Deck 6: Retrieving Memories From Long-Term Storage

Question 1

Retroactive interference occurs when ______ information interferes with ______ information in memory.

A)old;new
B)new;old
C)vivid;dull
D)visual;auditory

Answer 1

new;old

Question 2

A retrieval cue will be effective if and only if it reinstates the context of the to-be-remembered event,according to the principle of ______.

A)levels of processing
B)mnemonic learning
C)encoding specificity
D)working memory

Answer 2

encoding specificity

Question 3

In Godden and Baddeley's study of scuba divers,the best recall was achieved by divers who ______.

A)learned word lists on land
B)took their test on land
C)took their test under water
D)studied and took their test in the same location,whether that was under water or on land

Answer 3

studied and took their test in the same location,whether that was under water or on land

Question 4

Techniques designed to improve memory,often involving the use of visual imagery,are called ______.

A)mnemonics
B)eidetics
C)iconics
D)IQ enhancers

Question 5

Psychologists believe that the capacity of long-term memory is ______.

A)unlimited
B)7 + 2 items
C)18 items
D)5000 items

Question 6

Bahrick's study of retention of Spanish vocabulary words showed that large portions of information remained in long-term memory for ______.

A)several months
B)1-2 years
C)up to 5 years
D)over 50 years

Question 7

Ebbinghaus is associated with which of the following in the study of memory?

A)nonsense syllables
B)college students as participants
C)memory for folktales
D)creation of false memories

Question 8

You are studying for a midterm exam in your French class.After several hours of review,you take a break by reading through your Spanish vocabulary items.The next day,on the French exam,you are dismayed to discover that the appropriate French words keep eluding you,whereas the Spanish words "pop into your head." You are experiencing the effects of ______.

A)proactive interference
B)retroactive interference
C)the tip-of-the-tongue effect
D)encoding specificity

Question 9

Ebbinghaus's forgetting curve demonstrates that ______.

A)forgetting is rapid at first and then levels off
B)forgetting is slow at first and then speeds up
C)forgetting occurs at a steady pace,beginning immediately after learning
D)no forgetting occurs until 24 hours after learning

Question 10

Bahrick assessed memory for landmarks and buildings in the town in which participants went to college;46 years after graduation,alumni still remembered about ______ of the information that current graduating seniors have.

A)10%
B)20%
C)40%
D)60%

Question 11

As classically conceived,long-term memory is held to have all of the following properties EXCEPT ______.

A)it comprises a permanent or at least semipermanent store
B)it has virtually unlimited capacity
C)it primarily uses acoustic coding
D)information stored within it is not always easily accessible

Question 12

One of the first mnemonic techniques was invented around 500 BCE by the Greek poet Simonides.This method of learning a list is called the ______.

A)technique of interacting images
B)method of loci
C)pegword method
D)mediation technique

Question 13

Learning a rhyme that begins "One is a bun,two is a shoe" is part of the mnemonic technique called the ______.

A)method of loci
B)technique of interacting images
C)keyword method
D)pegword method

Question 14

You are taking two psychology courses this term,a course in cognition and a course in learning.Both professors are giving midterm exams tomorrow.You have just finished studying for your cognition test,and are attempting to study for the learning exam.However,you find it difficult to recall the material on learning.You are experiencing ______.

A)proactive interference
B)retroactive interference
C)the tip-of-the-tongue effect
D)encoding specificity

Question 15

Proactive interference refers to the fact that ______.

A)new material can disrupt the recall of previously learned material
B)previously learned material can disrupt the learning of new material
C)the passage of time leads to memory decay
D)active interference can strengthen a memory trace

Question 16

According to the retrieval cue explanation of interference,you are more likely to forget where you parked your car in a lot where you ______.

A)have never parked before
B)have always parked in the same place
C)have parked frequently,but in many different spaces
D)parked a year ago,but not more recently

Question 17

Which of the following are most likely to be confused in long-term memory?

A)the letters P and R
B)the letters C and B
C)the words "see" and "bee"
D)the words "big" and "large"

Question 18

The code in long-term memory is based on ______.

A)sound
B)visual imagery
C)meaning
D)both sound and visual imagery

Question 19

As research participants study more facts about a particular concept,the time that it takes to retrieve a particular fact ______.

