Deck 12: Instructional Strategies

Question 1

Which one of the following is the best illustration of the "evaluate" level in the recent revision of Bloom's taxonomy?

A)Angela discovers fallacies in her teacher's argument regarding the value of an agricultural economy in Africa.
B)Connie dissects an earthworm and looks for its digestive system.
C)Using a principle he learned in physics, Edgar develops a new tool to lift a heavy object.
D)Georgette puts her textbook's definition of the word evasive in her own words.

Answer 1

Angela discovers fallacies in her teacher's argument regarding the value of an agricultural economy in Africa.

Question 2

Mr.French is planning an upcoming unit on adjectives and adverbs.He begins by determining what he ultimately wants students to know and be able to do at the end of the unit.He then creates an assignment that will effectively measure such knowledge and skills.Finally, he designs a series of lessons that will help students perform well on the assignment.Mr.French's approach can best be described as:

A)Direct instruction
B)A backward design
C)An authentic activity
D)Learner-directed instruction

Answer 2

A backward design

Question 3

As we identify instructional goals and objectives, we won't necessarily want to describe each and every behavior we expect students to demonstrate.If we did so, we might generate a long list of relatively trivial behaviors.A reasonable alternative would be to:

A)Forego instructional objectives when we want to focus on higher-level skills
B)Emphasize lower-level skills
C)Identify a mixture of general and specific objectives
D)Identify a few abstract objectives, with examples of behaviors reflecting each one

Answer 3

Identify a few abstract objectives, with examples of behaviors reflecting each one

Question 4

Mr.Nolan is going to teach a unit on Shakespeare to his English literature class.He realizes that his students will need to identify themes and main ideas, elaborate on what they read, and summarize each play.Which type of task analysis is Mr.Nolan conducting?

A)Behavioral analysis
B)Subject matter analysis
C)Information processing analysis
D)Preliminary cognitive analysis

Question 5

As educators define the term, standards are general statements regarding:

A)Which instructional methods teachers should use
B)What knowledge and skills students should acquire
C)How classroom assessment should be conducted
D)Why some topics should be included in the curriculum and others should not

Question 6

From the standpoint of recommendations presented in the textbook, which one of the following instructional objectives should be most useful?

A)"Students will write poetry using meter and rhyme."
B)"Students will study effective government practices."
C)"The teacher will demonstrate the correct way to use a Bunsen burner."
D)"Students will complete the first 10 chapters of their textbook by the end of the semester."

Question 7

Which one of the following instructional objectives is consistent with recommendations presented in the textbook?

A)"Students will study the effects of climate on agricultural and business development in developing nations."
B)"Students will practice factoring polynomials for at least 30 minutes per day."
C)"Students will correctly conjugate regular French verbs in both present and past tenses."
D)"Students will be shown how to execute an effective overhand throw."

Question 8

Jonathan is learning to play the guitar.His guitar teacher conducts a task analysis of Jonathan's first lesson.Which one of the following best characterizes a behavioral task analysis of a guitar lesson?

A)Hold the neck in the left hand, hold the pick between the right thumb and index finger, and place the fingers of the left hand on the appropriate frets.
B)Learn what the treble and bass clefs are, where the frets are located, and how to play the various chords.
C)Define the task of guitar playing, memorize the finger placements, and retrieve prior knowledge of reading music.
D)Read and interpret written music, identify the appropriate chords, and mentally keep time.

Question 9

Three of the following are typically included in a lesson plan.Which one is not usually a part of a lesson plan?

A)A task analysis of the topic in question
B)The instructional objectives of the lesson
C)The procedures to be followed during the lesson
D)A method of assessing what students have learned from the lesson

Question 10

From the teacher's point of view, instructional goals and objectives are especially useful for:

A)Preventing cheating
B)Explaining to parents why certain things are important for students to know
C)Planning appropriate instructional strategies
D)Fostering students' interest in the subject matter

Question 11

Which one of the following statements best summarizes the textbook's discussion of planning, instruction, classroom environment, assessment, and student characteristics?

A)Each of them influences the other four.
B)Planning precedes both instruction and classroom environment, which in turn affects both student characteristics and assessment.
C)Student characteristics affect planning, which affects instruction, classroom environment, and assessment.
D)How student characteristics will be assessed affects planning, instruction, and the classroom environment.

Question 12

Three of the following are potential limitations of using content area standards to guide instruction.Which one of the following statements is false about content area standards?

