Deck 5: Self-Concept and Self-Processes

Question 1

What did William James conclude was the only thing he could know with certainty about the self?

A) the "me"
B) the "I"
C) the "them"
D) the "we"

Answer 1

the "me"

Question 2

A person's body, clothes, and possessions are part of that person's __________ self.

A) social
B) abstract
C) material
D) identity

Answer 2

material

Question 3

A person's moral center is called her or his __________.

A) self-esteem
B) true self
C) spiritual self
D) self-concept

Answer 3

spiritual self

Question 4

Alphonso sees the world in terms of individual rights and freedoms and scoffs at the notion that people should be cooperative, interdependent, and harmonious in the social roles they adopt. What cultural background is Alphonso likely to have?

A) Alphonso is likely to identify with group norms for interdependence and cooperation.
B) Alphonso is likely to be a member of an individualistic culture.
C) Alphonso is likely to be a member of a collectivistic culture.
D) Alphonso is likely to be a member of a traditional Asian culture.

Question 5

Which theorist proposed the socius as a unit of social analysis?

A) James Mark Baldwin
B) Hazel Rose Markus
C) Charles Horton Cooley
D) William James

Question 6

Which statement represents the ambitions dimension of the Twenty Statements Test (TST)?

A) "I am going to be rich and famous."
B) "I am my father's child."
C) "I am a Zoroastrian."
D) "I am overweight."

Question 7

The part of William James's "me" that is related to group membership is called the __________ self.

A) maternal
B) social
C) independent
D) material

Question 8

Consider what you know about clothing and the self. Which of the following statements is correct?

A) Clothing has a major impact on how we see ourselves and how others see us.
B) Clothing impacts how others see us but not how we see ourselves.
C) Clothing impacts how we see ourselves but not how others see us.
D) Clothing does not impact how we see ourselves.

Question 9

How do personality psychologists define the self?

A) an abstraction representing cultural, psychological, and biological components
B) what results from the intersection of an individual's self-concept and that individual's self-esteem
C) the sum total of each person's unique life experiences manifested within genetic constraints
D) the entire system of an individual's knowledge, evaluation, and regulation of her- or himself

Question 10

Which term describes a cultural system that values the needs of the group over the needs of the individual?

A) independence
B) individualism
C) collectivism
D) self-promoting

Question 11

Even though Linda has finished her degree in radiography, she feels like a fraud when she enters the emergency room at the hospital where she works. Linda is experiencing __________.

A) unbiased processing
B) the imposter phenomenon
C) authenticity
D) the accuracy phenomenon

Question 12

Johanna is normally quite casual with her friends and family but acts in a very formal manner when at the ladies' luncheon. This is because she observes the other women behaving in a similar way and wants her own behavior to fit in. Johanna is engaging in __________.

A) self-monitoring
B) self-activation
C) self-manipulation
D) self-migration

Question 13

How many parts did William James divide the "me" into?

A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four

Question 14

The extent to which a person feels aligned with her or his true self in daily life is called __________.

A) authenticity
B) originality
C) individuality
D) accuracy

Question 15

Which theorist coined the phrase looking-glass self when considering how the self-concept develops?

A) George Herbert Mead
B) William James
C) Charles Horton Cooley
D) James Mark Baldwin

Question 16

High self-monitors are likely to __________.

A) follow an internal rather than an external guide to action
B) act in ways that are consistent with their true feelings
C) adjust their behavior in response to external situations
D) express an attitude only if they really believe it

Question 17

Why is the self-schema a cognitive representation of the self?

A) There is no actual "self" that can be objectively identified or isolated within a person; rather, the self can be conceptualized as a collection of thoughts, knowledge, and evaluations.
B) The distinction between "I" and "me" was never clearly articulated or pursued by psychologists; therefore, theorists required a different approach to understanding the self.
C) Representations based on feelings or emotions are too fleeting to capture the unchanging, unalterable nature of the self.
D) Cognitive processes are shared in common by all people, which means that the same core traits that make up each person's self-concept will be emphasized to the same degree across individuals.

Question 18

What major contribution did George Herbert Mead offer our understanding of the self?

