Deck 8: Mixtures, Solution Concentrations, and Diffusion

Question 1

An example of this type of mixture is red blood cells in whole blood.

A) homogenous mixture
B) suspension
C) colloidal dispersion
D) solution
E) solvent

Answer 1

suspension

Question 2

If the semipermeable membrane only allows the passage of water, what process will to occur?

A) nothing
B) mixing
C) dialysis
D) dilution
E) osmosis

Answer 2

osmosis

Question 3

A student adds 0.250 L of 200 mM buffer stock solution to a volumetric flask and dilutes the stock to 2.0 L.What is the final concentration of the solution?

A) 0.22 mM
B) 220 mM
C) 22 mM
D) 25 mM
E) 2.5 mM

Answer 3

25 mM

Question 4

Is the solution of MgCl₂ in water an electrolyte?

A) Yes, because when MgCl₂ dissolves, it forms ions.
B) Yes, because the MgCl₂ undergoes a chemical change in solution.
C) Yes, because MgCl₂ and water react with each other.
D) No, because MgCl₂ does not form ions.
E) No, because MgCl₂ in water does not conduct electricity.

Question 5

A researcher needs 800 mL of a 25 mM phosphate buffer.The stock solution of the buffer is 100 mM.How much stock solution should be used to make the 25 mM phosphate buffer?

A) 31 mL
B) 310 mL
C) 200 mL
D) 2.0 mL
E) 0.2 mL

Question 6

We can predict whether a solute dissolves in a solvent with the rule "like dissolves like." This rule means that

A) a solute with the same diameter as the solvent will dissolve.
B) a solute with the same phase as the solvent will dissolve.
C) a solvent with the same polarity as the solvent will dissolve.
D) a solute with the same mass as the solvent will dissolve.
E) a solute contains some of the same elements as the solvent it will dissolve.

Question 7

A technician adds 0.250 L of 200 mM buffer stock solution to a volumetric flask and dilutes the stock to 1.0 L.What is the final concentration of the solution?

A) 0.11 mM
B) 110 mM
C) 11 mM
D) 50 mM
E) 5.0 mM

Question 8

Drinking water from a well is discovered to have an arsenic concentration of 3.4 × 10^-4 g of arsenic per liter.Does this value exceed the permissible level of arsenic in drinking water of 10 ppb?

A) No, 3.4 × 10^-4 g is lower than the permissible value of 1.0 × 10^-5 g/L.
B) Yes, 3.4 × 10^-4 g is higher than the permissible value of 1.0 × 10^-5 g/L.
C) No, 3.4 × 10^-4 g is lower than the permissible value of 1.0 × 10^-3 g/L.
D) Yes, 3.4 × 10^-4 g is higher than the permissible value of 1.0 × 10^-3 g/L.
E) It is not possible to determine the answer from the information given.

Question 9

Does gasoline, which is nonpolar, dissolve in water?

A) Yes, because they are both liquids.
B) Yes, because they have similar polarities.
C) No, because they are both liquids.
D) No, because they have similar polarities.
E) No, because they do not have similar polarities.

Question 10

The function of a kidney is similar to which part of the diagram below?

A) It is similar to the water because the body is primarily composed of water.
B) It is similar to molecule A because the kidney contains a lot of urea.
C) It is similar to molecule B because the kidney contains a lot of glycogen.
D) It is similar to the container, because the kidney's function is to hold urine.
E) It is similar to the semipermeable membrane because the kidney's function is to remove waste products but retain proteins.

Question 11

A patient is given 15 mL of a liquid pain reliever as a suspension containing 220 mg/5 mL of the pain reliever.How many milligrams of the pain reliever did the patient receive?

A) 3300 mg
B) 660 mg
C) 73 mg
D) 34 mg
E) 66 mg

Question 12

How many moles of glucose are in 0.82 L of a 0.13 M glucose solution?

A) 0.11 mol
B) 0.33 mol
C) 6.3 mol
D) 1.9 mol
E) 0.22 mol

Question 13

Why do kidney stones form?

A) Calcium salt levels in the kidneys reach supersaturated levels and precipitate.
B) Magnesium levels in the kidneys reach saturated levels and precipitate.
C) Organic toxins build up in the kidney and precipitate.
D) Chloride ions reach saturated levels in the kidney and precipitate.
E) All of the above ions and molecules contribute to the formation of kidney stones.

Question 14

Consider solutions A and B separated by a semipermeable membrane.Which diagram BEST illustrates what the volumes should look like after osmosis occurs?

