Deck 7: Non-Parametric Models

Question 1

What were the effect sizes for the between group pre and post tests (see results from Q18)?

A) r = .11 and r = .35
B) r = .15 and r = .42
C) r = .21 and r = .30
D) r = .25 and r = .30

Answer 1

r = .11 and r = .35

Question 2

If we wanted to compare the pre-test results with the post-test results, what type of research design would we use?

A) Independent-groups design
B) Repeated-measures design
C) Mixed model groups design
D) Between-groups design

Answer 2

Repeated-measures design

Question 3

If we wanted to compare the control group results with the experimental group results for the pre and post conditions, what type of research design would we use?

A) Independent-groups design
B) Repeated-measures design
C) Mixed model groups design
D) Within-groups design

Answer 3

Mixed model groups design

Question 4

Run an appropriate test between the pre-test and post-test data of the control group. What is the result of the test?

A) W_s = 163.5, z = 1.205, p = .228
B) W_s = 1.205, z = 163.5, p = .228
C) W_s = .228, z = 1.205, p = 163.5
D) W_s = 163.5, z = .228, p = 1.205

Question 5

Calculate the effect size for the test conducted on the experimental group data (Q13).

A) r = -.82
B) r = .72
C) r = -.62
D) r = .52

Question 6

When using non-parametric tests, which measure of central tendency is preferred when summarizing a set of data?

A) Median
B) Mean
C) Mode
D) None of the above are appropriate.

Question 7

Run an appropriate test between the pre-test and post-test data of the experimental group. What is the result of the test?

A) W_s = 1.5, z = -4.514, p < .001
B) W_s = -4.514, z = 1.5, p < .001
C) W_s = 1.5, z = -4.514, p = .000
D) W_s = -4.514, z = 1.5, p = .000

Question 8

View the anxiety data (Sport Competitive Anxiety Test - SCAT) collected from a group of middle-distance runners. All the runners completed the questionnaire before being split into either a control group (who received no imagery intervention) or an experimental group (who received an imagery intervention). The anxiety scores were then measured again after 6 weeks. If we wanted to compare the control group results with the experimental group results, what type of research design would we use?

A) Independent-groups design
B) Repeated-measures design
C) Dependent-groups design
D) Matched-pairs design

Question 9

Since there are three sets of data, how will the differences within the data sets be identified?

A) Multiple Wilcoxon tests
B) Multiple Mann-Whitney tests
C) Multiple sign tests
D) None of the tests are appropriate.

Question 10

Analyse the group data by using a Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Which data sets are not normally distributed ?

A) Control group pre-test score and experimental group post-test score
B) Control group post-test score and experimental group pre-test score
C) Control group pre-test score and experimental group pre-test score
D) Control group post test score and experimental group post-test score

Question 11

Suppose you were interested in the longer-term effects of the imagery interventions and so you decide to get the experimental group to measure their anxiety scores using the SCAT questionnaire again, but this time 12 weeks later. What type of test might you use if you were interested in examining the variance at 0, 6 and 12 weeks?

A) Kruskal-Wallis test
B) Friedman's test
C) Sign test
D) McNemar's test

Question 12

Which test can be considered the non-parametric equivalent to an independent t-test?

A) Willcoxon test
B) Mann-Whitney test
C) Kruskal-Wallis test
D) Friedman's ANOVA

Question 13

Suppose you wanted to see if there was a difference between the participants in the control group and the experimental group for the pre-test and the post-test data. What is the correct expression for the test results?

A) U = 506, z = -0.830, p = .406 and U = 269.5, z = -2.682, p = .007
B) U = -0.830, z = 394, p = .406 and U = -2.682, z = 269.5, p = .007
C) U = 0.406, z = -0.830, p = 394 and U = 0.007, z = -2.682, p = 269.5
D) U = 394, z = 0.406, p = -.830 and U = 269.5, z = 0.007, p = -2.682

Question 14

Which is the correct expression for the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test result for the control group pre-test score?

