Deck 26: Fluid,electrolyte,and Acid-Base Balance

Question 1

It is impossible to overhydrate because people need as much water as they can drink to carry out ordinary body functions.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Adipose tissue is one of the most hydrated of all tissues in the human body.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Solutes,regardless of size,are able to move freely between compartments because water carries them along the osmotic gradients.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Dehydration can be caused by endocrine disturbances such as diabetes mellitus or diabetes insipidus.

Question 5

Some potassium ions are reabsorbed from the kidney filtrate via type A intercalated cells,a unique population of collecting duct cells.

Question 6

When aldosterone release is inhibited,sodium reabsorption cannot occur beyond the distal convoluted tubule.

Question 7

Premenstrual edema may be due to enhanced reabsorption of sodium chloride.

Question 8

Atrial natriuretic peptide reduces blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting nearly all events that promote vasodilation and potassium and water retention.

Question 9

The most abundant cation in intracellular fluid is sodium.

Question 10

The thirst center in the brain is located in the hypothalamus.

Question 11

Although the sodium content of the body may be altered,its concentration in the ECF remains relatively stable because of immediate adjustments in water volume.

Question 12

Water imbalance,in which output exceeds intake,causing an imbalance in body fluids,is termed dehydration.

Question 13

Salts are lost from the body in perspiration,and urine only.

Question 14

Electrolytes determine most of the chemical and physical reactions of body fluids.

Question 15

The main way the kidney regulates potassium ions is to excrete them.

Question 16

Sodium is pivotal to fluid and electrolyte balance and to the homeostasis of all body systems.

Question 17

Excessive loss of water from the extracellular fluid (ECF)leads to a rise in osmotic pressure in the ECF which causes cells to shrink as water leaves by osmosis.

Question 18

Aldosterone is secreted in response to low extracellular potassium.

Question 19

To remain properly hydrated,water intake must equal water output.

Question 20

Aldosterone stimulates the reabsorption of sodium while enhancing potassium secretion.

Question 21

Most acidic substances (hydrogen ions)originate as by-products of cellular metabolism.

Question 22

Carotid artery and aortic baroreceptors are involved in long term adjustment to total body sodium ion content.

Question 23

Weak acids are able to act as chemical buffering systems for the body because they only partially dissociate.

Question 24

One of the most powerful and plentiful sources of buffers is the protein buffer system.

Question 25

Heavy consumption of salt substitutes high in potassium can present a serious clinical problem when aldosterone release is not normal.

Question 26

The two hormones responsible for the regulation of calcium are pituitary hormone and calcitonin.

Question 27

Which of the following hormones is important in the regulation of sodium ion concentrations in the extracellular fluid?

A)erythropoietin
B)antidiuretic hormone
C)renin
D)aldosterone

Question 28

Thirst is always a reliable indicator of body water need.

Question 29

Hypercalcemia causes muscle tetany.

Question 30

Respiratory acidosis results when lungs are obstructed and gas exchange is inefficient.

Question 31

Blood acidity results in depression of the CNS,whereas blood alkalosis results in overexcitement of the CNS.

Question 32

When antidiuretic hormone (ADH)levels are low ________.

A)nearly all of the filtered water is reabsorbed
B)a small volume of concentrated urine is excreted
C)most of the water reaching the collecting ducts is not reabsorbed
D)aquaporins are inserted into the principal cell apical membranes

Question 33

Prolonged hyperventilation can cause alkalosis.

Question 34

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)is a hormone that is made in the atria of the heart.The influence of this hormone is to ________.

A)prevent pH changes caused by organic acids
B)reduce blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting sodium and water retention
C)enhance atrial contractions
D)activate the renin-angiotensin mechanism

Question 35

The phosphate buffer system is relatively unimportant for buffering blood plasma.

Question 36

The normal pH of blood is 7.35-7.45.

Question 37

The single most important blood buffer system is the bicarbonate buffer system.

Question 38

Calcitonin targets the bones and causes the release of calcium from storage when serum levels are low.

Question 39

The term hypotonic hydration refers to ________.

A)a condition that may result from renal insufficiency or drinking extraordinary amounts of water
B)the unpleasant feeling people have after drinking too much liquor
C)the feeling one might have after profuse sweating with exertion
D)a condition that is caused by high levels of sodium in the extracellular fluid compartment

Question 40

As ventilation increases and more carbon dioxide is removed from the blood,the hydrogen ion concentration of the blood decreases.

