates him.It would be difficult to test the hypothesis that "Sara loves her boyfriend and she hates him" because it is a(n) _____ statement.

A)contradictory
B)testable
C)synthetic
D)experimental

Question 33

The Inductive Model Zajonc's (1966) theory of the mere exposure effect was developed through

A)deduction.
B)intuition.
C)review of prior research.
D)serendipity.

Question 34

The Characteristics of an Experimental Hypothesis Kirk hypothesizes that his dog dreams in color.This is not an experimental
Hypothesis because it

A)cannot be stated in an "if…then" format.
B)cannot be tested.
C)is an analytic statement.
D)is not a parsimonious statement.

Question 35

The Characteristics of an Experimental Hypothesis The Watson and Rayner fear-conditioning hypothesis regarding Little Albert
Stimulated considerable research.This shows the hypothesis was

A)deductive.
B)fruitful.
C)inductive.
D)synthetic.

Question 36

The Inductive Model Susan suspects that her husband is having an affair because he brought her a dozen roses, washed the dishes, and asked when her mother could visit them next.Susan's hypothesis is based on

A)deduction.
B)induction.
C)serendipity.
D)both induction and deduction.

Question 37

The Inductive Model ____ is reasoning from specific cases to general principles.

A)Deduction
B)Falsification
C)Induction
D)Reductionism

Question 38

The Deductive Model Laura's teacher tells the class that the range of scores for an A on the test is 92-100, while the range for a B is 85-91.Laura gets a 90 on the test and concludes that she got a B.Her conclusion was based on

A)the deductive model.
B)the inductive model.
C)the windfall hypothesis.
D)serendipity.

Question 39

The Inductive Model B.F.Skinner's study of reinforcement involved the ____ approach to
Research.

A)correlational
B)deductive
C)inductive
D)nonexperimental

Question 40

The Characteristics of an Experimental Hypothesis Which statement is falsifiable?

A)If dogs display muscle twitches and vocalizations during sleep, then they must be dreaming.
B)If you look at an appealing photograph, then your pupils will dilate.
C)If you read your Experimental Psychology book carefully enough, then you will be able to design a good experiment.
D)The weight of dieters will fluctuate.

Question 41

Building on Prior Research The most useful way of developing hypotheses is

A)conducting a survey.
B)reviewing previous studies.
C)using inductive reasoning.
D)using the phenomenological approach.

Question 42

Building on Prior Research A review of prior studies in an area may provide

A)help in identifying important issues.
B)information on previous methodological problems.
C)new research ideas.
D)all of these

Question 43

Building on Prior Research The term, serendipity, means

A)developing hypotheses based on prior research.
B)discovering phenomena we are not seeking.
C)discovering phenomena we are seeking.
D)generating ideas using the phenomenological approach.

Question 44

Building on Prior Research The ability to recognize the importance of an unexpected observation is most
Relevant to

A)inductive reasoning.
B)intuition.
C)serendipity.
D)the phenomenological approach.

Question 45

Building on Prior Research Intuition, which can suggest hypotheses, is closest to

A)deductive reasoning.
B)inductive reasoning.
C)phenomenology.
D)reductionism.

Question 46

Building on Prior Research Which is a source of experimental hypotheses?

A)deductive reasoning
B)intuition
C)nonexperimental studies
D)all of these

Question 47

The Deductive Model ____ is the process of reasoning from general principles to specific cases.

A)Deduction
B)Falsification
C)Induction
D)Reductionism

Question 48

Building on Prior Research As described in your text, Simon (1967) suggests that intuition

A)has no place in scientific inquiry.
B)is the most valuable tool a scientist has.
C)is best when it comes from an expert.
D)can be used for deduction but not for induction.

Question 49

Building on Prior Research Nonexperimental studies are used to test the effects of smoking on human
Subjects due to concern about

A)experimental realism.
B)external validity.
C)internal validity.
D)research ethics.

