Deck 3: Complex Cognitive Processes

Question 1

Which one of the following statements best describes the usefulness of a concept map?

A)It allows students to record all the information about a topic in essay form so that they can do well on essay tests.
B)It allows students to record distinct ideas from a lecture on separate sheets of paper so they don't get similar ideas mixed up.
C)It provides a good "filler" activity at the end of the day,when students are tired and ready to go home.
D)It helps students understand and remember interrelationships among concepts.

Answer 1

It helps students understand and remember interrelationships among concepts.

Question 2

Which one of the following illustrates the self-imposed contingencies aspect of self-regulation?

A)Adele feels terrible when she inadvertently hurts a classmate's feelings.
B)Bonnie knows how happy her parents will be if she brings home a good report card.
C)Clint doesn't like striking out when it's his turn at bat because his teammates will think he's a bad baseball player.
D)Daryl checks his watch frequently as he takes a standardized test to be sure he can finish the test in the allotted time.

Answer 2

Adele feels terrible when she inadvertently hurts a classmate's feelings.

Question 3

Many children lack metacognitive knowledge. This is reflected in the fact that they:

A)Don't know very much about how to learn.
B)Have difficulty with such mathematical concepts as proportions and negative numbers.
C)Are easily distracted by other children playing outside the classroom window.
D)Don't perform very well on intelligence test items requiring abstract thinking.

Answer 3

Don't know very much about how to learn.

Question 4

Which one of the following is the best example of a covert (rather than overt)strategy that a student might use while studying a textbook chapter?

A)Using chapter headings and subheadings to make a rough outline of the chapter
B)Working hard to keep one's mind from wandering while reading the chapter
C)Using self-stick notes to mark sections that are hard to understand
D)Writing a summary of the key ideas in the chapter

Question 5

Which one of the following examples best illustrates involvement of a central executive in the human memory system?

A)Adam absentmindedly cracks his knuckles every minute or two.
B)Brigette plans how she might best prepare for a history test.
C)Claudia quickly recites the letters of the alphabet in order because she has them memorized.
D)David is frightened the first time he hears the loud noises at a fireworks display.

Question 6

Three of the following are aspects of self-regulation as psychologists define the term. Which one is not necessarily an aspect of self-regulation?

A)Reading an assigned textbook chapter
B)Embellishing on a boring task to make it more enjoyable
C)Deciding whether one's own behavior is within an acceptable range
D)Reinforcing oneself for successful performance

Question 7

Maria is what psychologists would describe as a self-regulating person when it comes to her moral behavior. Given this information,which one of the following descriptions best describes Maria's moral behavior?

A)She works for social incentives; for example,she contributes to charity if she thinks that other people will like her better for doing so.
B)She behaves in morally appropriate ways only when she thinks other people are watching her.
C)She has an internal set of standards regarding right and wrong behavior,and she feels guilty when she violates those standards.
D)She has an internal set of standards regarding right and wrong,but those standards seldom influence the way she actually behaves.

Question 8

Claire is 9 years old and in fourth grade. Considering the aspects of self-regulation typically seen at different grade levels,which one of the following is most likely to be true for Claire?

A)She has many ways of keeping herself motivated during boring tasks.
B)She often chooses activities that help her reach her long-range goals.
C)She is unable to control her impulses.
D)She feels guilty when she does something wrong.

Question 9

Mark often comes to school wearing sandals instead of sneakers on days that he has physical education. He is getting angry with himself for continually forgetting the necessary footwear. His teacher suggests that he treat himself to an hour of television only on days when he has remembered to wear sneakers. Mark's teacher is suggesting that Mark use:

A)Vicarious reinforcement.
B)Intermittent reinforcement.
C)A self-imposed contingency.
D)Self-monitoring.

Question 10

Which one of the following best illustrates a concept map?

A)Alexandra puts the words force,gravity,velocity,acceleration,and time on a piece of paper; she then draws lines between pairs of related words and describes the relationships.
B)Bob draws a chart listing the sequence of events leading up to World War II in chronological order.
C)Calvin makes a list of concepts that biologists use to classify animals,including vertebrates,invertebrates,mammals,fish,birds,mollusks,crustaceans,and so on.
D)Donna lists characteristics of the concept canine.