Question 41

The fluid link between the external and internal environment is ________.

A)plasma
B)cerebrospinal fluid
C)interstitial fluid
D)intracellular fluid

Question 42

What hormone reduces blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting nearly all events that promote vasoconstriction and sodium ion and water retention?

A)atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
B)antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
C)thyroxine
D)aldosterone

Question 43

In a car accident,Jane suffered a chest injury that resulted in impaired breathing and respiratory acidosis.How will her body compensate for this imbalance?

A)kidneys eliminate bicarbonate ions
B)kidneys retain bicarbonate ions
C)kidneys retain hydrogen ions
D)kidneys eliminate carbon dioxide

Question 44

The movement of fluids between cellular compartments ________.

A)always involves filtration
B)is regulated by osmotic and hydrostatic forces
C)requires active transport
D)requires ATP for the transport to take place

Question 45

Which of the choices below is NOT an essential role of salts in the body?

A)anabolism of lipids
B)secretory activity
C)neuromuscular activity
D)membrane permeability

Question 46

Which of the following hormones functions to increase water reabsorption by inserting aquaporins into the principal cell apical membranes?

A)aldosterone
B)progesterone
C)atrial natriuretic peptide
D)antidiuretic hormone

Question 47

Which of the following is NOT a chemical buffer system?

A)phosphate
B)bicarbonate
C)protein
D)nucleic acid

Question 48

Which of the following statements is true regarding fluid shifts?

A)There are always more positive electrolytes than negative in a solution; it is therefore impossible to follow fluid shifts.
B)Nonelectrolytes are the controlling factor in directing fluid shifts.
C)Electrolytes are not as important as proteins in regulating fluid shifts in the body.
D)Electrolytes have greater osmotic power than nonelectrolytes and therefore have the greatest ability to cause fluid shifts.

Question 49

Which of the following is NOT a trigger for juxtaglomerular granular cells to release renin?

A)increased extracellular fluid water levels
B)sympathetic stimulation
C)decreased stretch of the granular cells of the afferent arterioles
D)decreased filtrate NaCl concentration

Question 50

For bulk flow across capillary walls,________.

A)hydrostatic pressure of the interstitial space returns fluid to the capillary
B)fluid runs into lymphatic capillaries that empty into the interstitial space
C)hydrostatic pressure of blood forces nearly protein-free plasma out of the blood into the interstitial space
D)osmotic pressure of plasma proteins pulls fluid from the capillary into the interstitial space

Question 51

The single most important factor influencing potassium ion secretion is ________.

A)potassium ion concentration in extracellular fluid
B)the pH of the intracellular fluid
C)intracellular sodium levels
D)the potassium ion content in the renal tubule cells

Question 52

Whereas sodium is found mainly in the extracellular fluid,most ________ is found in the intracellular fluid.

A)potassium
B)chloride
C)bicarbonate
D)iron

Question 53

The term alkaline reserve is used to describe the ________ buffer system.

A)hemoglobin
B)protein
C)phosphate
D)bicarbonate

Question 54

Which of the following is NOT a method for regulating the hydrogen ion concentration in blood?

A)chemical buffers
B)renal mechanisms
C)respiratory changes
D)diet

Question 55

Which of the following describes the distribution of sodium and potassium between cells and body fluids?

A)little of either in the cells,but large amounts of each in the body fluids
B)Na+ mainly in the cells,K+ in the body fluids
C)equal amounts of each ion in the cells and body fluids
D)K+ mainly in the cells,Na+ in the body fluids

Question 56

Which of the following is NOT a disorder of water balance?

A)hypotonic hydration,in which sodium content is normal but water content is high
B)excessive hydration due to excess atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)secretion
C)edema or tissue swelling,which is usually due to an increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
D)excess water in interstitial spaces due to a low level of plasma proteins

Question 57

Respiratory acidosis can occur when ________.

A)a runner has completed a very long marathon
B)a person consumes excessive amounts of antacids
C)the kidneys secrete hydrogen ions
D)a person's breathing is shallow due to obstruction

Question 58

A falling blood pH and a rising partial pressure of carbon dioxide due to pneumonia or emphysema indicates ________.

A)metabolic acidosis
B)respiratory alkalosis
C)metabolic alkalosis
D)respiratory acidosis

Question 59

Which of the choices below exerts primary control over sodium levels in the body?

