Deck 14: Approaches to the Self

Question 1

A person who fails an exam will

A)feel bad if doing well on the exam was important to his or her self-concept.
B)feel bad if he or she has high self-esteem.
C)feel bad if he or she has low self-esteem.
D)likely begin to self-handicap.

Answer 1

feel bad if doing well on the exam was important to his or her self-concept.

Question 2

The self-concept begins to develop as early as

A)adulthood.
B)infancy.
C)childhood.
D)adolescence.

Answer 2

infancy.

Question 3

People differ from most other animals in that

A)most other animals do not have a self-concept.
B)most other animals do not have traits.
C)most other animals do not engage in unconscious behaviour.
D)All of the choices are correct.

Answer 3

most other animals do not have a self-concept.

Question 4

The primary method for psychologists to test for the presence of self-recognition is the

A)apperception test.
B)mirror test.
C)self-reflection test.
D)forehead test.

Question 5

People who evaluate their personal characteristics as positive

A)have high self-esteem.
B)have low self-esteem.
C)engage in selective valuation.
D)demonstrate identity contrast.

Question 6

In humans, self-recognition in mirrors occurs on average at the age of

A)16 months.
B)18 months.
C)14 months.
D)12 months.

Question 7

begins to develop when an infant notices that her or his body is distinct from the rest of the world.

A)The first possible self
B)Self-esteem
C)Social identity
D)Self-concept

Question 8

The aspects of yourself that you present to others is known as your

A)self-esteem.
B)possible selves.
C)social identity.
D)self-concept.

Question 9

Children can follow rules set up by parents around the age of

A)1 year.
B)2 years.
C)9 months.
D)6 months.

Question 10

Most people look at first in a photo.

A)romantic partners
B)family members
C)themselves
D)close friends

Question 11

The extent to which you value yourself is known as your

A)self-concept.
B)possible selves.
C)social identity.
D)self-esteem.

Question 12

Cross-cultural research on self-recognition in mirrors suggests that the mirror test is

A)only relevant in collectivistic cultures when parents are present.
B)only applicable in English-speaking populations.
C)also a test of self-esteem in select cultures.
D)probably not a reliable and universal measure of self-concept.

Question 13

The way you see and define your self is known as your

A)self-concept.
B)social identity.
C)self-esteem variability.
D)self-esteem.

Question 14

The information on your driver's license is mostly a part of your

A)possible selves.
B)self-concept.
C)self-esteem.
D)social identity.

Question 15

If you describe yourself to other people as extraverted, but in fact you are introverted, then extraversion is a part of your

A)self-esteem.
B)social identity.
C)possible selves.
D)self-concept.

Question 16

People are especially sensitive to events that change their sense of self in

A)late adolescence.
B)early childhood.
C)middle adulthood.
D)late adulthood.

Question 17

There are types of identity theft, _ .

A)three; impersonation, misrepresentation, and omission
B)two; impersonation and misrepresentation
C)two; account takeover and application fraud
D)three; account takeover, application fraud, and document falsification

Question 18

Our sense of self influences

A)how we evaluate life events.
B)how others view us.
C)how we interact with other people.
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 19

An example of another species that has passed the mirror self-recognition test is

A)elephants.
B)chimpanzees.
C)magpies.
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 20

Which of the following develops first in children?

A)The capacity for social comparison
B)Knowledge about their gender and age
C)A private self-concept
D)All of these develop at about the same time.

Question 21

Imaginary friends often indicate that a child has developed

A)an identity deficit.
B)objective self-awareness.
C)a private self-concept.
D)the ability to engage in social comparison.

Question 22

is the composite of self-evaluations across many different domains.

A)Self-concept
B)Self-esteem variability
C)Global self-esteem
D)None of the choices are correct.

Question 23

A person who is especially motivated to avoid harm

A)is engaging in prevention focus.
B)is engaging in promotion focus.
C)has lost his or her self-guide.
D)has high self-esteem.

Question 24

Self-schema

A)guides attention.
B)influences how we interpret the world.
C)is stored in memory.
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 25

When a person evaluates his performance relative to peers, he engages in

A)identity deficit.
B)identity conflict.
C)social comparison.
D)selective valuation.

Question 26

A person's understanding of how others want him or her to be is known as the

A)"self-guide."
B)"ought self."
C)"deal self."
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 27

Compared to people with high self-esteem, people with low self-esteem are more

A)prevention focused.
B)concerned with not failing than with succeeding.
C)promotion focused.
D)prevention focused and more concerned with not failing than with succeeding.