Question 11

Three of the following are characteristics of self-regulated learning. Which one is not necessarily a characteristic associated with self-regulated learning?

A)Trying to keep one's attention on the task at hand
B)Figuring out how best to use the time available to accomplish a particular learning task
C)Deciding what one wants to learn while studying assigned reading materials
D)Following directions to achieve the teacher's instructional objectives

Question 12

Several students in Mr. Samber's class have trouble keeping themselves on task during independent seatwork assignments. Mr. Samber gives each of these students a sheet of paper on which they are to make a check mark every time they find themselves doing something other than their assignment during seatwork time. Mr. Samber is applying which one of the following concepts?

A)A contingency contract
B)Reinforcement of an incompatible behavior
C)Epistemic belief
D)Self-monitoring

Question 13

In a science lesson on heat,Ms. Jones explains that heat is the result of molecules moving back and forth very quickly and that gases are heated more quickly than liquids. The next day she asks her class the following four questions. Which one requires a complex cognitive process?

A)"Who can remember yesterday's discussion about heat?"
B)"What is heat?"
C)"Which one is heated more quickly-a gas or a liquid?"
D)"Why might it be cooler near the ocean on a hot summer day?"

Question 14

In which one of the following examples is metacognition most clearly illustrated?

A)Mary knows all the letters of the alphabet before she begins kindergarten.
B)Fran can reasonably guess how much of a book she is likely to remember a month later.
C)Billy can read fourth-grade-level books at the age of 6.
D)Alex has a photographic memory that enables him to remember almost everything he sees.

Question 15

Which one of the following teacher questions or statements asks students to engage in a complex cognitive process?

A)"Can you remember the three categories of rocks that we studied last week?"
B)"Here are the same rocks that we studied yesterday. Try to sort them into three piles-sedimentary,igneous,and metamorphic-the same way we did yesterday?"
C)"Can you use what you've learned about snakes and what you know about climate in North America to predict where this snake might live?"
D)"Now that I've shown you how to do forward and backward rolls on the floor mat,work with two of your classmates to practice them."

Question 16

Three of the following are examples of comprehension monitoring. Which one is not?

A)After reading a chapter in a textbook,Annette makes sure she has accomplished the objectives listed on the chapter's first page.
B)Bruce asks himself questions about the material he is reading and tries to answer them.
C)Cara stops at the end of each section to see if she can summarize what she's just read.
D)Dwayne looks at all the headings and subheadings in a chapter before he begins to read the chapter itself.

Question 17

Tammy tells Mr. Brookes that she really wants to do well in his government class,but she doesn't seem to study the right things and so always get low scores on quizzes and tests. Before the next test,the two of them meet after school and create a list of questions she should try to answer as she reads and studies. This situation can best be described as:

A)Self-instructions.
B)Co-regulated learning.
C)Convergent thinking.
D)A covert strategy.

Question 18

Which one of the following is the best illustration of metacognition?

A)Andrea is studying for a spelling test. She writes each spelling word five times in her nicest handwriting.
B)Betsy stays up late studying for a geography test. The following morning in school,she is too tired to think straight during the test.
C)Connie is studying for a history test. She knows that she has trouble with dates,so she checks herself by giving herself a short quiz after each chapter.
D)Dolly gives her friend Evonne an SAT preparation book because Dolly is preparing to take the SAT exam for college.

Question 19

Jeffrey needs to study for an upcoming exam. He does a number of things to prepare for the exam,four of which are listed below. Three of these illustrate metacognition. Which one reflects little if any metacognitive activity?

A)He allocates adequate study time for the exam.
B)He directs his eyes to the first page of his textbook.
C)He identifies a suitable mnemonic technique that will help him remember a difficult piece of information.
D)He tests himself to see if he is sufficiently prepared for the exam.