A)glucocorticoids
B)aldosterone
C)water levels
D)ADH

Question 60

The maintenance of the proper pH of the body fluids may be the result of ________.

A)control of the acids produced in the stomach
B)the control of respiratory ventilation
C)the operation of the various buffer systems in the stomach
D)the active secretion of OH- into the filtrate by the kidney tubule cells

Question 61

The regulation of sodium ________.

A)involves hypothalamic osmoreceptor detection of ion concentration
B)is due to specific sodium receptors in the hypothalamus
C)is linked to blood pressure
D)involves aldosterone,a hormone that increases sodium excretion in the kidneys

Question 62

Nancy is experiencing an acute panic attack.While hyperventilating,she remembers to open a paper bag and breathe into it.What is Nancy trying to prevent?

A)respiratory acidosis
B)metabolic acidosis
C)respiratory alkalosis
D)metabolic alkalosis

Question 63

Describe the influence of rising parathyroid hormone (PTH)levels on bone,the small intestine,and the kidneys.

Question 64

Why would an infant with colic be suffering from respiratory alkalosis?

Question 65

Mary finds that she regularly retains water at a certain point in the menstrual cycle.Which of the following is chemically similar to aldosterone,and like aldosterone,enhances NaCl reabsorption in the renal tubules?

A)follicle-stimulating hormone
B)luteinizing hormone
C)progesterone
D)estrogen

Question 66

If the thyroid and parathyroid glands are surgically removed,which of the following would go out of balance without replacement therapy?

A)anion levels
B)sodium ion levels
C)calcium ion levels
D)potassium ion levels

Question 67

Insufficient parathyroid hormone production in the body could result in ________.

A)muscle weakness
B)muscle twitching
C)kidney stones
D)cardiac arrhythmia

Question 68

After completing a marathon on a particularly warm day,Dave consumes four liters of water.Soon after,he begins to feel nauseous and starts vomiting.What is likely happening to Dave?

A)hypoproteinemia; unusually low levels of plasma proteins
B)obligatory water loss
C)dehydration
D)hyponatremia; very low extracellular sodium ion concentration

Question 69

Molecules that can act reversibly as acids or bases depending upon the pH of their environment are called ________.

A)amphoteric
B)metabolic
C)compensatory
D)volatile

Question 70

A patient is breathing slowly and blood pH analysis indicates an abnormally high value.What is the likely diagnosis?

A)metabolic acidosis
B)respiratory acidosis
C)metabolic alkalosis
D)respiratory alkalosis

Question 71

One of the major physiological factors that triggers thirst is ________.

A)becoming overly agitated
B)a rise in plasma osmolality
C)drinking caffeinated beverages
D)a dry mouth from high temperatures

Question 72

Annie has just eaten a large order of heavily salted French fries,some pickled eggs,and some cheese.How will consuming this much salt affect her physiology?

A)There will be a temporary increase in blood volume.
B)There will be a shift in the pH of her body fluids to the higher side of the pH scale.
C)It will cause a prolonged increase in the osmolality of the blood.
D)She will experience hypotension.

Question 73

Blood analysis indicates a low pH,and the patient is breathing rapidly.Given your knowledge of acid-base balance,which of the following is most likely?

A)metabolic acidosis
B)respiratory alkalosis
C)respiratory acidosis
D)metabolic alkalosis

Question 74

What is the effect of acidosis on the body? Of alkalosis?

Question 75

Falling arterial blood pressure promotes ________.

A)enhanced sodium ion loss in urine
B)vasodilation
C)enhanced water loss in urine
D)vasoconstriction

Question 76

Identify and describe the operation of the three major chemical buffers of the body.

Question 77

The most important force causing net outward water flow across capillary walls is ________.

A)intracellular hydrostatic pressure
B)hydrostatic pressure of capillary blood
C)hydrostatic pressure of interstitial fluid
D)osmotic pressure of plasma proteins

Question 78

An illness causes Doug to experience severe diarrhea and an accompanying loss of bicarbonate-rich secretions.How can this metabolic acidosis be compensated?

A)increased respiratory rate and depth
B)increased renin secretion
C)hypoventilation
D)enhanced sodium ion loss in urine

Question 79

When the blood becomes hypertonic (too many solutes),antidiuretic hormone (ADH)is released.What is the effect of ADH on the kidney tubules?

Question 80

What provides the shortest-term mechanism for preventing acid-base imbalances in the body? The longest-term mechanism?