A) figure a
B) figure b
C) figure c
D) figure d
E) figure e

Question 15

A _______ has components that are evenly distributed throughout the mixture.

A) homogenous mixture
B) heterogeneous mixture
C) pure compound
D) solute
E) solvent

Question 16

Which of the following usually occurs when a molecule dissolves in water?

A) The covalent bonds in the molecule break.
B) The covalent bonds in water break.
C) Covalent bonds between the molecule and water form.
D) Covalent bonds between several of the molecules form.
E) Hydrogen bonds form between the molecule and water.

Question 17

A vial contains 5 mL of 1% aqueous lidocaine, a dental anesthetic.In this solution

A) both lidocaine and water are solutes.
B) both lidocaine and water are solvents.
C) lidocaine is the solute, and water is the solvent.
D) lidocaine is the solvent, and water is the solute.
E) there are neither solutes nor solvents in this solution.

Question 18

Which of the following is a heterogeneous mixture?

A) vinegar
B) oil and vinegar salad dressing
C) lemonade
D) bronze
E) air

Question 19

Glucose in the blood is a

A) solution.
B) solvent.
C) homogenous mixture.
D) colloidal dispersion.
E) suspension.

Question 20

A child is given 7.5 mL of a liquid pain reliever as a suspension containing 160 mg/5 mL of the pain reliever.How many milligrams of the pain reliever did the child receive?

A) 1200 mg
B) 21 mg
C) 107 mg
D) 1.5 mg
E) 240 mg

Question 21

Convert 0.015 M Ca²⁺ to equivalents of Ca²⁺.

A) 0.015 equivalents
B) 7.5 × 10^-4 equivalents
C) 0.030 equivalents
D) 15 equivalents
E) 0.75 equivalents

Question 22

A nurse needs 2.0 L of D5W, 5.0 % dextrose.The stock solution of dextrose is 20%.How much stock solution should be used to make the D5W?

A) 0.5
B) 5.0 mL
C) 50 mL
D) 500 mL
E) 5000 mL

Question 23

A technician needs to make 500 mL of a 50 mM solution.How many milliliters of the 200 mM stock solution are needed?

A) 12.5 mL
B) 125 mL
C) 1250 mL
D) 8.0 mL
E) 80 mL

Question 24

A person receiving IV fluids must always be given a(n)

A) analgesic.
B) hypertonic solution.
C) isotonic solution.
D) hypotonic solution.
E) transfusion.

Question 25

Which solute is MOST soluble in hexane?

A) pentane, CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃
B) NaCl
C) KCl
D) methanol, CH₃OH
E) acetic acid, CH₃COOH

Question 26

Cephadrine is one of many antibiotics that act by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis.If a typical daily dosage is 660 mg, how many milliliters of 75 mg/mL suspension of cephadrine should be administered daily?

A) 660 mL
B) 75 mL
C) 0.0088 mL
D) 8.8 mL
E) 1.1 mL

Question 27

Which picture BEST represents ethanol dissolved in water? Note that dashed lines represent hydrogen bonds.

A) diagram a
B) diagram b
C) diagram c
D) diagram d
E) diagram e

Question 28

There are many mixtures in the body.The most common ______ for these mixtures is water.

A) solvent
B) solute
C) medium
D) colloid
E) solution

Question 29

How many grams of glucose should be weighed out to make 1 liter of a rehydration solution that contains 75 mmol of glucose (the molar mass of glucose is 180 g)?

A) 14 g
B) 1.4 × 10⁴ g
C) 0.42 g
D) 4.2 × 10^-3 g
E) 4.2 × 10^-4 g

Question 30

Ethanol dissolving in water is an example of a

A) physical change because each molecule retains its structure and no bonds are broken.
B) chemical change because all bonds to ethanol are broken.
C) chemical change because new bonds form between the hydrogens.
D) physical change because ethanol only loses one hydrogen to water.
E) chemical change because ethanol has a charge in solution.

Question 31

Red blood cells are placed into three solutions, each solution a different concentration of NaCl.One solution is isotonic, one is hypotonic, and one is hypertonic with red blood cells.In which solution have the blood cells undergone crenation?

A) solution A
B) solution B
C) solution C
D) solutions A and C
E) solutions B and C

Question 32

Pepto-Bismol, the liquid, pink antacid that must be shaken thoroughly before administering, is a

A) solution.
B) solvent.
C) homogenous mixture.
D) colloidal dispersion.
E) suspension.