Question 28

Around 5 or 6 years of age, children develop

A)a private self-concept.
B)objective self-awareness.
C)the ability to engage in social comparison.
D)the ability to engage in social comparison and a private self-concept.

Question 29

When people behave in ways that are inconsistent with their self-concepts

A)their self-esteem decreases.
B)they abandon their possible selves.
C)their self-esteem increases.
D)they self-handicap.

Question 30

The specific knowledge structures of self-concepts are called

A)self-schema.
B)possible selves.
C)self-esteem.
D)social identities.

Question 31

People living in modern societies begin to organize their lives in narrative terms in

A)late adolescence.
B)early adolescence.
C)early adulthood.
D)late adolescence and early adulthood.

Question 32

The ability to see oneself as other people might is known as

A)social comparison.
B)a private self-concept.
C)social identity.
D)perspective taking.

Question 33

Seeing oneself as the object of others' attention is known as

A)objective self-awareness.
B)a private self-concept.
C)social comparison.
D)perspective taking.

Question 34

Possible selves

A)develop in early infancy.
B)are unrelated to behaviour.
C)motivate behaviour.
D)describe past behaviours.

Question 35

"Possible selves" describe who we

A)think we might become.
B)would like to become.
C)do not want to become.
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 36

is/are what a person wants to be.

A)The ideal self
B)Possible selves
C)The ought self
D)Self-esteem

Question 37

Tory Higgins described as standards that individuals use to organize information and motivate appropriate behaviour.

A)possible selves
B)self-esteem
C)identity crises
D)self-guides

Question 38

Self-esteem is the sum of your reactions to all the aspects of your self-concept.

A)positive and negative
B)positive, negative, and standard
C)positive
D)negative

Question 39

Perspective taking usually develops around the age of _ _ years.

A)5
B)13
C)9
D)2

Question 40

A person who has a possible self of a musician

A)will be guided towards musical opportunities.
B)knows the steps he or she will need to take to become a musician.
C)knows that he or she will be a musician someday.
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 41

People who ______ tend to be motivated by a fear of failure.

A)have low self-esteem
B)have high self-esteem
C)are shy
D)have low self-esteem and are shy

Question 42

People tend to respond to criticism with decreased motivation.

A)who are shy
B)who are not shy
C)with low self-esteem
D)with high self-esteem

Question 43

People who desire social contact but are held back by insecurity are best described as

A)shy.
B)antisocial.
C)lacking self-schema.
D)having low self-esteem.

Question 44

People who score high on self-esteem tend to after receiving failure feedback.

A)increase their self-esteem
B)work harder
C)become angry
D)give up

Question 45

Kagan has found that about percent of 4-month-old infants are shy.

A)10
B)20
C)30
D)40

Question 46

Self-esteem in the academic domain with self-esteem in the physical attractiveness domain.

A)correlates moderately
B)correlates a little
C)correlates highly
D)does not correlate

Question 47

A person with high (as opposed to low)self-esteem would be more likely to respond to failure by

A)thinking of other things that are going well.
B)accepting it.
C)giving up.
D)becoming aggressive.

Question 48

A person who agrees with the statement, "I feel I do not have much to be proud of," would score self-esteem.

A)high on global
B)high on academic
C)low on global
D)low on academic

Question 49

A person with many distinct aspects of self is best described as having

A)self-guides.
B)high self-complexity.
C)high global self-esteem.
D)high self-esteem variability.

Question 50

Shyness is unrelated to

A)introversion/extraversion.
B)neuroticism.
C)social anxiety.
D)self-esteem.

Question 51

Children who were shy as infants, but overcame their shyness

A)were not encouraged into social interactions by parents.
B)had parents that were more outgoing.
C)were encouraged into social interactions by parents.
D)did not have the shyness gene.

Question 52

People who experience discomfort related to social interactions score

A)high on measures of social anxiety.
B)high on measures of self-esteem.
C)low on measures of self-esteem.
D)low on measures of social anxiety.

Question 53

To stress the underlying social anxiety involved in shyness, Coplan has more precisely referred to the construct as

A)social shyness.
B)neurotic shyness.
C)anxious shyness.
D)conflicted shyness.

Question 54

People who are shy also

A)are introverted.
B)have low self-esteem variability.
C)score high on social anxiety.
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 55

Which of the following is NOT a step that would tend to help decrease shyness?

A)Pay attention to others.
B)Try not to avoid social situations.
C)Make more eye contact.
D)Mentally review aspects of conversation that went poorly.

Question 56

People who are socially anxious

A)do not want to have friends.
B)are often perceived as unfriendly.
C)are less likely to ask for help.
D)are less likely to ask for help and are often perceived as unfriendly.