Question 20

Natalie is sometimes too impulsive when she answers multiple-choice questions on standardized achievement tests: She picks an answer before she has even read all the alternatives. Natalie knows she has a problem and would really like to change her behavior. The concept we can best use to help Natalie is:

A)Self-instructions.
B)Divergent thinking.
C)Mental set.
D)Problem-based learning.

Question 21

Which one of the following students has an illusion of knowing?

A)Anthony doesn't understand the concept of entropy.
B)Belinda doesn't know how to swim.
C)Corissa thinks she understands the concept of inertia,but she really doesn't.
D)Daryl doesn't think he is a very good tennis player,even though he is the best player on the school tennis team.

Question 22

Calvin is 7 years old and in second grade. Given children's typical metacognitive abilities at different age levels,which one of the following is most likely to be true of Calvin?

A)He realizes that mastering a topic might take him considerable time and practice.
B)He believes that people's conflicting opinions about a topic may all be "right" to some degree.
C)He is overly optimistic about how much he can learn and remember in a short time period.
D)He recognizes that learning is an active,constructive process.

Question 23

Students often have trouble identifying the most important things to remember from a classroom lesson. Of the following four choices,on which occasion will students be most likely to identify something in a lesson as being important?

A)When their teacher writes it on the chalkboard
B)When it is an abstract theme that underlies a lesson
C)When it is presented at the beginning of a lesson
D)When it is presented at the end of a lesson

Question 24

Three of the following are accurate statements about epistemic beliefs. Which statement is not accurate?

A)Students who view learning as an active,constructive process are more likely to undergo conceptual change when it's warranted.
B)Students who believe that learning is a slow,gradual process are more likely to persist in their efforts to understand classroom material.
C)Young children are apt to believe that conflicting points of view on a topic may be equally valid; as they get older,they become increasingly convinced that one perspective is almost invariably more valid than others.
D)As students move through the high school years,some of them increasingly begin to realize that mastering academic subject matter involves understanding concepts and their interrelationships rather than memorizing discrete facts.

Question 25

While Keylen is working on a challenging social studies project he thinks to himself,"When I work hard in math I do well in class,so if I work hard in social studies I should do well in socials studies class too." Keylen's thought is an example of which concept?

A)problem solving
B)transfer
C)creativity
D)declarative knowledge

Question 26

Leo has recently studied the principle of reinforcement in his psychology class. He is now trying to teach his dog how to fetch a ball. Given what psychologists have learned about transfer,is Leo likely to use the principle of reinforcement in helping his dog learn to fetch?

A)Definitely yes
B)Definitely no
C)Only if he has previously learned the principle of reinforcement to automaticity
D)Only if he retrieves the principle of reinforcement when he is teaching his dog

Question 27

Nathan has been playing golf with his parents for many years. When he goes out for the school baseball team,he has trouble hitting the ball because he keeps confusing the swing of the bat with how he swings a golf club. Nathan's difficulty reflects:

A)Negative transfer.
B)Positive transfer.
C)General transfer.
D)Procedural transfer.

Question 28

Which one of the following teachers is obviously keeping the notion of situated cognition in mind as he or she helps students transfer what they are learning in school?

A)Ms. Sporer asks her students to speculate about what might have happened if the Europeans had not "discovered" the New World until the 1800s.
B)Mr. Gerberg takes his middle school math students to the grocery store so that they can use their math skills to do some comparison shopping.
C)Mr. Mendoza makes sure that each one of the students in his instrumental music class knows the difference between the treble and bass clefs.
D)Ms. Sabih gives each of her elementary art students a hunk of clay and then says,"I'd like you to mold your clay into a mythical creature of some kind-into an animal that doesn't actually exist."

Question 29

Which one of the following pairs of students best illustrates a difference in epistemic beliefs?

A)Irene thinks that doing well in high school is important for getting into a good college,but Isabelle thinks she can get into college with mediocre grades as long as she has high SAT scores.
B)Julie likes going to school because that's where she sees her friends every day,but Janette likes going to school because of all the new things she learns there.
C)Keith thinks that learning geography means memorizing place names,but Kareem thinks that learning geography means understanding migration and settlement patterns.
D)Loren is well aware of the criteria that his teacher is using to evaluate his classroom performance,but Luke is clueless about why he is doing poorly in the same teacher's class.