A)Some are so numerous that they prohibit teachers from teaching any single topic or skill in depth.
B)They aren't always consistent with research findings regarding developmentally appropriate tasks for students of different ages.
C)They don't address the need to help students acquire effective interpersonal skills.
D)They have been developed for literacy, math, and science but not for other content areas.

Question 13

An instructional objective that requires students to identify the different parts of speech in a sentence is at which level in the recent revision of Bloom's taxonomy?

A)"Create"
B)"Remember"
C)"Analyze"
D)"Evaluate"

Question 14

Which one of the following instructional objectives is consistent with recommendations presented in the textbook?

A)"Teachers will demonstrate how to convert decimals to fractions and how to convert fractions to decimals."
B)"Students will work on problems that involve decimals and fractions."
C)"Students will study the relationship between decimals and fractions."
D)"Students will correctly convert decimals to fractions and fractions to decimals."

Question 15

The textbook distinguishes between teacher-directed and learner-directed forms of instruction.Which one of the following best describes how teachers should view these two approaches?

A)Generally speaking, teacher-directed instruction is more effective than learner- directed instruction.
B)Generally speaking, learner-directed instruction is more effective than teacher- directed instruction.
C)Teacher-directed instruction is recommended for the elementary and middle school grades; learner-directed instruction is recommended for the high school grades.
D)The best approach depends on the characteristics of the students and the goals of instruction.

Question 16

Imagine that, as an educator, one of your long-term goals for students is that they acquire critical thinking skills: You want them to evaluate the soundness of logical arguments in persuasive essays, determine whether scientific research studies truly support certain conclusions, and so on.At a school board meeting, a father of one of your students complains about your emphasis on critical thinking.He insists that the purpose of education should be simply to teach students facts that experts have determined to be "true" in various academic disciplines.Of the following ways in which you might respond to the father, which one is most accurate and defensible?

A)Standards developed by professional groups in various academic disciplines often include critical thinking.
B)Critical thinking is the most basic cognitive process identified in the recent revision of Bloom's taxonomy; all other cognitive processes build on it.
C)Students are more motivated by long-term, abstract goals than by shorter, concrete objectives.
D)Virtually any instructional method you might use-whether it be a lecture, mastery learning, cooperative learning, or some other approach-requires students to engage in critical thinking.

Question 17

As an art teacher, Ms.Lerner conducts a task analysis of a unit in which students will learn to work with clay.In her analysis, she considers information about the coil and throwing methods of pot making and about the effects of different types of clay and firing methods.Which type of task analysis is Ms.Lerner conducting?

A)Behavioral analysis
B)Subject matter analysis
C)Information processing analysis
D)Preliminary cognitive analysis

Question 18

In which one of the following ways are students most likely to benefit from knowing the instructional objectives of a lesson?

A)Objectives give them a good idea of what their grades are going to be.
B)Objectives let them know what questions are going to be on the next exam.
C)Objectives enable them to predict how their teacher will teach the lesson, so they know what to expect.
D)Objectives tell them what is expected of them and so can help them direct their studying efforts.

Question 19

Which one of the following is considered to be the major advantage of conducting a task analysis for topics taught in the classroom?

A)It ensures accreditation by regional and national associations.
B)It helps teachers determine whether they are treating their male and female students equitably.
C)It helps teachers determine how to teach various concepts and skills and in what order.
D)It helps teachers determine the best way to motivate students to study a topic.

Question 20

Which one of the following instructional objectives most clearly involves a higher-level cognitive process?

A)"Students will describe the laws of momentum and inertia."
B)"Students will use the laws of momentum and inertia to explain how objects move."
C)"Students will distinguish between momentum and inertia."
D)"Students will learn formulas that involve momentum and inertia."

Question 21

Which one of the following is the best example of expository instruction?

A)A laboratory experiment
B)A classroom discussion
C)A textbook chapter
D)A problem to solve

Question 22

In which situation is mastery learning most appropriate?

A)When subject matter is abstract and complex
B)When certain skills provide the foundation for future material
C)When instructional objectives are at the upper levels of Bloom's taxonomy
D)When instructional objectives primarily address attitudes and dispositions rather than cognitive processes

Question 23

Three of the following are typical components of mastery learning.Which one is not necessarily a component of mastery learning?

A)Topics are arranged in a logical sequence.
B)Students have many opportunities to manipulate concrete objects.
C)Students demonstrate mastery of each unit before proceeding further.
D)Students have any additional, remedial activities they need to achieve mastery.