A) D(30) = .181, p = .014
B) D(30) = .140, p = .140
C) D(30) = .122, p > .2
D) D(30) = .203, p = .003

Question 15

Examine the following Q-Q plot from the pre-test control group. What can be assumed from the graph?

A) Data may not be normally distributed because the points deviate from the diagonal line.
B) Data are definitely not normally distributed because the points deviate from the diagonal line.
C) Data may be normally distributed because the points deviate from the diagonal line.
D) Data are definitely normally distributed because the points deviate from the diagonal line.

Question 16

Which of the following are non-parametric tests?

A) Willcoxon test
B) Mann-Whitney test
C) Kruskal-Wallis test
D) All of the above

Question 17

Based on the answer to Q13, what should you do?

A) Reject the null hypothesis.
B) Accept the null hypothesis.
C) Reject the research hypothesis.
D) None of the answers provided are acceptable.

Question 18

See the week 12 data in Q5 for the imagery group. Run an appropriate test to examine the variance between weeks 0, 6 and 12. Which is the correct answer?

A) χ²(2) = 26.96, p < .001
B) χ²(2) = 26.96, p = .000
C) χ²(2) = 0.001, p < 26.96
D) χ²(2) = 26.96, p < .005

Question 19

Which of the following descriptions best explains non-parametric tests?

A) Assumption-free
B) More likely to protect against Type II error
C) Robust
D) Normally distributed

Question 20

Based on the results of the initial analysis, what would be the most appropriate test to run if you wanted to compare the pre-test results with the post-test results of each group (i.e. control group pre versus post test or experimental pre versus post-test)?

A) Willcoxon test
B) Mann-Whitney test
C) Paired-samples t-test
D) Independent t-test

Question 21

Analyse the group data by using a Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Which data sets are not normally distributed ?

A) Control group pre-test score and experimental group post-test score
B) Control group post-test score and experimental group pre-test score
C) Control group pre-test score and experimental group pre-test score
D) Control group post test score and experimental group post-test score

Question 22

What were the effect sizes for the between group pre and post tests (see results from Q18)?

A) r = .11 and r = .35
B) r = .15 and r = .42
C) r = .21 and r = .30
D) r = .25 and r = .30

Question 23

What is the parametric equivalent of a Kruskal-Wallis test?

A) One-way ANOVA
B) Repeated-measures ANOVA
C) Two-way ANOVA
D) Three-way ANOVA

Question 24

Which of the following descriptions best explains non-parametric tests?

A) Assumption-free
B) More likely to protect against Type II error
C) Robust
D) Normally distributed

Question 25

Which of the following are non-parametric tests?

A) Willcoxon test
B) Mann-Whitney test
C) Kruskal-Wallis test
D) All of the above

Question 26

When using non-parametric tests, which measure of central tendency is preferred when summarizing a set of data?

A) Median
B) Mean
C) Mode
D) None of the above are appropriate.

Question 27

Which is the correct expression for the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test result for the control group pre-test score?

A) D(30) = .181, p = .014
B) D(30) = .140, p = .140
C) D(30) = .122, p > .2
D) D(30) = .203, p = .003

Question 28

Based on the results of the initial analysis, what would be the most appropriate test to run if you wanted to compare the pre-test results with the post-test results of each group (i.e. control group pre versus post test or experimental pre versus post-test)?

A) Willcoxon test
B) Mann-Whitney test
C) Paired-samples t-test
D) Independent t-test

Question 29

If we wanted to compare the pre-test results with the post-test results, what type of research design would we use?

A) Independent-groups design
B) Repeated-measures design
C) Mixed model groups design
D) Between-groups design

Question 30

Which test can be considered the non-parametric equivalent to an independent t-test?

A) Willcoxon test
B) Mann-Whitney test
C) Kruskal-Wallis test
D) Friedman's ANOVA

Question 31

Based on the answer to Q13, what should you do?