A) the distinction between "I" and "me"
B) the first empirical measure of self-esteem
C) the idea of a generalized other
D) the metaphor of the looking-glass self

Question 19

Giuseppe feels a personal sense of authenticity in his life. Which statement is most likely to be true?

A) Giuseppe had a rough day at work and ended up eating to calm himself down, but he does not know why he ate an entire quart of ice cream.
B) Giuseppe yelled at his dog when he came home from work but realizes he did so because he was feeling stressed from his day.
C) Giuseppe is unaware that he needs to improve his technology skills, even though he continues to ask for help from his office mates.
D) Giuseppe is an excellent writer but does not realize this is a strength.

Question 20

A person's image of herself or himself is called __________.

A) self-efficacy
B) self-esteem
C) self-actualization
D) self-concept

Question 21

The structured practice of becoming aware of your thoughts and bodily sensations is the basis of __________.

A) mannered meditation
B) major mindfulness
C) meditated mindedness
D) mindfulness meditation

Question 22

The ability to experience an awareness of your thoughts and feelings without being attached to them is called __________.

A) humanity
B) compassion
C) mindfulness
D) kindness

Question 23

What happens when students who are performing poorly in school are recipients of efforts to boost their self-esteem?

A) Their self-esteem increases, but their grades do not improve.
B) Their grades improve and their self-esteem increases.
C) Their self-esteem stays the same, but their grades improve.
D) Their self-esteem decreases, but their grades improve.

Question 24

A person's attitude toward her- or himself is called __________.

A) self-actualization
B) self-efficacy
C) self-concept
D) self-esteem

Question 25

Being kind to yourself is called __________.

A) self-kindness
B) self-esteem
C) self-awareness
D) self-efficacy

Question 26

The desire to maintain and increase the positivity of the self-concept is called __________.

A) self-esteem
B) self-serving bias
C) self-enhancement
D) self-regulation

Question 27

After getting the last three questions wrong on this test, you conclude that it must be "a bad test" and that you are certain of your superior intellectual abilities and knowledge of the material. Although this may be true, this may also illustrate __________.

A) implicit self-esteem
B) the false uniqueness effect
C) the self-serving bias
D) sociometry

Question 28

According to sociometer theory, when belongingness is __________, self-esteem __________.

A) high; drops
B) high; increases
C) low; drops
D) low; increases

Question 29

The dimensions of self-compassion are self-kindness, common humanity, and __________.

A) autonomy
B) conscientiousness
C) self-efficacy
D) mindfulness

Question 30

Marisol forms close friendships and works hard to maintain her marriage. She belongs to the Daughters of the American Revolution and several other women's groups. All of these actions generally make her feel good about herself. Which of the following accurately describes Marisol?

A) She is engaging in the self-serving bias.
B) She is exhibiting biased processing.
C) She is demonstrating ego depletion.
D) She is practicing self-esteem regulation.

Question 31

Attitudes toward levels of self-esteem have changed over the decades. During which decade did self-esteem come to be seen as a uniformly positive trait?

A) 1960s
B) 1970s
C) 1980s
D) 1990s

Question 32

Which term refers to recognizing that other people will make mistakes, just like you will?

A) common humanity
B) self-forgiveness
C) mindfulness
D) self-compassion

Question 33

Self-esteem is about liking yourself, whereas __________ is about being kind to yourself.

A) self-serving bias
B) self-actualization
C) self-efficacy
D) self-compassion

Question 34

Self-kindness means treating yourself as you would a(n) __________.

A) stranger
B) good friend
C) coworker
D) acquaintance

Question 35

The self-esteem a person is aware of having is called __________ self-esteem.

A) explicit
B) intrinsic
C) extrinsic
D) implicit

Question 36

Willie likes to tell his teenage sons that "making mistakes makes the man." What aspect of self-compassion is he articulating?

A) self-forgiveness
B) common humanity
C) mindfulness
D) self-esteem

Question 37

Our "deep down inside" feelings about ourselves are part of our __________ self-esteem.

A) explicit
B) intrinsic
C) extrinsic
D) implicit

Question 38

The day after the Wassamatta U. bocce ball team wins a big, important victory, you notice a marked increase in the number of students strutting around campus wearing clothes with the WU logo and chanting "We won . . . we won. . . ." This behavior is most likely due to __________.