Question 24

Which one of the following statements best describes current views about the value of the Internet in expository instruction?

A)It has potential as a learning tool, but students often need teacher scaffolding to reap its benefits.
B)Most computer experts suggest that its dangers
C)It appears to be far more effective than classroom lectures as a way to promote learning, especially at the secondary level.
D)Its effects are minimal unless all students have access to their own computer terminals.
E)g., exposure to racism and other forms of intolerance)far outweigh the benefits it might have for students.

Question 25

Which one of the following is the major rationale underlying a mastery learning approach to instruction?

A)All students should be able to achieve at grade level.
B)Students have greater self-esteem when they can all work at the same pace.
C)Students should learn one topic well before moving on to a more difficult one.
D)Students construct their own understanding of the world from the various tidbits of information they receive in the classroom.

Question 26

Which one of the following is the best example of an advance organizer?

A)Ms.Hillman tells her students, "As we look at causes of the American Revolution, we'll find that most fall into three general categories: philosophical differences, British taxation policies, and several decrees known as the Intolerable Acts."
B)After describing the characteristics of each of the planets in the solar system, Mr.Jeffrey gives his students a handout that shows the orbits of the planets, their distances from the sun, and their relative sizes.
C)Ms.Lawford tells her students, "On Monday we will begin a unit on how clouds are formed.Please read the next chapter in your book before then."
D)Ms.Nicholas writes on the board, "Tell your parents to begin thinking about a costume they can help you make to wear for our Thanksgiving pageant three weeks from now."

Question 27

For which one of the following purposes is a teacher most likely to create a class website?

A)To enable students to compare their own performance with that of their classmates
B)To communicate with parents about their children's academic progress
C)To provide a mini-encyclopedia of all of the topics the class is covering
D)To describe class requirements and expectations

Question 28

When Ms.Krakowski teaches the process of long division, she describes the objective of the lesson and demonstrates the procedure on the chalkboard.Then she has students solve long-division problems at the chalkboard, where she can give them frequent guidance as they work.Later, after the students show some proficiency with long division, she has them work on additional problems at their desks.Ms.Krakowski's approach can best be classified as which one of the following?

A)Task analysis
B)Direct instruction
C)Discovery learning
D)Learner-directed instruction

Question 29

Which one of the following best illustrates information literacy?

A)Asking oneself questions to self-test one's knowledge about the material in a textbook
B)Correctly discriminating between letters and numbers
C)Using Google to find information on the Internet
D)Teaching effective study skills to someone else

Question 30

Direct instruction would be most appropriate for teaching students:

A)How to swing a golf club
B)About the human digestive system
C)Rules for appropriate classroom behavior
D)Why NATO forces attacked Kosovo in 1999

Question 31

Which one of the following are you least likely to see in direct instruction?

A)Frequent teacher feedback
B)A review of previously learned material
C)Opportunities to practice a skill independently
D)A heated discussion of controversial issues

Question 32

Three of the following statements about computer-based instruction are true.Which one is false?

A)It can collect ongoing data about students' progress in mastering certain topics.
B)It provides a means through which audiovisual materials can easily be incorporated into expository instruction.
C)It can be highly motivating for students.
D)It is one of the best instructional methods for helping students address their need for relatedness.

Question 33

Three of the characteristics listed below are frequently found in computer-based instruction.Which characteristic are we least likely to see in CBI?

A)Questions that assess students' understandings and progress through the material
B)Strategies for catching and keeping students' attention
C)Opportunities for group discussion of the material
D)Drill-and-practice exercises that promote automaticity

Question 34

Which one of the following best illustrates expository instruction?

A)Students in Mr.Parton's English class discuss the themes addressed in Hamlet.
B)Students in Mr.Richard's science class look at handouts and overhead projections that depict the life cycle of the butterfly.
C)Students in Ms.Thaller's geometry class work at their desks trying to prove the side-angle-side theorem for triangles.
D)Students in Ms.Verden's history class write the answers to a series of short questions and then flip the page over to get feedback regarding the correct answers.

Question 35

Judging from the brief descriptions below, choose the teacher who is using a mastery learning approach.

A)Mr.Andrews has divided his physics course into 15 discrete units that students study individually at their own rate.
B)Ms.Bennett begins each class by asking students what they would most like to study that day.
C)Mr.Carlton lectures each week on different American novels.Students must attend at least 80% of these lectures.
D)Ms.Dominguez teaches children the basics of mathematics by using such concrete objects as blocks and sticks.

