Deck 20: Somatic Senses and Motor Control

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT a proprioceptor?

A) hair root plexus
B) joint kinesthetic receptor within synovial joint capsules
C) tendon organ within tendons
D) muscle spindle within skeletal muscles

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Final common pathways consist of:

A) upper motor neurons.
B) lower motor neurons.
C) upper and lower motor neurons.
D) interneurons.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following receptor types has the slowest adaptation rate?

A) lamellated (pacinian) corpuscle
B) hair root plexus
C) nociceptor
D) joint kinesthetic receptor

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Pyramidal pathways:

A) innervate skeletal muscles only.
B) contain upper motor neurons and lower motor neurons.
C) extend from the cerebral cortex, through the medulla, and then to their destination, either through cranial nerves or through spinal cord tracts and spinal nerves.
D) all of these choices

Question 5

Sudoriferous (sweat) glands of the integument would receive motor innervation carried in which spinal cord tract?

A) lateral corticospinal
B) anterior corticospinal
C) lateral spinothalamic
D) None of these choices

Question 6

Which of the following cutaneous receptors are responsible for fine touch? 1. type I cutaneous mechanoreceptors
2) end organs of Ruffini
3) type II cutaneous mechanoreceptors
4) corpuscles of touch (Meissner corpuscles)

A) 1, 2, 3, 4
B) 1, 3
C) 2, 4
D) 1, 4

Question 7

Which groups of neurons provide input to lower motor neurons? 1. local circuit neurons
2) upper motor neurons
3) basal nuclei neurons
4) cerebellar neurons

A) 1, 2, 3, 4
B) 1, 3, 4
C) 1 and 3 only
D) 1 and 2 only

Question 8

Corticobulbar tracts carry information that coordinates the voluntary movement of all of the following except:

A) facial muscles.
B) eyes.
C) skilled movements of the hands.
D) muscles of speech and chewing.

Question 9

Which of the following pairs of terms is incorrectly matched?

A) exteroceptors; at or near the surface of the body
B) proprioceptors; in walls of blood vessels
C) cutaneous receptors; in skin and mucous membranes
D) interoceptors; in internal organs (viscera)

Question 10

The group of tracts called the lateral corticospinal tracts, anterior corticospinal tracts, and corticobulbar tracts:

A) are the direct motor pathways.
B) are the anterolateral pathways.
C) are the indirect motor pathways.
D) are the direct and indirect motor pathways.

Question 11

Upper motor neurons of the indirect pathways begin in the:

A) cerebral cortex.
B) brain stem.
C) thalamus.
D) spinal cord.

Question 12

The receptors for pain:

A) are free nerve endings called nociceptors.
B) may be stimulated by chemicals released by injured tissues.
C) respond to any type of stimulus if it is of sufficient intensity.
D) all of these choices

Question 13

Third-order neurons:

A) have axons that end in the thalamus.
B) carry nerve impulses from the spinal cord and brain stem to the thalamus.
C) have axons that decussate in the spinal cord or brain stem.
D) carry nerve impulses to the primary somatosensory area in the postcentral gyrus.

Question 14

Somatic afferent fibers relaying information regarding the position of the ankle joint _____.

A) travel in the lateral corticospinal tract
B) travel in the anterior corticospinal tract
C) synapse in the gracile nucleus of the medulla
D) do NOT synapse in the thalamus

Question 15

For perception to occur, sensory nerve impulses must reach which of the following levels of the CNS?

A) spinal cord
B) brain stem
C) thalamus
D) cerebral cortex

Question 16

Select the best description for the function of the posterior column-medial lemniscus:

A) impulses for conscious proprioception and most tactile sensations
B) impulses for pain and temperature sensations
C) impulses for itch, tickle, crude touch, and pressure sensations
D) impulses for subconscious proprioception
E) impulses for coordination of precise voluntary movements of the hands and feet

Question 17

Which of the following has encapsulated nerve endings?

A) hair root plexus
B) type I cutaneous mechanoreceptor (tactile disc)
C) corpuscle of touch (Meissner corpuscle)
D) photoreceptor

Question 18

From the following list of spinal cord pathways, choose the ones that are together responsible for carrying all conscious sensory information in the spinal cord: 1. spinothalamic
2) gracile fasciculus
3) spinocerebellar
4) posterior column-medial lemniscus
5) cuneate fasciculus

A) 1,2, 4, 5
B) 2, 5
C) 3, 4
D) 1, 3

Question 19

Which of the following develop as specialized muscle fibers?