Question 30

A student who has an illusion of knowing is most likely to:

A)Engage in considerable elaboration of classroom material.
B)Express surprise about a low test score.
C)Understand the general gist of a reading assignment but be unable to repeat it verbatim.
D)Accurately summarize what he or she has just read.

Question 31

Which one of the following alternatives most clearly illustrates general transfer rather than specific transfer?

A)The skills Arnold has developed as a marathon runner help him later in life when he jogs for exercise.
B)Brian has learned study skills in his history class that he also finds useful in his nutrition class.
C)Conway's knowledge of addition and subtraction helps him balance his checkbook.
D)David's knowledge of the human digestive system helps him understand the digestive system of an earthworm.

Question 32

Considering factors that affect transfer,identify the group of students most likely to transfer what their class is studying.

A)Students in Mr. Allen's geography class are studying several countries this week,memorizing the locations of each one's major rivers and cities.
B)Students in Ms. Elbert's music class are studying major chords in different keys this semester,practicing each one over and over in different songs.
C)Students in Mr. Ivy's science class are studying the characteristics of mammals and reptiles this week.
D)Students in Ms. Martin's social studies class are studying major events in the history of Mexico this month,beginning with the Aztec empire and continuing until the present time.

Question 33

Which one of the following is the best example of positive transfer?

A)When trying to write the word "shepherd," Robert remembers how he learned to spell "lighthouse" by putting two words together and so he writes "sheepherd."
B)Vince notices that rules of grammar are not always the same in English and Japanese.
C)Zelda uses the formula she learned in class for calculating the area of a circle when she wants to figure out how much bigger a 10-inch pizza is than a 7-inch pizza.
D)David is trying to learn to program a computer. He reads his programming manual but is confused by some of its instructions.

Question 34

Students' epistemic beliefs can best be described as students' views about:

A)What instructional techniques are most likely to help them learn classroom material.
B)Which careers are most suitable for their abilities and talents.
C)How long they are likely to remember the things they learn in school.
D)What knowledge is and how it is acquired.

Question 35

In which one of the following situations are we most likely to find transfer?

A)Alice learns how to add two-digit numbers and then studies how to add three-digit numbers.
B)Brianne learns how to plant corn and then learns how to prune a hedge.
C)Cathy learns early British history and then learns early Japanese history.
D)Devlin learns how to play softball and then learns how to play a card game.

Question 36

Three of the following statements are accurate with regard to metacognition and study strategies. Which one is not accurate?

A)By high school,most students have developed an effective way to study.
B)Students in the early elementary grades have little understanding of how they can best learn.
C)Students who take more notes on classroom material remember the material better.
D)Students with greater awareness about how best to learn achieve at higher levels in the classroom.

Question 37

Three of the following are accurate statements about factors that affect transfer. Which statement is not necessarily accurate?

A)Students are more likely to transfer what they have learned if they have studied it in a meaningful,rather than rote,fashion.
B)Students are more likely to transfer what they have learned if they have studied it for a lengthy period of time.
C)Students are more likely to transfer things they learn in school than things they learn outside of school.
D)Students are more likely to transfer general attitudes toward a subject area than specific facts in that subject area.

Question 38

Adolescents who learn a second language often apply patterns of speech production used in their native tongue,and therefore,they speak the second language with an accent. This phenomenon is an example of:

A)General transfer.
B)Situated cognition.
C)Positive transfer.
D)Negative transfer.

Question 39

Weston is working on a science project and wants to make his papier-mâché volcano "erupt." He remembers that when his mother combined vinegar and baking soda while following a recipe,the batter foamed up as she added the vinegar. So he tries mixing vinegar and baking soda in his volcano,and the mixture bubbles. Weston is showing:

A)General transfer.
B)Intuitive transfer.
C)Specific transfer.
D)Negative transfer.

Question 40

Which one of the following is the best example of negative transfer?