Question 33

Red blood cells are placed into three solutions, each solution a different concentration of NaCl.One solution is isotonic, one is hypotonic, and one is hypertonic with red blood cells.Solution A is _______, and solution C is _______ with the red blood cells.

A) hypertonic; isotonic
B) isotonic; hypertonic
C) hypotonic; isotonic
D) isotonic; hypotonic
E) hypotonic; hypertonic

Question 34

In the following diagram, A is ______ and B is ______.

A) hypotonic; hypertonic
B) hypertonic; hypotonic
C) A and B are isotonic.
D) A and B are both hypotonic.
E) A and B are both hypertonic.

Question 35

When sodium chloride dissolves in water, it forms _______ with water molecules.

A) hydrogen bonds
B) ionic bonds
C) dipole-dipole interactions
D) covalent bonds
E) ion-dipole interactions

Question 36

Which statement describes one way in which osmosis and dialysis are similar?

A) Both involve the movement of molecules from low to high concentration.
B) Both involve the movement of molecules from high to low concentration.
C) Both involve the passage of a solute through a semipermeable membrane.
D) Both require an input of energy.
E) Osmosis and dialysis are in no way similar.

Question 37

How does an electrolyte differ from a nonelectrolyte?

A) Electrolytes are smaller than nonelectrolytes.
B) Electrolytes dissolve in water; nonelectrolytes are insoluble in water.
C) Electrolytes are less polar than nonelectrolytes.
D) Electrolytes produce ions in solution while nonelectrolytes do not.
E) Electrolytes are more reactive than nonelectrolytes.

Question 38

A solute dissolving in a solvent is a _______ change because _______broken in the process.

A) physical; covalent bonds are
B) chemical; covalent bonds are
C) chemical; ionic attractions are
D) physical; covalent bonds are not
E) chemical; covalent bonds are not

Question 39

The function of dialysate is similar in function to which part of the diagram below?

A) the semipermeable membrane
B) container 1
C) container 2
D) molecule A
E) molecule B

Question 40

Consider solutions A and B separated by a semipermeable membrane.After osmosis occurs, A is ______ and B is ______.

A) hypotonic; hypertonic
B) hypertonic; hypotonic
C) A and B are isotonic
D) A and B are both hypotonic
E) A and B are both hypertonic

Question 41

The chart below illustrates the composition of air.According to this chart

A) nitrogen and oxygen are solutes, and argon and carbon dioxide are solvents.
B) carbon dioxide is the only solute in air.
C) oxygen, argon, and carbon dioxide are solutes, and nitrogen is the solvent.
D) nitrogen is the solute, and oxygen, argon, and carbon dioxide are all solvents.
E) nitrogen, oxygen, argon, and carbon dioxide are all solutes in air.

Question 42

A student heats water and carefully dissolves a solute and then leaves the transparent solution on the lab bench.Later, she comes back to find that her solution is cloudy and has small solid particles in it.What happened?

A) The hot solution must have been supersaturated.
B) The hot solution must have been unsaturated.
C) As the solution cooled, it became a saturated solution and some of the solute precipitated.
D) As the solution cooled, it became a supersaturated solution and some of the solute precipitated.
E) As the solution cooled, it became an unsaturated solution and some of the solute precipitated.

Question 43

Sugar is stirred into cold iced tea and only some dissolves.The rest remains a solid.This solution is

A) miscible.
B) immiscible.
C) soluble.
D) insoluble.
E) saturated.

Question 44

Which compound passes MOST easily through the cell membrane?

A) Na⁺
B) glucose
C) sucrose
D) glycerol
E) O₂

Question 45

Which describes the dissolution of MgCl₂ in water?

A) MgCl₂ → Mg⁺ + Cl₂^-
B) MgCl₂ → Mg²⁺ + Cl₂^2-
C) MgCl₂ → Mg⁺ + Cl^- + Cl
D) MgCl₂ → Mg²⁺ + 2Cl^-
E) MgCl₂ → Mg⁺ + Cl^-

Question 46

How many grams of NaCl are in 350 mL of normal saline (0.9% NaCl)?

A) 3150 g
B) 315 g
C) 31.5 g
D) 3.15 g
E) 0.315 g

Question 47

In hemodialysis, the solution used in the dialyzer, the dialysate is __________ with respect to blood.

A) isotonic
B) hypotonic
C) hypertonic
D) unrelated to blood
E) contains pure water

Question 48

According to a blood test, a patient has a blood calcium concentration of 9.7 mg/dL.Express this concentration in units of mg/mL (milligrams per milliliter).

