Deck 18: Discriminant and Logit

Question 1

As one of the statistics associated with discriminant analysis, are obtained when the unstandardized coefficients are multiplied by the values of the variables and the products are summed and added to the constant term.

A) Wilks' h
B) discriminant scores
C) discriminant function coefficients
D) eigenvalue

Answer 1

B

Question 2

In discriminant analysis, the criterion or dependent variable is and the predictor or independent variables are in nature.

A) ordinal; categorical
B) ordinal; interval
C) categorical; interval
D) interval; categorical

Answer 2

C

Question 3

If you are using the leave- out option of SPSS, you are at the _ step of discriminant analysis.

A) determine the significance of the discriminant function
B) interpret the results
C) assess validity of discriminant analysis
D) estimate the discriminant coefficients

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following is not one of the steps involved in the "formulating the problem" step in discriminant analysis?

A) Estimate the discriminant function coefficients.
B) Repeatedly conduct the validation of the discriminant function.
C) Divide the sample into analysis and validation samples.
D) Convert the dependent variable into categories.

Question 5

If you are using the direct method or stepwise discriminant analysis, you are at the step of conducting discriminant analysis.

A) formulate the problem
B) determine the size of the discriminant function
C) assess the validity of the discriminant analysis
D) estimate the discriminant function coefficients

Question 6

Discriminant analysis can be used to answer questions such as .

A) How much of the variation in sales can be explained by advertising expenditures, prices, and level of distribution?
B) In terms of demographic characteristics, how do customers who exhibit store loyalty differ from those who do not?
C) What are the distinguishing characteristics of consumers who respond to direct mail solicitations?
D) Both B and C are correct.

Question 7

Which of the following statements is not an objective of discriminant analysis?

A) determination of which predictor variables contribute to most of the intergroup differences
B) evaluation of the accuracy of classification
C) classification of cases to one of the groups based on the values of the predictor variables
D) examination of whether significant differences exist among the groups, in terms of the criterion variables

Question 8

Sometimes also called confusion or prediction matrix, the contains the number of correctly classified and misclassified cases.

A) classification matrix
B) pooled within- group correlation matrix
C) identity matrix
D) total correlation matrix

Question 9

If there are 10 groups and 8 predictors, how many discriminant functions can be estimated?

A) ten
B) nine
C) eight
D) seven

Question 10

When the probability of success, P is modeled using a binary logit model, it is constrained to lie between _ .

A) - 1 and 1
B) 0 and - 1
C) 0 and 1
D) 1 and 100

Question 11

Discriminant/logit analysis is similar to regression and ANOVA in which of the areas stated below (Table 18.1 in the text)?

A) nature of the dependent variables
B) nature of the independent variables
C) both A and B
D) none of the above

Question 12

As one of the statistics associated with discriminant analysis, the _ for each predictor is the ratio of the within- group sum of squares to the total sum of squares. Its value varies between 0 and 1.

A) Wilks' h
B) discriminant scores
C) discriminant function coefficients
D) eigenvalue

Question 13

A _ is a tool for assessing discriminant analysis results that plots the group membership of each case on a graph.

A) pie chart
B) territorial map
C) scattergram
D) characteristic profile

Question 14

Which of the following statements is true about stepwise discriminant analysis?

A) The predictor with the highest F ratio is the first to be selected for inclusion in the discriminant function, if it meets certain significance and tolerance criteria.
B) The predictors are entered sequentially based on their ability to discriminate between groups.
C) Each predictor selected is tested for retention based on its association with the other predictors selected.
D) All of the above statements are true.

Question 15

In multiple discriminant analysis, the interpretation of results is aided by an examination of all of the following except .

A) the structure correlations
B) the correlation coefficients
C) the standardized discriminant function coefficients
D) certain plots

Question 16

The is used for estimating the _ ; the _ _ is used for developing the .

A) validation sample; discriminant function; analysis sample; classification matrix
B) classification matrix; discriminant function; validation sample; analysis sample
C) analysis sample; discriminant function; validation sample; classification matrix
D) none of the above

Question 17

When the dependent variable is binary and there are several independent variables that are metric, in addition to two- group discriminant analysis all of the following models can be used except .

A) the probit model
B) the logit model
C) OLS regression
D) multiple discriminant analysis

Question 18

As one of the statistics associated with discriminant analysis, the _ (unstandardized) are the multipliers of variables when the variables are in the original units of measurement.

A) Wilks' h
B) discriminant scores
C) discriminant function coefficients
D) eigenvalue

Question 19

The assumptions in discriminant analysis are that each of the groups is a sample from a _ population and all of the populations have the same .

A) multivariate normal; variance
B) multivariate normal; covariance matrix
C) multivariate normal; standard deviation
D) multivariate normal; standard error

Question 20

The is a test of significance of the logistic regression coefficient based on the asymptotic normality property of maximum likelihood estimates.

A) Nagelkerke R2
B) Cox and Snell R square
C) Wilks' h
D) Wald statistic

Question 21

The binary logit model is also called .

A) logistic regression
B) OLS regression
C) stepwise regression
D) none of the above

Question 22

In discriminant analysis, rejecting the null hypothesis means there is significant discrimination between groups.

Question 23

In two- group discriminant analysis, it is possible to derive only one discriminant function.