A)Nellie sees five squared (5²)in her math book and reads it as "fifty-two."
B)Fred knows he can get Bs in his classes without having to study at all.
C)José is trying to remember when World War II began,so he recalls all he can about European history and correctly concludes that the war began in the late 1930s.
D)Eleanor wants to tie a string securely to her pencil so that she can hang it from her notebook,but she has forgotten how to tie a square knot.

Question 41

From the perspective of psychology,why should teachers not expect students to solve complex problems in their heads?

A)The capacity for complex problem solving does not emerge until late adolescence.
B)Asking students to solve complex problems promotes rote memorization rather than meaningful learning.
C)Students' working memories can hold only a few pieces of information at a time.
D)By trying to solve complex problems in their heads,students are likely to "unlearn" some of the information stored in their long-term memories.

Question 42

Which one of the four teachers below is most likely to facilitate problem solving and creativity in the classroom?

A)Ms. Axelrod wants her students to develop a single "best" strategy for representing problems.
B)Ms. Blakely wants her students to learn why heuristics are almost always better than algorithms for solving problems.
C)Ms. Corning wants her students to learn why algorithms are almost always better than heuristics for solving problems.
D)Ms. Darwin wants her students to have an in-depth knowledge of the topics they study.

Question 43

Meshawn is thinking about the many different ways in which the concept of a lever might be applied to everyday problems. Meshawn is exhibiting:

A)An algorithm.
B)A mental set.
C)Convergent thinking.
D)Divergent thinking.

Question 44

Three of the following strategies should help students acquire effective study strategies. Which one is least likely to do so?

A)Have students work in pairs to ask one another thought-provoking questions about a topic.
B)Express confidence that with time and effective strategies,students can learn everything there is to know about a topic.
C)Have students experiment with different methods of trying to remember information and then reflect on each method's effectiveness.
D)Give students a general structure to guide their early note-taking efforts.

Question 45

Missy is given this problem: "If Mt. Adams is lower than Mt. Washington; and if Mt. Adams is higher than Mt. Jefferson; then which of the three mountains is highest?" Missy reads the fourth word in the problem incorrectly-she thinks the word is higher rather than lower-and consequently answers the problem incorrectly. From the perspective of cognitive psychology,Missy's difficulty is definitely due to:

A)Her limited working memory capacity.
B)The way she represents the problem.
C)The fact that she is using the wrong heuristic.
D)The fact that she is retrieving information that she has learned in a rote manner.

Question 46

Other things being equal,which one of the following students is most likely to engage in critical thinking about scientific topics?

A)Al is a "trivia whiz" who loves to memorize obscure scientific facts.
B)Brita realizes that scientists' theories change as new evidence comes in.
C)Chris is confident that she can understand something if she puts her mind to it.
D)Devin often asks questions when he doesn't understand a section of the textbook.

Question 47

Only one of the following students is definitely engaging in critical thinking. Which one?

A)Louise has a puzzled look as she reads her textbook. "I don't understand what the author is trying to say," she thinks.
B)Sam reads over his responses to the essay questions on an astronomy test. "I think I've done my best," he tells himself. "I'm pretty sure I answered the first two questions correctly,but I'm not so sure how well I did on the last question."
C)As Morgan watches her lab partner experiment with a pendulum,she says,"You just changed the length of the string at the same time you added more weight. That won't tell us anything."
D)Raul jumps at the chance to learn how to use desktop publishing software. "I'm particularly interested in learning how to integrate text and graphics," he tell his teacher.

Question 48

Which is the best example of someone using a heuristic in problem solving?

A)Susan wants to know how long it will take her to drive from Phoenix to Los Angeles. She knows that the distance is 400 miles,and she figures she will average 50 miles an hour with stops,so she predicts the trip will take 8 hours.
B)Vinnie has a round hot tub that is 6 feet in diameter; he wants to build a top to cover it. He remembers the formula for calculating the area of a circle and works out how many feet of lumber he needs.
C)John wants to buy a computer. He compares prices at different computer stores and buys whatever is least expensive.
D)To create a plot for the short story she needs to write,Marion breaks her task into smaller pieces: (1)Decide who or what her main character will be,(2)think of a conflict for the character to encounter,and (3)identify a reasonable resolution.