A) 970 mg/mL
B) 97 mg/mL
C) 9.7 mg/mL
D) 0.97 mg/mL
E) 0.097 mg/mL

Question 49

Which statement describes one way in which osmosis and dialysis are different?

A) Osmosis is the movement of molecules from low to high concentration, and dialysis is the reverse.
B) Dialysis is the movement of molecules from low to high concentration, and osmosis is the reverse.
C) Osmosis refers to the flow of solvent, whereas dialysis refers to the flow of small solutes.
D) Dialysis refers to the flow of solvent, whereas osmosis refers to the flow of small solutes.
E) In dialysis, colloids cannot cross the semipermeable membrane, but they can in osmosis.

Question 50

Jane Doe's blood test showed that her iron is 125 mg/dL.You would like to convert the value into units of grams per liter, g/L.Which unit conversion converts 125 mg/dL into g/L?

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

Question 51

Capsaicin is responsible for the heat of peppers.It is common practice to fry capsaicin in oil prior to eating.Which part of the capsaicin molecule forms an intermolecular attractive force with oil, a nonpolar solvent?

A) a
B) b
C) c
D) d
E) All of these interact with oil.

Question 52

Consider solutions A and B separated by a semipermeable membrane.To which volume would pressure need to be applied to prevent osmosis from occurring?

A) A
B) B
C) first A, then B
D) first B, then A
E) It is not possible to prevent this process from occurring.

Question 53

The permissible level of arsenic in drinking water is 10 ppb in the United States.What is the maximum mass of arsenic, in grams, allowable in 1 L of drinking water?

A) 10 g
B) 1.0 × 10^-6 g
C) 1.0 × 10⁶ g
D) 1.0 × 10^-5 g
E) No amount of arsenic is allowable in drinking water.

Question 54

Which statement explains why whole blood has characteristics of a solution, a colloid, and a suspension?

A) Whole blood separates upon centrifugation.
B) Whole blood contains many different particles that don't settle out upon standing.
C) Whole blood contains many soluble molecules.
D) Whole blood contains particles that range in size and solubility.
E) Actually, whole blood is only a suspension because it contains red blood cells.

Question 55

Which figure BEST represents the dissolution of MgCl₂ in water? ​

A) diagram a
B) diagram b
C) diagram c
D) diagram d
E) diagram e

Question 56

A wine label states that it is 12 proof, meaning that it contains 6% ethanol.According to this information

A) ethanol is a solute in wine, and water is the solvent.
B) ethanol is a solvent in wine, and water is the solute.
C) ethanol and water are both solvents in wine.
D) ethanol and water are both solutes in wine.
E) wine does not contain any solutes.

Question 57

Which of the following does NOT occur when an electrolyte dissolves in water?

A) A chemical change occurs.
B) The positive and negative ions separate from each other.
C) The positive ions interact with the oxygen of water.
D) The negative ions interact with the hydrogen of water.
E) The resulting solution conducts electricity.

Question 58

How many ions of each type are produced when Na₃PO₄ is dissolved in aqueous solution?

A) 1 Na₃PO₄
B) 3 Na⁺, 1 P⁺, 4 O^2-
C) 3 Na⁺, 4 PO₄^3-
D) 3 Na⁺, 1 PO₄^3-
E) 1 Na⁺, 1 PO₄^-

Question 59

Which of the following is NOT an electrolyte?

A) Na⁺
B) HCO₃^-
C) Mg²⁺
D) HOCH₂CH₃
E) All of the above are electrolytes.

Question 60

Which substance is NOT physiologically important?

A) CO₂
B) Na⁺
C) glucose
D) HCO₃^-
E) All of the above are physiologically important substances.

Question 61

According to a blood test, a patient has a blood iron value of 125 μg/dL.This value means that

A) the sample of blood contains 125 μg of iron.
B) the patient's body contains 125 μg of iron.
C) the mass of iron in the patient's blood is 125 μg.
D) for every deciliter of body volume, the patient contains 125 μg.
E) one deciliter of the patient's blood contains 125 μg of iron.

Question 62

A chemist needs 500 mL of a 20 mM phosphate buffer.The stock solution of the buffer is 100 mM.How much stock solution should be used to make the 20 mM phosphate buffer?

A) 100 mL
B) 1000 mL
C) 10 mL
D) 1.0 mL
E) 0.1 mL

Question 63

In a colloidal dispersion, the major component is called the

A) solvent.
B) solute.
C) medium.
D) colloid.
E) solution.