A) Reject the null hypothesis.
B) Accept the null hypothesis.
C) Reject the research hypothesis.
D) None of the answers provided are acceptable.

Question 32

Suppose you were interested in the longer-term effects of the imagery interventions and so you decide to get the experimental group to measure their anxiety scores using the SCAT questionnaire again, but this time 12 weeks later. What type of test might you use if you were interested in examining the variance at 0, 6 and 12 weeks?

A) Kruskal-Wallis test
B) Friedman's test
C) Sign test
D) McNemar's test

Question 33

See the week 12 data in Q5 for the imagery group. Run an appropriate test to examine the variance between weeks 0, 6 and 12. Which is the correct answer?

A) χ²(2) = 26.96, p < .001
B) χ²(2) = 26.96, p = .000
C) χ²(2) = 0.001, p < 26.96
D) χ²(2) = 26.96, p < .005

Question 34

Run an appropriate test between the pre-test and post-test data of the experimental group. What is the result of the test?

A) W_s = 1.5, z = -4.514, p < .001
B) W_s = -4.514, z = 1.5, p < .001
C) W_s = 1.5, z = -4.514, p = .000
D) W_s = -4.514, z = 1.5, p = .000

Question 35

View the anxiety data (Sport Competitive Anxiety Test - SCAT) collected from a group of middle-distance runners. All the runners completed the questionnaire before being split into either a control group (who received no imagery intervention) or an experimental group (who received an imagery intervention). The anxiety scores were then measured again after 6 weeks. If we wanted to compare the control group results with the experimental group results, what type of research design would we use?

A) Independent-groups design
B) Repeated-measures design
C) Dependent-groups design
D) Matched-pairs design

Question 36

Run an appropriate test between the pre-test and post-test data of the control group. What is the result of the test?

A) W_s = 163.5, z = 1.205, p = .228
B) W_s = 1.205, z = 163.5, p = .228
C) W_s = .228, z = 1.205, p = 163.5
D) W_s = 163.5, z = .228, p = 1.205

Question 37

If we wanted to compare the control group results with the experimental group results for the pre and post conditions, what type of research design would we use?

A) Independent-groups design
B) Repeated-measures design
C) Mixed model groups design
D) Within-groups design

Question 38

Calculate the effect size for the test conducted on the experimental group data (Q13).

A) r = -.82
B) r = .72
C) r = -.62
D) r = .52

Question 39

Examine the following Q-Q plot from the pre-test control group. What can be assumed from the graph?

A) Data may not be normally distributed because the points deviate from the diagonal line.
B) Data are definitely not normally distributed because the points deviate from the diagonal line.
C) Data may be normally distributed because the points deviate from the diagonal line.
D) Data are definitely normally distributed because the points deviate from the diagonal line.

Question 40

Suppose you wanted to see if there was a difference between the participants in the control group and the experimental group for the pre-test and the post-test data. What is the correct expression for the test results?

A) U = 506, z = -0.830, p = .406 and U = 269.5, z = -2.682, p = .007
B) U = -0.830, z = 394, p = .406 and U = -2.682, z = 269.5, p = .007
C) U = 0.406, z = -0.830, p = 394 and U = 0.007, z = -2.682, p = 269.5
D) U = 394, z = 0.406, p = -.830 and U = 269.5, z = 0.007, p = -2.682

Question 41

What is the parametric equivalent of a Kruskal-Wallis test?

A) One-way ANOVA
B) Repeated-measures ANOVA
C) Two-way ANOVA
D) Three-way ANOVA

Question 42

Since there are three sets of data, how will the differences within the data sets be identified?

A) Multiple Wilcoxon tests
B) Multiple Mann-Whitney tests
C) Multiple sign tests
D) None of the tests are appropriate.

Question 43

What is the parametric equivalent of a Friedman's test?

A) Repeated-measures ANOVA
B) One-way ANOVA
C) Two-way ANOVA
D) Three-way ANOVA