Question 49

Perry is trying to solve the following riddle: "What creature walks first on four legs,then two,then three?" He repeatedly tries to think of an animal that might walk on three legs,but he can think only of animals that walk on either two or four legs. Finally,he is told the correct answer-a human being,who crawls,then walks,then walks with a cane. Which one of the following is the most likely explanation of Perry's difficulty?

A)He has represented the problem with too narrow a definition of "legs."
B)He doesn't have enough working memory capacity.
C)He doesn't have a sufficient knowledge base.
D)He is engaging in divergent thinking when convergent thinking is required.

Question 50

Ms. Webster tells students,"The author of our history textbook knows what he's talking about. He's a well-respected scholar whose specialty is the period we're reading about this month: colonial America." Although such a statement might certainly be beneficial in some respects,it has which one of the following drawbacks?

A)It will promote negative rather than positive transfer of the subject matter.
B)It will decrease the likelihood that students engage in comprehension monitoring.
C)It is unlikely to foster a disposition to critically evaluate textbook content.
D)It will predispose students to use algorithms rather than heuristics while studying.

Question 51

William is trying to calculate the price of his groceries in his head. He has four apples for 35¢ each,five potatoes for 15¢ each,and three cake mixes for $2.25 each. He begins by thinking to himself,"Let's see,four times 35¢ is what? Two times 35¢ is 70¢,and then two times 70¢ is $1.40. And then what do I do next? Oh,yes,I need to know what five times fifteen equals. I can't remember,but let's see if I can figure it out...." From the perspective of psychology,William may have trouble solving the problem because:

A)His working memory capacity may be insufficient to hold and process all the information.
B)He is representing the problem incorrectly.
C)He is demonstrating a mental set with regard to his knowledge of multiplication facts.
D)He is using an inappropriate heuristic.

Question 52

Which one of the following problems is most likely to be solved with a heuristic rather than an algorithm?

A)Calculating the volume of a cylinder
B)Peacefully resolving an argument
C)Finding the word "democracy" in the dictionary
D)Locating books about spiders in the school library

Question 53

Three of the following strategies illustrate the use of metacognitive processes in problem solving. Which strategy is least metacognitive in nature?

A)Breaking a complex problem into smaller,easier subproblems
B)Continually monitoring progress toward problem solution
C)Identifying a logical approach to solving a problem
D)Looking up the correct answer at the back of the textbook

Question 54

Researchers have observed cultural differences in three of the following areas. In which area are there least likely to be cultural differences?

A)Existence of a central executive that oversees learning
B)Commonly used learning strategies
C)Beliefs about the nature of knowledge
D)A disposition to think critically about classroom subject matter

Question 55

Students are more likely to be successful problem solvers and creative thinkers in a given subject area when they:

A)Demonstrate problem-solving expertise in other,very different subject areas.
B)Know the subject matter well.
C)Have had extensive training in general logical thinking skills.
D)Pay considerable attention to details.

Question 56

Fourteen-year-old David rarely turns in his homework and often skips school,and so he is earning Ds and Fs in most of his classes. Yet he expresses his sincere desire to go to college and "make something of myself." This apparent inconsistency between his poor academic performance,on the one hand,and his strong interest in going to college,on the other,can probably best be explained by:

A)A lack of vicarious punishment in his life.
B)An inability to think abstractly about his goals.
C)Insufficiently developed self-regulation skills.
D)A general tendency for adolescent boys to punish rather than reinforce themselves for academic success.

Question 57

Which one of the following is the best example of critical thinking as it is described in the textbook?

A)Lorenzo complains to his teacher,"When the textbook discusses the importance of recycling,it doesn't explain how the advantages outweigh the disadvantages."
B)Justin says to his friend Victor,"I think I can guess why you're feeling sad today."
C)Muriel asks her teacher,"Why do we have to start school so early in the morning? I have trouble thinking clearly before ten o'clock in the morning."
D)Rachel mumbles to herself as she reads her history book,"Why does the year 1929 sound so familiar? Oh,yes,now I know. That's the year the stock market crashed."