Question 36

Judging from the brief descriptions below, choose the teacher who is using a mastery learning approach.

A)Ms.Alfonso gives examinations in which different students are asked different questions, depending on individual students' needs and interests.
B)Mr.Bryant assigns term papers and oral reports rather than in-class examinations.
C)Ms.Carroll uses the highest four of a student's six exam scores to determine course grades.
D)Mr.Dickson insists that students pass each test at the 80% level before beginning the next unit.

Question 37

A mastery learning approach would probably be most suitable for teaching:

A)Introductory German
B)A philosophy seminar
C)Controversial issues in history
D)Advanced techniques of watercolor painting

Question 38

Which one of the following is the best example of a discovery learning approach to instruction?

A)Ms.Markowitz instructs her students to take notes during her lecture; she then goes over the notes with them to make sure they understand the material.
B)Mr.Vicker takes his science students to a tide pool and asks them to describe and categorize the different life-forms they find there.
C)Mr.Tseng gives his students a free day to spend in the library reading about whatever subjects they like.
D)Ms.Haxten instructs her drama students to think about what their characters are like as they memorize their lines for a play.

Question 39

Three of the history teachers below are engaging in recommended practices for classroom lectures.Which one is not?

A)Mr.Annenberg explains to his students how the American Revolution was in some ways similar to the fights children have with one another.
B)Ms.Bartholomew begins her discussion of the American Civil War by drawing some parallels between it and something the class has already studied-the American Revolution.
C)During a unit on World War I, Mr.Cortez often uses maps to show how certain battles were fought at especially strategic locations.
D)Ms.DeLuca talks in a relaxed conversational style, describing different battles of World War II as they come to mind.

Question 40

Teachers should think of a lesson plan as:

A)Something that always includes both cognitive and affective objectives
B)Something that should always address all six levels of Bloom's taxonomy
C)A "contract" with students about what the class will accomplish
D)A general guide for a lesson that they can modify as necessary

Question 41

Three of the following teaching strategies should help students benefit from a discovery-learning situation.Which strategy is least likely to be helpful?

A)Mr.Azama takes his students to the site of a Civil War battle and says, "Okay, look around and see what you can find that might be of interest to your peers."
B)Ms.Berkowitz asks students to write down their discoveries about what happens to a chemical solution when they heat it.
C)Ms.Clift gives students several guidelines to follow as they conduct an experiment in their chemistry class.
D)Mr.DiCicco makes sure students have some knowledge about triangles, including the concepts of base and height, and then provides an exercise through which they discover for themselves the formula for calculating a triangle's area.

Question 42

Three of the following are strategies that good readers use to enhance their comprehension.Which one is not a strategy that good readers commonly use?

A)They ask themselves questions to make sure they understand.
B)They take steps to clarify possible sources of confusion.
C)They anticipate what is likely to come next in the passage.
D)They read through material rapidly rather than slowly.

Question 43

Class discussions can serve several useful purposes.For which one of the following purposes is a class discussion least likely to be helpful?

A)To promote transfer of mathematical principles to real-world problems
B)To help students find new insights in classic works of fiction
C)To promote conceptual change in science
D)To facilitate the memorization of a poem

Question 44

Only one of the following statements about discovery-learning and inquiry-learning activities is accurate.Which one is true?

A)They make more efficient use of class time than lectures do.
B)They are more appropriate for teaching lower-level skills than for teaching higher- level skills.
C)They consistently promote higher achievement than more expository approaches.
D)They occasionally lead to incorrect understandings about classroom subject matter.

Question 45

Which one of the following most accurately describes a base group in cooperative learning?

A)A group that convenes for an entire day to plan and carry out a lengthy project
B)A group that meets once a month to discuss each student's academic progress
C)A group that provides ongoing academic support for its members
D)A group that works on knowledge and skills that are prerequisites for later material

Question 46

Which one of the following uses of a computer in instruction is most similar to an authentic activity?

A)A computer game that promotes automaticity for basic math facts
B)A computer simulation that allows students to conduct an experiment
C)A computer-based instructional program that teaches the basics of first aid
D)A computer-based instructional program that teaches the various parts of the human digestive system

Question 47

Three of the teachers below are using strategies consistent with the textbook's recommendations for holding class discussions.Which teacher is using a strategy that is not consistent with the textbook's recommendations?