Question 64

How many grams of dextrose are in 100 mL of D5W (5.0% dextrose)?

A) 50 g
B) 5.0 g
C) 0.50 g
D) 0.050 g
E) 0.0050 g

Question 65

Table sugar is a

A) solution.
B) solvent.
C) element.
D) compound.
E) suspension.

Question 66

Which of the following does NOT happen when the kidneys stop functioning?

A) body retains water
B) body retains waste products
C) protein is detected in urine
D) blood glucose levels drop
E) hands and feet swell

Question 67

The cell membrane separates the interior of the cell from its surroundings, but it does allow the passage of some small molecules from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration.This process is called

A) osmosis.
B) diffusion.
C) dialysis.
D) dissolution.
E) reverse osmosis.

Question 68

Which term BEST describes the process illustrated here?

A) mixing
B) dialysis
C) dilution
D) osmosis
E) None of the above is correct.

Question 69

A nurse needs 500 mL of normal saline, 0.9% NaCl.The stock solution of NaCl is 18%.How much stock solution should be used to make the normal saline?

A) 0.25
B) 2.5 mL
C) 25 mL
D) 250 mL
E) 2500 mL

Question 70

Jane Doe has a blood glucose level of 92 mg/dL.How many grams of glucose does she have in 1 L of her blood?

A) 0.00092 g
B) 0.0092 g
C) 0.092 g
D) 0.92 g
E) 9.2 g

Question 71

Tegretol is used as an anticonvulsant and mood-stabilizing drug.An order is given to administer 150.mg as needed.The medicine is available as a 20 mg/mL solution.How many milliliters of the Tegretol solution should be administered to the patient?

A) 0.75 mL
B) 7.5 mL
C) 75 mL
D) 0.13 mL
E) 1.3 mL

Question 72

A patient's blood test shows that his chloride level is 101 mmol/L.Convert this concentration to units of molarity.

A) 1010 M
B) 101 M
C) 10.1 M
D) 1.01 M
E) 0.101 M

Question 73

Does ethanol, a polar organic molecule that can hydrogen bond, dissolve in water?

A) Yes, because they are both liquids.
B) Yes, because they have similar polarities.
C) No, because they are both liquids.
D) No, because they have similar polarities.
E) No, because they do not have similar polarities.

Question 74

An order is given to administer 250.mg of furosemide, a diuretic, over the course of eight hours by IV.If a 500.mL bag contains 200.mg of furosemide, what flow rate, in milliliters per hour, should be administered to the patient?

A) 78 mg/hour
B) 78 mL/hour
C) 50 mL/hour
D) 50 mg/hour
E) 32 mL/hour

Question 75

Which of the following is NOT a cause of renal failure?

A) diabetes
B) heart attack
C) low blood pressure
D) severe dehydration
E) infection

Question 76

A technician adds 0.025 L of 200 mM buffer stock solution to a volumetric flask and dilutes the stock to 1.0 L.What is the final concentration of the solution?

A) 0.11 mM
B) 110 mM
C) 11 mM
D) 50 mM
E) 5.0 mM

Question 77

When MgCl₂ dissolves in water, it produces Mg²⁺ and Cl^- ions.Which statement BEST describes the interaction between Cl^- and water?

A) Chloride anions are attracted to the partial negative charge of oxygen.
B) Chloride anions are attracted to the partial positive charge of oxygen.
C) Chloride anions are attracted to the partial negative charge of hydrogen.
D) Chloride anions are attracted to the partial positive charge of hydrogen.
E) Chloride anions are not attracted to any part of water.

Question 78

A 1% epinephrine solution is delivered by inhalation to treat asthma.This concentration is equivalent to

A) 1 g epinephrine dissolved in 100 mL of solution.
B) 0.001 g epinephrine dissolved in 1 L of solution.
C) 1 mg epinephrine dissolved in 100 mL of solution.
D) 0.001 mg epinephrine dissolved in 1 L of solution.
E) 1 μg epinephrine dissolved in 100 mL of solution.

Question 79

A solution is prepared by dissolving 1.5 g of NaCl in enough water to produce a total solution volume of 750 mL.What is the concentration of the solution in % m/v?

A) 0.20%
B) 2.0%
C) 0.0020%
D) 500%
E) 5.0%

Question 80

It is normal to have about 100 mM (mmol/L)of chloride (Cl^-)in the blood.How many meq is this?

A) 1 × 10⁵ meq
B) 100 meq
C) 1 meq
D) 0.1 meq
E) 1 × 10^-5 meq