A)increases
B)decreases
C)stays the same
D)increases,but only for the facts you learned first

Question 20

The more facts that you learn about a particular topic,the longer it takes you to retrieve any particular fact.This is referred to as the ______ effect.

A)context
B)encoding specificity
C)interference
D)fan

Question 21

Your memory of your first college lecture would be an example of ______ memory.

A)semantic
B)episodic
C)implicit
D)working

Question 22

You are studying for an important exam.According to the context effect,you should ______.

A)attempt to link important theories to events in your own life to better remember them
B)study in several short intervals rather than one long study period
C)try to chunk information into meaningful units to remember more effectively
D)try to study in the same room in which you will take your exam

Question 23

Your memory for the fact that Ebbinghaus studied forgetting is an example of ______ memory.

A)episodic
B)implicit
C)working
D)semantic

Question 24

Bower claimed that a person would recall more information if he/she were in the same mood at recall time as at encoding time.This phenomenon is referred to as ______.

A)mood-dependent memory
B)state-dependent memory
C)the spacing effect
D)the context effect

Question 25

Which of the following processing contexts would lead to the greatest probability of recalling the target word "DISH"?

A)"Is the word written in capital letters?"
B)"Does the word rhyme with fish?"
C)"Does the word fit into this sentence? She broke a ______."
D)"Does the word fit into this sentence? He passed her a ______ full of steaming,homemade pasta and rich tomato sauce."

Question 26

In addition to its original description in Atkinson and Shiffrin's modal model of memory,long-term memory can be characterized as having ______.

A)subcomponents
B)infallible accuracy
C)an inability to retain much information
D)a very limited capacity

Question 27

Anterograde amnesia victims ______.

A)often cannot learn new skills such as playing the clarinet
B)learn new skills more rapidly than people who do not have amnesia
C)can learn new skills but cannot remember old skills
D)express newly learned skills only in exactly the same context in which the skills were learned

Question 28

Roediger's work on the testing effect tells us that taking tests ______.

A)increases forgetting
B)has no real effect on memory;it is just a tool for assessment
C)actually improves memory for material
D)may cause proactive interference

Question 29

A retrieval cue will be most effective when it is highly distinctive or unusual,according to the principle of ______.

A)cue overload
B)encoding specificity
C)mood dependence
D)state dependence

Question 30

You had just heard some bad news and were very sad when you listened to a lecture on levels of processing.Now it is time to take a test on that lecture material.According to the mood-dependent memory effect,you should ______.

A)attempt to visualize the material
B)watch a sad movie just before the exam
C)sit in the same seat in the classroom as when you listened to the lecture
D)try to associate the lecture with your own life

Question 31

You met an attractive person at a party last Friday,when you were a bit tipsy from too many beers.The next morning you could no longer remember that person's name and phone number.Saturday night you went to another party and drank a few more beers,and suddenly you were able to remember the name again.Which principle best explains your retrieval processes?

A)the spacing effect
B)chunking
C)state-dependent learning
D)the context effect

Question 32

Your memory for how to ride a bicycle is an example of ______ memory.

A)explicit
B)implicit
C)declarative
D)procedural

Question 33

Encoding variability is a potential explanation for ______.

A)the spacing effect
B)state-dependent memory
C)context effects
D)mood-dependent memory

Question 34

People with amnesia perform more poorly than nonamnesic participants on tests of ______ memory.

A)explicit
B)implicit
C)both explicit and implicit
D)neither explicit nor implicit

Question 35

"Cramming" for exams tends to be ineffective because of the ______ effect.

A)chunking
B)spacing
C)state-dependence
D)context

Question 36

Which of the following is NOT a principle feature of anterograde amnesia?

A)It affects long-term memory but not working memory.
B)It affects information only in the visual modality.
C)It impairs memory for new facts and events.
D)It does not affect skills learned prior to amnesia onset.

Question 37

Repetition priming is often used in the laboratory to demonstrate ______ memory.

A)visual
B)explicit
C)implicit
D)olfactory

Question 38

Memories that are consciously recollected are called ______ memories.

A)explicit
B)implicit
C)cognitive
D)incidental

Question 39

Context effects and state-dependent learning effects occur for ______.