Question 50

The Deductive Model Peter is about to visit his 2-year-old nephew for the very first time.Peter read that infants learn to walk by their first birthday, so he concludes that his nephew must be able to walk.This conclusion demonstrates

A)deduction.
B)induction.
C)intuition.
D)serendipity.

Question 51

The Deductive Model Deduction is the process of reasoning from

A)general principles to specific instances.
B)hypotheses to theories.
C)specific instances to general principles.
D)theories to laws.

Question 52

The Deductive Model Researchers have used equity theory to predict behavior in diverse
Interpersonal situations (e.g., helping behavior and romantic
Relationships).These predictions were generated using ____ reasoning.

A)deductive
B)inductive
C)combined deductive and inductive
D)synthetic

Question 53

Building on Prior Research To study a possible causal relationship between smoking and lung cancer,
Researchers start with human ____ studies and then progress to
Animal ____ studies.

A)experimental; experimental
B)experimental; quasi-experimental
C)quasi-experimental; experimental
D)correlational; quasi-experimental

Question 54

Building on Prior Research Pavlov's classical conditioning research contained an element of serendipity
Because Pavlov

A)did not recognize the importance of what he found.
B)discovered this learning process through intuition.
C)intended to study stomach secretions.
D)predicted this form of conditioning based on prior research.

Question 55

Building on Prior Research When we have a hunch about animal behavior in a specific situation, we

A)demonstrate serendipity.
B)sacrifice objectivity.
C)should review prior research to avoid pointless experiments.
D)violate the requirements of scientific research.

Question 56

Combining Induction and Deduction Theories are typically developed through ____ and then tested using

A)causal modeling; induction.
B)deduction; induction.
C)induction; deduction.
D)intuition; causal modeling.

Question 57

Building on Prior Research Nonexperimental studies are often a good source of experimental hypotheses
Because they

A)can help narrow down alternative explanations.
B)establish causal relationships.
C)manipulate antecedent conditions.
D)promote inductive reasoning.

Question 58

Building on Prior Research Jake is taking a break from his schoolwork to read his favorite fashion magazine.Luckily, something he reads in the magazine just happens to give him an idea for an experiment in his Experimental Psychology class.This "technique" for hypothesis generation is known as

A)induction.
B)deduction.
C)serendipity
D)intuition.

Question 59

Building on Prior Research Serendipity can help generate new hypotheses, but only if a researcher

A)conducts laboratory experiments.
B)does not abandon the original research plan.
C)is open to new possibilities.
D)uses inductive reasoning.

Question 60

Building on Prior Research ____, which is "knowing with reasoning," is a source of hypotheses.

A)Deduction
B)Induction
C)Intuition
D)Serendipity

Question 61

Searching the Research Literature _____ is the primary resource currently used by psychologists to find
Journal articles.

A)FirstSearch
B)Lexis/Nexis
C)PsycINFO
D)PsychSOURCE

Question 62

When All Else Fails Causal attributions are ____ about the antecedent conditions that affect
People's behavior.

A)hypotheses
B)laws
C)observations
D)theories

Question 63

When All Else Fails Choose the dispositional causal attribution.

A)He lost traction due to icy road conditions.
B)He slammed on his brakes because deer crossed the road.
C)He slowed down due to a no-passing lane.
D)He sped up because he is competitive.

Question 64

When All Else Fails Select the situational causal attribution

A)She drove rapidly because she has a Type A personality.
B)She failed the exam because of poor study skills.
C)She was hired because the recruiter knew her father.
D)She was promoted due to her competence.

Question 65

Searching the Research Literature A ____ is a statistical review procedure that summarizes and quantifies
Multiple research findings on an individual topic.

A)case study
B)factor analytical study
C)literature search
D)meta-analysis

Question 66

Searching the Research Literature A researcher could use a ____ to statistically summarize studies of
Ritalin's effectiveness in treating hyperactivity.

A)case study
B)factor analytical study
C)literature search
D)meta-analysis