A) tendon organs
B) hair cells of the inner ear
C) muscle spindles
D) joint kinesthetic receptors

Question 20

Which of the following is a sensation that is NOT carried by the spinothalamic pathways?

A) pain
B) itch
C) tickle
D) proprioception

Question 21

First-order neurons transmit signals from somatic receptors along cranial and spinal nerves into the brain stem and spinal cord respectively.

Question 22

The gracile fasciculus and cuneate fasciculus are found in the anterior column of the spinal cord.

Question 23

Ascending somatic sensory pathways to the cerebral cortex consist of thousands of sets of three neurons: first-order neurons, second-order neurons, and third-order neurons.

Question 24

Select the best description for the function of the anterior spinothalamic tract:

A) impulses for conscious proprioception and most tactile sensations
B) impulses for pain and temperature sensations
C) impulses for itch, tickle, crude touch and pressure sensations
D) impulses for subconscious proprioception
E) impulses for coordination of precise voluntary movements of the hands and feet

Question 25

Select the best description for the function of the lateral corticospinal tract:

A) impulses for coordination of movements of the trunk and proximal parts of the limbs
B) impulses that move the head and eyes in response to visual stimuli
C) conveys nerve impulses from motor cortex to skeletal muscles of head and neck to coordinate precise, voluntary movements
D) impulses for subconscious proprioception
E) impulses for precise voluntary movements of the hands and feet

Question 26

Select the best description for the function of the anterior and posterior spinocerebellar tracts:

A) impulses for conscious proprioception and most tactile sensations
B) impulses for pain and temperature sensations
C) impulses for itch, tickle, crude touch and pressure sensations
D) impulses for subconscious proprioception
E) impulses for coordination of precise voluntary movements of the hands and feet

Question 27

Select the best description for the function of the anterior corticospinal tract:

A) impulses for coordination of movements of the trunk and proximal parts of the limbs
B) impulses that move the head and eyes in response to visual stimuli
C) conveys nerve impulses from motor cortex to skeletal muscles of head and neck to coordinate precise, voluntary movements
D) impulses for subconscious proprioception
E) impulses for precise voluntary movements of the hands and feet

Question 28

Stimulation of nociceptors in the skin gives rise to superficial somatic pain.

Question 29

Identifying a paper clip by feeling it or reading Braille are both examples of stereognosis.

Question 30

Modality of receptors refers to the fact that a receptor will only respond if a stimulus is of sufficient strength.

Question 31

Select the best description for the function of the corticobulbar tract:

A) impulses for coordination of movements of the trunk and proximal parts of the limbs
B) impulses that move the head and eyes in response to visual stimuli
C) conveys nerve impulses from motor cortex to skeletal muscles of head and neck to coordinate precise, voluntary movements
D) impulses for subconscious proprioception
E) impulses for precise voluntary movements of the hands and feet

Question 32

Proprioceptive information may be conveyed to the cerebellum via sensory neurons that travel in spinocerebellar tracts.

Question 33

Visceral pain occurs when nociceptors in internal organs, skeletal muscles, tendons, or joints are stimulated.

Question 34

Type II cutaneous mechanoreceptors, found deep in the dermis, function as receptors for touch as well as for pressure.

Question 35

Proprioception is the sense that provides an awareness of body positions and movements of parts of the body.

Question 36

The receptors for pain, temperature, itch and tickle are all free nerve endings.

Question 37

Decussation of sensory pathways occurs before the pathway reaches the thalamus.

Question 38

Select the best description for the function of the lateral spinothalamic tract:

A) impulses for conscious proprioception and most tactile sensations
B) impulses for pain and temperature sensations
C) impulses for itch, tickle, crude touch and pressure sensations
D) impulses for subconscious proprioception
E) impulses for coordination of precise voluntary movements of the hands and feet

Question 39

Visceral senses and somatic senses are grouped together in the class called general senses.

Question 40

Select the best description for the function of the tectospinal tract:

A) impulses for coordination of movements of the trunk and proximal parts of the limbs
B) impulses that move the head and eyes in response to visual or auditory stimuli
C) conveys nerve impulses from motor cortex to skeletal muscles of head and neck to coordinate precise, voluntary movements
D) impulses for subconscious proprioception
E) impulses for precise voluntary movements of the hands and feet

Question 41

The anterior corticospinal tracts cross over to the opposite side at the level of the medulla oblongata.

Question 42

Name, locate, and briefly describe the functions of three descending tracts that are referred to as the direct pathways.

Question 43

There are two types of thermoreceptors: warm receptors in the dermis of the skin, and cold receptors located in the stratum basale of the epidermis

Question 44

Outline the three classification systems for receptors. List the types of receptors according to each classification and give examples.