A)recall tests only
B)recognition tests only
C)both recall and recognition
D)paired-associate tests only

Question 40

You are shown a series of photographs of different people.Later,your memory for the photographs will be best if,during the time you first see the photographs,you are asked to make judgments about the ______ of each person.

A)sincerity
B)gender
C)hair color
D)eye color

Question 41

Short-term memory can be described as having ______ capacity and long-term memory can be described as having ______ capacity.

A)limited;unlimited
B)limited;limited
C)unlimited;limited
D)unlimited;unlimited

Question 42

According to Laundauer (1986),the capacity of long-term memory may be the same as ______.

A)the total number of pieces of information available to humans
B)the number of synapses in the brain
C)your age multiplied by 100
D)that of a large rat

Question 43

Which of the following mnemonic devices involves using imagery to imagine storing pieces of information in particular locations (such as in your house)?

A)peg-word
B)method of loci
C)cognitive map
D)analog

Question 44

The peg-word method requires ______.

A)a previously learned set of anchor phrases
B)endless repetititon
C)a partner to practice your information with
D)chunking pieces of information to be stored

Question 45

Because of the way they are coded in long-term memory,you are most likely to confuse pieces of information that are ______ similar.

A)perceptually
B)phonologically
C)conceptually
D)genetically

Question 46

The type of memory with the closest capacity to long-term memory would be ______ memory.

A)emotional
B)working
C)short-term
D)sensory

Question 47

Short-term memory could be described as our ______ and long-term memory could be described as our ______.

A)information repository;consciousness
B)consciousness;information repository
C)attention;perception
D)perception;attention

Question 48

Because of how they are stored in long-term memory,you would ______ confuse words like "cat" and "hat."

A)always
B)be equally likely to
C)be likely to
D)be unlikely to

Question 49

Which of the following is NOT a mnemonic strategy?

A)method of loci
B)peg-word
C)musical rhyming
D)all of these are mnemonics

Question 50

The fan effect appears to occur because ______.

A)unrelated pieces of information interfere with the retrieval of each other
B)we can only hold on to so much information at once and must get rid of overflow
C)the more information you know about a topic,the longer it takes to sort through
D)information gets shoved out of long-term memory by environmental triggers

Question 51

Based on principles of encoding specificity,information is best remembered when the encoding context ______ the retrieval context.

A)differs from
B)matches
C)happens long before
D)is the opposite of

Question 52

Which of the following may explain the testing effect noted by Roediger and others?

A)Testing requires cognitive effort to be exerted on information.
B)Testing may reveal what information is not easily remembered.
C)Repeated testing may create retrieval cues for later retrieval.
D)all of these

Question 53

If you were to use the method of loci to try to remember a list of words,you might imagine ______.

A)how those words rhyme with other words you know
B)visual images of those words
C)repeating those words to yourself over and over in your mind
D)encountering those objects in a familiar place

Question 54

Forgetting curves can demonstrate ______.

A)how much information actually becomes stored in long-term memory
B)how long before information drops out of long-term memory
C)that all information is always retained in long-term memory
D)the length of time that information is held in short-term memory

Question 55

Encoding specificity has been shown to affect ______ memory but not ______.

A)recall;recognition
B)recognition;recall
C)semantic;procedural
D)procedural;semantic

Question 56

Long-term memory would allow you to recall ______.

A)what someone looks like
B)the timing of various events
C)relationships between individuals
D)all of these

Question 57

Based on principles of encoding specificity,which of the following contexts has been shown to increase retrieval if it matches the encoding state?

A)mood
B)location
C)alcohol
D)all of these

Question 58

What piece of information give us some clue as to how large the storage of long-term memory might be?

A)how well you can track a conversation you have with someone else
B)how often you learn new information
C)how many words you know in your primary language
D)how many people you interact with every day

Question 59

A ______ is something that leads to the recovery of a target memory.

A)memory anchor
B)retrieval cue
C)cogntive signpost
D)working memory route

Question 60

When we are unable to recall something that was previously stored in long-term memory,this is most likely because ______.

A)we are unable to use the appropriate cue to retrieve it
B)the information has been removed
C)the capacity of long-term memory has been reached
D)information in long-term memory has a limited duration

Question 61

The levels of processing approach generally uses an incidental learning task because ______.