Question 57

To overcome shyness, people should

A)take the view that conversation should come easily.
B)only enter social situations where they feel comfortable.
C)carefully monitor their part of the conversation.
D)force themselves into social situations.

Question 58

Canadian researcher Robert Coplan has distinguished between shyness and what other psychological construct?

A)low self-esteem
B)social disinterest
C)social anxiety
D)agoraphobia

Question 59

People who have low self-esteem

A)are not interested in receiving feedback.
B)are interested only in positive feedback.
C)are interested only in negative feedback.
D)do not differ from those high in self-esteem in their interest in feedback.

Question 60

Canadian research has shown that children high in conflicted shyness also display

A)hypersensitivity for smells and tastes.
B)hyper-reactivity to stressful stimuli in the environment.
C)hypervigilance for visual stimuli in laboratory experiments.
D)hypersensitivity for auditory stimuli in the environment.

Question 61

A person who goes to a wild, all-night party the night before an exam may be engaging in

A)stupidity.
B)self-handicapping.
C)promotion focus.
D)prevention focus.

Question 62

The idea that a people's identity sets them apart from others is known as identity

A)deficit.
B)conflict.
C)contrast.
D)continuity.

Question 63

Gender and ethnicity are necessarily a component of one's

A)self-concept.
B)social identity.
C)self-esteem.
D)None of the choices are correct.

Question 64

A positive aspect of defensive pessimism is that

A)other people find it attractive.
B)it leads to motivation.
C)it helps transform anxiety into pleasure.
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 65

Experimentation with different identities is most common in

A)old age.
B)childhood.
C)adulthood.
D)adolescence.

Question 66

In Canadian research on text message communication, social anxiety predicted interpretation biases among male participants only when

A)the sender was described as female.
B)the sender's gender was unknown.
C)the sender was older.
D)the sender was described as male.

Question 67

According to Canadian research, being a bully in adolescence is associated with

A)higher self-esteem and better mental health.
B)lower self-esteem and poorer mental health.
C)lower self-esteem but better mental health.
D)higher self-esteem but poorer mental health.

Question 68

When people have high social anxiety, they're more likely to interpret ambiguous text messages

A)negatively.
B)as meaningless.
C)positively.
D)as hostile.

Question 69

In Kingsbury and Coplan's (2016)research, female participants were more likely to interpret ambiguous text messages from other females as negative. One explanation for this offered by the researchers is

A)the greater hostility that defines most female-female friendships.
B)the tendency for females to gossip more than males.
C)the greater closeness observed in female-female friendships.
D)None of the choices are correct.

Question 70

The idea that identity remains relatively stable is referred to as identity

A)continuity.
B)deficit.
C)contrast.
D)conflict.

Question 71

An individual's global self-evaluation as a member of social groups or categories is called

A)collective self-esteem.
B)collectivistic orientation.
C)global self-esteem.
D)interdependent self-construal.

Question 72

Self-esteem level and self-esteem variability

A)do not correlate.
B)interact to predict important outcomes.
C)correlate at high levels.
D)do not correlate and interact to predict important outcomes.

Question 73

People who score low in self-esteem are more likely to

A)avoid failure feedback.
B)engage in defensive pessimism.
C)engage in self-handicapping.
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 74

Research on Indigenous populations indicates that overweight and obese children score lower on

A)self-construal.
B)self-esteem related to their physical appearance only.
C)four specific self-esteem domains.
D)global self-concept.

Question 75

When a person deliberately does something that increases the chances of failure, he or she is engaging in

A)self-handicapping.
B)prevention focus.
C)promotion focus.
D)defensive pessimism.

Question 76

Individual differences in short-term self-evaluations refer to the dimension of

A)prevention focus.
B)self-esteem variability.
C)global self-esteem.
D)promotion focus.

Question 77

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of people who score high on self-esteem variability?

A)Enhanced sensitivity to social events
B)Tendency for a low sense of self-worth
C)Increased concern about their self-view
D)Tendency to react with anger and hostility

Question 78

first popularized the concept of identity.

A)Eysenck
B)Erikson
C)Freud
D)Skinner

Question 79

Canadian research has shown that individuals with tend to post more negative content on Facebook.

A)low self-construal
B)high narcissism
C)high neuroticism
D)low self-esteem

Question 80

People with low (as opposed to high)self-complexity

A)are devastated by negative life events.
B)score higher on measures of self-esteem.
C)respond better to negative life events.
D)tend to respond to failure with aggression.