Question 24

Discriminant/logit analysis is similar to regression and ANOVA in which of the areas stated below (Table 18.1 in the text)?

A) number of dependent variables
B) number of independent variables
C) both A and B
D) none of the above

Question 25

With the leave- one- out cross- validation option in SPSS, the discriminant model is re- estimated as many times as there are respondents in the sample.

Question 26

The binary logit model commonly deals with the issue of how likely an observation is to belong to each group. It estimates the probability of an observation belonging to a particular group.

Question 27

When the criterion variable has two categories, the technique is referred to as multiple discriminant analysis.

Question 28

In discriminant analysis, we can obtain some idea of the relative importance of the variables by .

A) examining the structure correlations, or canonical loadings or discriminant loadings
B) examining the absolute magnitude of the standardized discriminant function coefficients
C) examining the unstandardized discriminant function coefficients
D) A and B are correct

Question 29

D is the in the model D = b₀ + b₁X₁ + b₂X₂ + b₃X₃ + ... + b_kX_k.

A) discriminant coefficient or weight
B) difference variable
C) disordinal interaction
D) discriminant score

Question 30

The logit model falls somewhere between regression and discriminant analysis in application.

Question 31

What does it mean if the discriminant function is estimated and the square of the canonical correlation is .64?

A) The null hypothesis is not rejected. Therefore, there is no significant discrimination between groups.
B) 64% of the variance in the dependent variable is explained by the model.
C) 64% of the explained variance is accounted for.
D) B and C are correct.

Question 32

The linear combinations of independent variables developed by discriminant analysis that will best discriminate between the categories of the dependent variable are .

A) discriminant scores
B) discriminant functions
C) classification matrix
D) characteristic profiles

Question 33

An examination of differences across groups lies at the heart of the basic concept of .

A) regression analysis
B) conjoint analysis
C) discriminant analysis
D) factor analysis

Question 34

In discriminant analysis, there is no multicollinearity in the predictor variables. Therefore, there is no ambiguous measure of the relative importance of the predictors in discriminating between groups.

Question 35

In discriminant analysis, the value of the coefficient for a particular predictor depends on the other predictors included in the discriminant function.

Question 36

Cox and Snell R square and Nagelkerke R2 are measures of model fit used in _.

A) logistic regression
B) OLS regression
C) the binary logit model
D) Both A and C are correct.

Question 37

When the dependent variable is binary, the logit model can also be used instead of two- group discriminant analysis.

Question 38

The direct method is an approach to discriminant analysis that involves estimating the discriminant function so that all the predictors are included simultaneously.

Question 39

When the probability of success, P, is modeled using OLS regression, P is constrained to lie between 0 and 1.

Question 40

The nature of dependent and independent variables in the binary logit model is similar to that in .

A) regression analysis
B) multivariate analysis of variance
C) analysis of variance
D) discriminant analysis

Question 41

When conducting discriminant analysis, the analysis sample is that part of the total sample used to check the results of the estimation sample.

Question 42

What are the steps involved in conducting discriminant analysis (Figure 18.2 in the text)?

Question 43

The results obtained from a classification matrix based on the analysis sample are invariably better than leave- one- out classification or the classification obtained on the holdout sample.

Question 44

The first step in discriminant analysis is to formulate the problem by identifying the objectives, the criterion variable, and the independent variables.

Question 45

If attitude towards the brand is measured on a seven- point scale from unfavorable to favorable, it could be categorized as unfavorable (1, 2, 3), neutral (4), or favorable (5, 6, 7).

Question 46

The last step in conducting discriminant analysis is to interpret the results (Figure 18.2 in the text).

Question 47

Discuss the similarities and differences among ANOVA, regression, and discriminant analysis (Table 18.1 in the text).

Question 48

A characteristic profile is an aid to interpreting discriminant analysis results by describing each group in terms of the group means for the predictor variables..

Question 49

In the discriminant analysis model, the coefficients, or weights (b), are estimated so that the groups differ as much as possible on the values of the discriminant function. This occurs when the ratio of between- group sum of squares to within- group sum of squares for the discriminant scores is at a maximum.

Question 50

The hit ratio is the number of variables found to be significant by the discriminant analysis.

Question 51

When the dependent variable is binary and there is one independent variable that is nonmetric, in addition to two- group discriminant analysis, one can also use OLS regression, logit, and probit models for estimation.

Question 52

Discriminant analysis is available in EXCEL.

Question 53

The stepwise discriminant analysis method is appropriate when, based on previous research or a theoretical model, the researcher wants the discrimination to be based on all the predictors.

Question 54

The procedure that is used to estimate the parameters of the binary logit model is called the
maximum likelihood method.

Question 55

The Mahalanobis procedure is based on minimalizing a generalized measure of the distance between the two closest groups.

Question 56

Also referred to as discriminant loadings, the structure correlations represent the simple correlations between the predictors and the discriminant function in discriminant analysis.

Question 57

The hit ratio is the percentage of cases correctly classified by the discriminant analysis.

Question 58

The null hypothesis in discriminant analysis, that in the population, the means of all discriminant functions in all groups are not equal, can be statistically tested.

Question 59

Discriminant functions are linear combinations of the predictor or independent variables, which will best discriminate between the categories of the criterion or dependent variable (groups).