A)levels of processing is only concerned with learning and not retention of information
B)it allows for increased nuerological processing of information
C)it ensures that information is processed phonologically rather than semantically
D)it helps avoid the use of explicit memory strategies

Question 62

Schacter (1996)reports a case of a woman with frontal temporal lobe damage due to encephalitis.She appears to have damaged ______ memory.

A)semantic
B)episodic
C)working
D)sensory

Question 63

In the popular movie Finding Nemo,the character Dory typically has trouble remembering people she has just met or where she has just been.However,she does remember things about her past and skills like reading and swimming.Dory would most likely be diagnosed with ______ amnesia.

A)retrograde
B)anterograde
C)agnosic
D)hippocampal

Question 64

______ memory describes your knowledge for facts,while ______ memory describes your knowledge of experiences.

A)Long-term;short-term
B)Short-term;long-term
C)Semantic;episodic
D)Episodic;semantic

Question 65

Declarative memory is ______ and procedural memory is ______.

A)conscious;unconscious
B)conscious;conscious
C)unconscious;conscious
D)unconscious;unconscious

Question 66

Which of the following is a potential problem for the semantic/episodic memory distinction according to McKoon and colleagues (1986)?

A)We do not retain any information about when we learned any piece of information.
B)When recalling facts you may sometimes recall information about the first time it was learned.
C)There is no evidence of semantic memory at all.
D)Only episodic information can be consciouslly recalled.

Question 67

Tulving suggested that episodic memory is organized ______.

A)conceptually
B)alphabetically
C)phonologically
D)temporally

Question 68

Repeated ______ increases memory for information compared to repeated ______.

A)studying;testing
B)testing;studying
C)moods;rehearsal
D)rehearsal;moods

Question 69

Which of the following is a feature of retrograde amnesia?

A)It only occurs from damage to the hippocampus.
B)Overlearned information is spared.
C)New information is difficult to learn.
D)Children are much more likely to suffer than adults.

Question 70

The levels-of-processing account of memory suggests ______.

A)each modal memory store has different capacities and durations
B)all information is remembered equally well
C)there is only one type of memory store
D)all information in the world has an inherent rememberability

Question 71

The case of H.M.suggests that damage to the ______ may result in anterograde amnesia.

A)hippocampus
B)occipital lobe
C)amygdala
D)cerebellum

Question 72

Declarative memory is analagous to ______ memory,while procedural memory is analagous to ______ memory.

A)implicit;explicit
B)explicit;implicit
C)episodic;semantic
D)semantic;episodic

Question 73

______ is a technique in which information is very briefly presented and then used a short time later for some other task.

A)Encoding specificity
B)Retrieval generalization
C)Repetition priming
D)Cognitive overload

Question 74

Korsakoff's syndrome involves ______.

A)a genetic disorder that elimintes implicit memory
B)a cultural syndrome in which implicit memories are passed from parent to child
C)an unconscious recollection of semantic information at inappropriate times
D)forgetting a particular event,but expressing behavior consistent with that event

Question 75

Memory consolidation is the idea that memories ______.

A)combine over time
B)eventually drop out of long-term memory
C)are originally fragile and strengthen over time
D)are originally strong and fade over time

Question 76

The patient H.M.who was unable to recall new information after having his hippocamous removed would most likely be diagnosed with ______ amnesia.

A)retrograde
B)anterograde
C)agnosic
D)hippocampal

Question 77

After getting into a bad car accident,Bill is sent to General Hospital where it is discovered he can no longer remember his name,the names of his loved ones,or the events of the last 10 years.Bill is suffering from ______ amnesia.

A)retrograde
B)anterograde
C)agnosic
D)hippocampal

Question 78

Research on long-term memory has shown that it is more difficult to recall a list of words that are semantically similar to one another rather than acoustically similar.

Question 79

Studies of amnesia provide evidence that ______.

A)we never retain any information
B)brain trauma cannot affect memory recall
C)long-term and working memory are separate processes
D)the amygdala and limbic system are the most important brain structures for memory processes

Question 80

Which of the following is a feature of anterograde amnesia?

A)It is modality-general.
B)Patients still exhibit hyperspecific memory.
C)Performance for skills is preserved.
D)all of these