A)When his class is discussing a controversial issue, Mr.Poston sometimes asks students to defend positions opposite to what they actually believe.
B)Mr.Morris encourages shy students to remain silent throughout a discussion if they prefer to do so.
C)Mr.Sheehan reminds students that they can criticize ideas but not people.
D)Mr.Retzlaff has students first discuss a topic in small groups; he then convenes everyone for a whole-class discussion in which each group shares its ideas.

Question 48

Three of the following strategies are recommended for conducting class discussions.Which one is not recommended?

A)Communicate the idea that changing one's mind about an issue is a sign of thoughtful reflection.
B)Ask students to try to identify a compromise position that takes diverse perspectives into account.
C)Use a class discussion to explore a topic students know nothing about.
D)Bring some kind of closure on the topic at the end of the discussion.

Question 49

Which one of the following teachers is using reciprocal teaching?

A)Mr.Armando has students work in pairs, testing each other's knowledge about a topic.
B)Working with a small group, Mr.Bromley gives each student a chance to ask questions of his or her classmates regarding a section of text they are all reading.
C)When students ask questions about things they don't understand, Ms.Cromwell asks if another student can answer those questions before she answers them herself.
D)Before a test, Ms.Dievers has each student describe the strategies he or she plans to use while studying.

Question 50

Which one of the following statements is most accurate about the value of homework in the elementary grades?

A)It definitely enhances students' learning.
B)It tends to be effective only when it focuses on drill and practice.
C)It has little effect on students' learning but may help them develop self-regulatory skills.
D)It seems to promote learning in girls but not in boys, perhaps because girls are more conscientious about doing it.

Question 51

Which one of the following is the best example of an authentic in-class activity?

A)Listing four different kinds of sedimentary rocks
B)Discussing reasons why World War I occurred
C)Designing a bridge using principles of physics
D)Putting definitions of new terms in your own words

Question 52

Only one of the teachers below is using a strategy consistent with general recommendations regarding the use of homework.Which one is using a recommended strategy?

A)Mr.Trahan gives his students a challenging writing assignment and suggests that they ask their parents to help them with it at home.
B)Mr.Fox sometimes gives students an optional assignment-homework they can do if they want to.
C)Ms.Hewitt counts homework as being worth 50% of students' final grades.
D)Mr.Reichel assigns 20 extra math problems after he learns that his class has misbehaved for a substitute teacher.

Question 53

Three of the following practices are recommended when assigning in-class activities.Which one is not necessarily recommended?

A)Always focus on higher-level thinking skills.
B)Give frequent feedback about students' progress.
C)Provide the support necessary for students to be successful.
D)Individualize assignments based somewhat on students' current skill levels.

Question 54

Three of the following are purposes that asking questions in class can serve.Which one is not a typical use of asking questions?

A)To encourage students to elaborate on classroom material
B)To determine whether students understand classroom material
C)To help students monitor their own comprehension of classroom material
D)To decrease the extent to which students need to cognitively process classroom material

Question 55

Which one of the following conditions is recommended for effective learning in a discovery-learning activity?

A)Having freedom to explore one's environment without any structure or restraint
B)Having a lesson that has been broken down into small, discrete pieces
C)Having some prior knowledge about the material being explored
D)Having an advance organizer for the lesson

Question 56

Which one of the following statements probably best explains why reciprocal teaching is so effective?

A)Students become increasingly capable of abstract thought.
B)Students have numerous opportunities to practice using visual imagery.
C)Students can observe the ways that their classmates process information.
D)Students believe they must compete with others and therefore work harder.

Question 57

As a teacher, you want to improve your students' ability to learn from their textbooks. Considering research results described in the textbook, which technique should you use?

A)Reciprocal teaching
B)Authentic activities
C)Cooperative learning
D)Direct instruction

Question 58

Using the guidelines presented in the textbook, choose the topic below that would be most appropriate for a classroom discussion.

A)Interpreting Edgar Allan Poe's poem The Raven
B)Learning the various tenses of the verb to be
C)Studying the history of the United Nations
D)Learning how gravity affects the speed with which an object falls to the earth

Question 59

Mr.Phillips wants his students to develop the ability to separate and control variables in scientific experimentation.Which one of the following instructional methods is most likely to help his students achieve this goal?