Question 45

Bradykinesia, hypokinesia, tremor, and increased muscle tone are all symptoms of Parkinson's disease.

Question 46

Receptors for pressure and vibration that consist of an oval multi-layered capsule surrounding a dendrite, and that are located in the skin as well as subcutaneous and submucosal tissues, are called _____.

A) lamellated corpuscles (pacinian corpuscles)
B) corpuscles of touch (Meissner corpuscles)
C) type I cutaneous mechanoreceptors (tactile discs)
D) Type II cutaneous mechanoreceptors (Ruffini corpuscles)

Question 47

Name three spinal tracts that carry conscious sensory information. For each tract, describe the location and the types of sensations transmitted.

Question 48

Make a diagram showing the locations of the neuronal components of the anterolateral (spinothalamic) pathways and describe the functions of the pathways.

Question 49

Which of the following is classified as a special sense?

A) touch
B) pain
C) equilibrium
D) vibration

Question 50

A mosquito bites you on the wrist. Even before you look at the spot, your CNS has informed you of what has happened, and where. What neuronal events have occurred between the time the insect began to bite and the moment when you became aware?

Question 51

Deep somatic pain arises from stimulation of _____ in skeletal muscles and joints.

A) proprioceptors
B) nociceptors
C) photoreceptors
D) thermoreceptors
E) osmoreceptors

Question 52

There are two destinations in the brain for proprioceptive information: the hypothalamus and the brainstem

Question 53

The rubrospinal, tectospinal, reticulospinal, and corticospinal tracts are all indirect pathways.

Question 54

The majority of commands from the motor cortex to skeletal muscles travel via the anterior corticospinal tracts in the spinal cord.

Question 55

What is referred pain? Using an example, explain how referred pain occurs.

Question 56

There are three main ways to classify receptors: by _____, _____, and by _____.

Question 57

A person is only truly in a coma when all reflex activity ceases.

Question 58

Discuss the structure, location, and functions of the three main types of proprioceptors.

Question 59

_____ is defined as the conscious or subconscious awareness of changes in the external or internal conditions of the body.

A) Sensation
B) Adaptation
C) Perception
D) Reception

Question 60

_____ is the conscious awareness and interpretation of a sensation.

A) Modality
B) Adaptation
C) Perception
D) Integration
E) Proprioception

Question 61

Gamma motor neurons are responsible for the innervation of _____ fibers of the muscle spindle.

A) extrafusal
B) intrafusal

Question 62

Tendon organs contain intrafusal fibers.

Question 63

Which of the following proprioceptors have a thin capsule of connective tissue enclosing a few bundles of collagen fibers?

A) muscle spindles
B) tendon organs
C) joint kinesthetic receptors
D) muscle spindles and tendon organs

Question 64

Referred pain site for the liver and gallbladder

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D

Question 65

Lower motor neurons that carry information from the CNS to skeletal muscle fibers form the _____.

A) final common pathway
B) medial lemniscus pathway
C) corticobulbar pathway
D) anterolateral pathway

Question 66

Which of the following proprioceptors contain dendrites of slowly adapting sensory neurons? 1. muscle spindles
2) tendon organs
3) joint kinesthetic receptors

A) 1 only
B) 2 only
C) 3 only
D) 1 and 2

Question 67

Referred pain site for the stomach

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D

Question 68

Referred pain site for the heart

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D

Question 69

Incoming sensory information is integrated; that is, it is processed and interpreted and a course of action is taken. At which of the following locations does the integration process occur?

A) spinal cord and brain stem
B) cerebellum
C) cerebral cortex
D) All of these choices are correct

Question 70

The major control region for planning and initiating voluntary movements is the primary motor area (precentral gyrus) of the cortex.

Question 71

_____ are proprioceptors located at the junction of a tendon and a muscle.

A) Muscle spindles
B) lamellated corpuscles (pacinian corpuscles)
C) Tendon organs
D) Extrafusal fibers

Question 72

Axons of _____-order neurons cross over to the other side in the brain or spinal cord before ascending to the thalamus.

A) first
B) second
C) third
D) upper

Question 73

The _____ pathway conducts impulses for conscious proprioception and most tactile sensations.

A) anterior corticospinal
B) posterior column-medial lemniscus
C) spinothalamic
D) tectospinal

Question 74

The cell bodies of _____-order sensory neurons are located in the thalamus.

A) first
B) second
C) third
D) fourth

Question 75

Referred pain site for the kidneys

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D