Question 58

Critical thinking can best be described as involving:

A)Knowing the best course of action to take in complex situations.
B)Using heuristics to solve problems.
C)Keeping an open mind.
D)Judging the credibility of information or arguments.

Question 59

Creativity often involves divergent thinking. Which one of the following is the best example of divergent thinking?

A)Lacking any wooden blocks to build an arch for his toy soldiers to march under,Thomas builds an arch using upside-down paper cups.
B)Frank solves several multiplication problems using a general trick he has learned for solving "9's" problems.
C)Marsha builds a bookcase by following directions she has found in a hobby magazine.
D)After reading in a library book about what hamsters like to eat,Jennifer gives the class hamster a diet of vegetables,fruit,and hamster pellets to help him grow faster.

Question 60

Which one of the following examples most clearly illustrates the effect of mental set on problem solving?

A)Albert is trying to solve a physics problem on a class exam. He is so anxious that he can't remember how to do the problem.
B)Bradley can't find the right size of test tube to complete a chemistry lab.
C)Charlie has just completed six math problems requiring addition. When he turns to the next problem,he overlooks the subtraction sign and so he adds instead of subtracting.
D)Doug is angry that another boy stole his bicycle,and so he steals a bicycle from someone else.

Question 61

Imagine you are a high school principal who wants students to develop effective study strategies before they graduate. If you follow the textbook's recommendations for teaching study skills and other complex cognitive processes,which one of the following approaches should you use?

A)Purchase textbooks that are about two years below students' present reading levels.
B)Have teachers incorporate study skills training into the specific academic courses they teach.
C)Have a one-semester study skills course that all students take in their first year of high school.
D)Have a one-semester study skills course that all students take in their final year of high school.

Question 62

Describe the role that each of the factors below plays in students' ability to solve problems. Illustrate the role of each with a concrete example.
a. Working memory capacity
b. Representing the problem
c. Retrieval from long-term memory

Question 63

Distinguish between positive and negative transfer,and give a concrete example of each to illustrate your discussion.

Question 64

Ms. Villanueva has her students engage in a variety of activities in her middle school geography class. Three of the activities described below are authentic activities. Which one is not an authentic activity as educational psychologists define the term?

A)Finding the most direct route to Chicago on a road map
B)Constructing a map of the neighborhood around the school
C)Using library resources to identify a good place to take a vacation
D)Describing the difference between latitude and longitude clearly and concretely

Question 65

Three of the following alternatives describe classrooms that have an overall culture that values complex thinking processes. Which classroom,although possibly enhancing students' classroom achievement,is not necessarily promoting such a culture?

A)A teacher and his students regularly look for ways to apply what they're studying.
B)A teacher encourages students to describe their study strategies for one another.
C)Students from diverse backgrounds meet in small groups to brainstorm potential solutions to challenging social problems.
D)A teacher gives assignments frequently and all of the assignments count towards a student's final grade.

Question 66

Three of the following strategies are consistent with the textbook's recommendations for helping students learn to engage in self-evaluation. Which strategy,although possibly beneficial for other reasons,is least likely to promote self-evaluation?

A)Give students detailed feedback about their biology lab reports.
B)Have students reflect on the strengths and weakness of their performance in a daily journal.
C)Have students compile portfolios of their best work.
D)Give students a checklist to things to look for as they read the first draft of their research papers.

Question 67

Three of the following teachers should help their students solve problems and think creatively about classroom topics. Which teacher probably will not?

A)Mr. Azari asks questions that get students thinking about classroom material in a different way than they might otherwise.
B)Mr. Bennington reminds students that occasional failures are an inevitable part of the creative process.
C)Ms. Costas has students work on difficult problems in small,cooperative groups.
D)Ms. Driver teaches students abstract principles of logic (e.g.,"If all As are Bs and all Bs are Cs,then all As must be Cs").

Question 68

Three of the following teachers are using strategies that should promote self-regulated learning. Which teacher,while almost certainly helping students learn more effectively,is probably not promoting self-regulated learning?