A)Scaffolded inquiry-learning activities
B)Small-group reciprocal-teaching activities
C)Individualized assignments using computer spreadsheets
D)Unstructured discovery-learning activities

Question 60

The four teachers below are assigning homework to their students.Which teacher is giving an assignment that's inconsistent with general recommendations regarding the appropriate use of homework?

A)Mr.Rhodes asks his eighth graders to write the answers to a series of questions based on material they've been studying over the past week.
B)Ms.Wong asks her sixth graders to make up sentences using each of their new spelling words.
C)Mr.Needham asks his first graders to bring something from home that begins with the letter B.
D)Ms.Powell asks her high school algebra students to read the next two chapters in their textbook and then do the problems at the end of each chapter.

Question 61

Three of the following statements are consistent with the textbook's suggestions for using peer tutoring.Which one is not consistent with the textbook's suggestions?

A)By tutoring children in lower grades, students with social difficulties can develop better social skills.
B)Tutors function most effectively when they are allowed to use teaching strategies that they develop on their own.
C)Teachers should regularly monitor the effects of peer tutoring to be sure that both the tutors and the students being tutored are learning from the process.
D)Tutors are usually most effective when they have learned the subject matter very well.

Question 62

In cooperative learning, you would be most likely to form all-male and all-female cooperative groups if your goal was to:

A)Maximize the heterogeneity of group members' ability levels
B)Encourage all group members to participate actively
C)Use scripted cooperation to facilitate the activity
D)Establish base groups for the entire school year

Question 63

Some advocates of cooperative learning suggest that the most effective cooperative groups are those that include a wide range of student ability levels.How can we best summarize research findings regarding the effectiveness of different kinds of groups?

A)These advocates are correct; heterogeneous grouping maximizes student achievement.
B)Low-ability students do better when placed with high-ability students, but middle- ability students work best with students very similar to themselves in ability.
C)High-ability students rarely, if ever, benefit from working with low-ability students.
D)Research results are inconclusive with regard to the optimal range of ability levels within a particular group.

Question 64

Three of the following are potential disadvantages of cooperative learning.Which one has not been identified as a disadvantage?

A)Students do not always have the necessary skills to teach one another effectively.
B)Students may learn incorrect information from other group members.
C)Students from ethnic minority groups rarely benefit from cooperative learning activities.
D)Students may be more interested in completing the task quickly than in helping one another learn.

Question 65

Which one of the following cooperative groups is using the jigsaw technique?

A)When studying types of mountains volcanic, dome, fold, and block), each student studies one type and teaches what he or she has learned to other group members.
B)When attempting to solve several challenging mathematics problems, group members brainstorm possible ways of solving each one.
C)As it prepares for a debate about capital punishment, a cooperative group decides which group member will present which argument.
D)After everyone has read Shakespeare's Julius Caesar, group members divide up the scenes of the play, and each student skims through his or her scenes for examples of symbolism.

Question 66

Which one of the following best illustrates how teachers can effectively structure a peer tutoring session?

A)Tell tutors how long they should spend on each topic they are tutoring.
B)Give students examples of the kinds of questions they should ask one another.
C)Remind tutors that they should ask at least 10 questions during a tutoring session.
D)Give the students being tutored an upper limit on the number of questions they can ask their tutors.

Question 67

Three of the following statements about peer tutoring are true.Which one is false?

A)It fosters friendships among students from diverse backgrounds.
B)It provides a context in which students feel more at ease asking questions.
C)In some cases, it leads to higher achievement than whole-class instruction.
D)There are academic benefits for the students being tutored but not for the tutors.

Question 68

Three of the following are accurate statements about the benefits of cooperative learning.Which statement is not accurate?

A)Students rarely get off task during cooperative learning activities.
B)Students acquire greater metacognitive awareness of effective learning strategies.
C)Students are more likely to develop friendships with students of diverse ethnic backgrounds.
D)Students often show higher academic achievement in comparison to students instructed in more traditional ways.

Question 69

Which concept from behaviorism figures prominently in cooperative learning?

A)Intrinsic reinforcement
B)Group contingency
C)Conditioned response
D)Continuous reinforcement

Question 70

Three of the following are typical elements of effective cooperative learning activities.Which one is not typical of such activities?

A)Group members depend on one another for their learning.
B)Each group member works on a different instructional objective.
C)Students are given guidelines about how to behave in their groups.
D)Group members must individually demonstrate what they have learned.

Question 71

Which one of the following best reflects technology-based collaborative learning as the textbook describes it?

A)Students share their work on a classroom data base, give one another feedback, and build on one another's ideas.
B)Working in small cooperative groups, students use word-processing software to create a class newsletter, short story, or other significant piece of writing.
C)Students use Facebook to locate age-mates across the nation who might like to explore a topic of mutual interest.
D)Students learn a simple computer programming language and then, working in pairs, create computer games that can help them acquire automaticity for basic math facts.

Question 72

Cooperative learning can be justified using three of the following theoretical concepts.Which one of the italicized concepts that follow is least accurate with respect to cooperative learning activities?

A)Students in a cooperative group provide scaffolding for one another as they attempt challenging tasks.
B)Students get continuous reinforcement for their responses.
C)Students model effective thinking skills for one another.
D)Students' self-efficacy increases when they see their classmates succeed.

Question 73

The students in Mr.Cohen's class have formed cooperative groups of three students each to study a chapter in their science book.Which one of the following groups is acting in a way most consistent with the idea of scripted cooperation?

A)The students divide the chapter up into sections that each contain roughly one-third of the material.They read their allotted sections and then plan how they can best teach the material to their fellow group members.
B)The students work actively to help one another learn because they know that their final grade for the activity will depend not only on how much they learn, but also on how much the other two group members learn.
C)One student reads a paragraph aloud, a second summarizes it, and the third listens for any errors or omissions the second student might have made.The three students change roles for each successive paragraph.
D)At the end of the cooperative learning activity, Mr.Cohen asks each group to evaluate its effectiveness in terms of these questions: "Did they all actively participate?" "Did they listen to one another?" "Did they criticize ideas rather than people?"

Question 74

As a teacher, you want two students who have physical disabilities to develop closer friendships with their nondisabled classmates.Of the following choices, the best instructional approach to use for this purpose is:

A)Computer-based instruction
B)Mastery learning
C)Cooperative learning
D)Expository instruction

Question 75

For which students with special needs are homogeneous cooperative groups sometimes recommended?

A)Students who are gifted
B)Students with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
C)Students with social or behavioral problems
D)Students who have a variety of physical and sensory disabilities

Question 76

Three of the following statements are consistent with the textbook's recommendations for teaching students with special needs.Which statement is not consistent with its recommendations?

A)Students with specific cognitive difficulties can use grammar and spell checkers to compensate for possible deficits in their language skills.
B)Expository instruction can be an effective method for students with advanced cognitive development.
C)Students with general delays in cognitive development benefit most from discovery learning approaches.
D)Carefully monitored cooperative learning activities can help students with social or behavioral problems acquire better social skills.

Question 77

Nine-year-old Ricky has recently learned how to solve long division problems, and he still struggles with especially difficult problems.At his mother's request, Ricky helps his eight-year-old sister Lucy with the simple long division problems she must do for her math homework.From the perspective of Vygotsky's theory, which one of the following is most likely to result?

A)Ricky's own long division skills will improve because he will internalize the instructions he gives Lucy.
B)Ricky will gain nothing from helping his sister because doing long division is outside his zone of proximal development.
C)Ricky's own long division skills will decrease, because any mistakes that Lucy makes will "corrupt" his own mathematical thinking.
D)By helping Lucy with her long division problems, Ricky will be able to practice using formal operational thinking skills.

Question 78

Which one of the following teachers is using the recommended approach to evaluating students' achievement in a cooperative learning situation?

A)Ms.Au has students take notes on what they are learning throughout a cooperative learning session.
B)Mr.Baer's cooperative groups turn in a research paper co-authored by all group members.
C)Mr.Craighead's students meet with him in their cooperative groups to explain to him what they have learned during the session.
D)Ms.Donaldson gives students a quiz over the material that groups have studied; students get extra credit if everyone in their group scores high.

Question 79

Mario is an 8-year-old third grader who lives in a largely Hispanic community in Arizona.Considering typical ethnic group differences and without knowing anything else about Mario, with which instructional approach would you expect him to feel most comfortable?

A)A textbook chapter appropriate for his reading skills
B)An in-class workbook exercise
C)A direct instruction lesson
D)A cooperative learning activity

Question 80

As a teacher, you want your students to learn basic concepts in chemistry well enough that they can build on the concepts when studying more advanced topics.Of the following choices, the best instructional approach to use for this purpose is:

A)Lecture
B)Discovery learning
C)A homework assignment
D)Direct instruction