A)Mr. Isaacs gives his students several criteria they can use to evaluate their own research papers.
B)Ms. Carlson asks Craig to make a check mark on a piece of paper whenever he finds himself talking out of turn.
C)Ms. Henry recruits several parents to provide one-on-one tutoring for students who are having difficulty in a particular subject area.
D)Ms. Alexander encourages Andy to set a target for himself regarding the number of multiplication facts he will know by the end of the week.

Question 69

Which one of the following statements best reflects the textbook's recommendation regarding the assessment of complex cognitive processes?

A)Assign tasks that require complex cognitive processes only in the upper high school grades.
B)Include tasks that require complex cognitive processes only in cooperative group activities,never in individual assignments.
C)Often include complex cognitive processes in assessment tasks to communicate the message that such processes are important.
D)Don't include complex cognitive processes in tests or quizzes because such processes are almost impossible to evaluate objectively.

Question 70

Three of the following are authentic activities related to using a computer. Which one is,in and of itself,not an authentic activity?

A)Learning that force equals mass times acceleration
B)Writing a letter to a friend using a word processing program
C)Sending an e-mail message to a government official
D)Statistically analyzing data collected in a science experiment

Question 71

Luke approaches you before class and expresses his frustration about having done so poorly on yesterday's exam. "I studied for hours and hours," he tells you. "I guess I'm just not a very good test taker." You know that your test was a good measure of what you taught your students. You also know that students seldom do poorly on your tests simply because they are poor test takers. Considering the textbook's discussion of study strategies,what other possible explanation might you give Luke as to why he thought he knew the material well yet earned a low test score. And with your explanation in mind,describe a strategy you might teach him for improving his performance next time.

Question 72

Educational psychologists propose that people often become increasingly self-regulating over time as they get older.
a. Explain what they mean by the term self-regulation.
b. List a behavior that you would like to see your students make in an increasingly self-regulated fashion. Then describe two specific strategies you might use to promote their self-regulation. Your strategies should be based on concepts and/or principles from educational psychology.

Question 73

Three of the following teaching strategies should promote critical thinking. Which strategy,although beneficial in other ways,will not necessarily promote critical thinking skills?

A)Ask students to evaluate the quality of a variety of scientific research studies.
B)Have students relate new material to things they have already learned.
C)Have students debate a controversial issue by taking a perspective in direct opposition to what they actually believe.
D)Ask students to read a persuasive essay and look for possible flaws in the author's line of reasoning.

Question 74

Which one of the following is the best example of problem-based learning?

A)Learning the logic behind certain problem-solving algorithms in math
B)Learning history by reading detective novels set in certain historical eras
C)Devising a way to move a large,heavy object using principles of physics
D)Solving a series of mathematical word problems that gradually progress in difficulty

Question 75

You are hired to teach a struggling student named Joy more effective study skills. Describe five different strategies that you will teach Joy so that she can study and learn more effectively. Include at least one strategy that will enable Joy to transfer the things she learns to new situations.

Question 76

When educators use the expression "Less is more" in their discussions of promoting complex cognitive processes,they mean that:

A)Students are more likely to engage in complex processes when they focus on learning a few topics very well.
B)Students are more likely to engage in complex processes if they spend very little time per day listening to lectures.
C)Students will more successfully transfer what they've learned to new problems and situations when those problems are simple rather than complex.
D)Students can only store so much in working memory at any one time.

Question 77

Three of the following are examples of authentic activities. Which one is least authentic?

A)Collecting samples of local vegetation in a botany class
B)Writing an editorial for the local newspaper
C)Playing shortstop in a baseball game
D)Taking an essay test in a history class

Question 78

Which one of the following strategies is most likely to promote self-regulation in students?

A)Mr. Adams knows that many students have trouble learning algebra. He spends the first few weeks of class having students engage in activities that will make algebraic concepts concrete and understandable.
B)When assigning a lengthy research project,Mr. Barnett advises his students to break the project down into a number of smaller tasks and then to reinforce themselves after they complete each one.
C)To build endurance,Mr. Carruthers asks his physical education students to run progressively longer distances each week.
D)Mr. D'Amato asks his students to look in a mirror and write a poem about what they see.