A) students' strong need for implicit self-esteem
B) a vocal subgroup of students who are practicing self-evaluation maintenance
C) students' basking in the reflected glory of the successful bocce ball team
D) social stigma exerted by the bocce ball players on the student body at large

Question 39

What are the four components that relate to authenticity of the self?

A) authenticity, imposterism, actuality, potential
B) self-concept, self-esteem, self-awareness, self-control
C) awareness, unbiased processing, behavior, authentic relationships
D) material self, social self, spiritual self, true self

Question 40

Kim is a first-time mom and feels like each day is a learning experience. This morning, she yelled at her toddler to stop, thinking he might fall, but he fell anyway and was scared by her loud voice. At first, she felt badly about herself, but then she decided she should not beat herself up but rather make a mental note about it for next time. Kim is exemplifying __________.

A) humanity
B) mindfulness
C) meditation
D) narcissism

Question 41

The correlation between self-efficacy and performance on complex tasks is __________.

A) nonexistent
B) small
C) more substantial than performance on basic skills tests
D) large

Question 42

__________ is the personality trait that includes a very positive, grandiose view of the self.

A) Extraversion
B) Narcissism
C) Conscientiousness
D) Neuroticism

Question 43

For which group is the correlation between self-efficacy and performance of basic tasks the highest?

A) failing students
B) low-achieving students
C) moderately-achieving students
D) high-achieving students

Question 44

Reggie has a good sense of who he currently is but also has a sense of who he wants to be; this latter sense is Reggie's __________.

A) desired self
B) idol self
C) ideal self
D) ought self

Question 45

Which theorist coined the term possible selves?

A) George Herbert Mead
B) Elton French
C) William James
D) Margaret Floy Washburn

Question 46

Grandiose narcissism is characterized by __________ extraversion and dominance and __________ neuroticism.

A) low; low
B) low; high
C) high; low
D) high; high

Question 47

Self-control works like a(n) __________.

A) pipe organ
B) muscle
C) joint
D) engine

Question 48

What type of narcissism is characterized by high neuroticism?

A) grandiose narcissism
B) vulnerable narcissism
C) aggressive narcissism
D) egocentric narcissism

Question 49

Sara has an undeservedly high opinion of herself. She is brash and assertive, and virtually everyone she meets thinks of her as conceited. What type of narcissism does Sara have?

A) grandiose narcissism
B) vulnerable narcissism
C) aggressive narcissism
D) egocentric narcissism

Question 50

Which person is low in self-efficacy?

A) Jorge, who doesn't know how to change a flat tire
B) Noelle, who has successfully managed several book projects and has agreed to take on another
C) Rolf, who doubts he can put forth the effort needed to pass an upcoming examination
D) Taffi, who is generally unsure of herself and shy around others

Question 51

Sasha has stuck to her diet today while at work; she resisted eating donuts from the work breakroom for breakfast and passed by the chips and dip at the luncheon for her retiring colleague. Later, at home, her kids asked for dessert and she started eating cookies, unable to resist the urge any more. What happened?

A) Sasha experienced ego acceptance.
B) Sasha experienced ego depletion.
C) Sasha experienced ego control.
D) Sasha experienced ego mindfulness.

Question 52

Maxine has a good sense of who she currently is but also has a sense of who she should be; this latter sense is her __________.

A) desired self
B) idol self
C) ideal self
D) ought self

Question 53

Which term refers to the belief that you can be effective and successful at working toward a goal?

A) self-appraisal
B) self-efficacy
C) self-evaluation
D) self-actualization

Question 54

People high in narcissism differ from other people with high self-esteem in that __________.

A) they are, by definition, disordered, whereas those high in self-esteem are not
B) they show much lower rates of extraversion, neuroticism, and openness to experience
C) they show lower levels of self-compassion but higher levels of compassion for others
D) they are not particularly caring, nor are they particularly interested in emotionally close relationships

Question 55

What is the basis of self-discrepancy theory?

A) examining strategies people use to attain, maintain, and regulate a desired level of self-esteem
B) linking emotional outcome to the distance between a person's actual self and that same person's ought and ideal selves
C) understanding the process of how a person directs and guides her- or himself toward a desired state
D) recognizing that an ideal self results from the intersection of the actual and ought selves in a given person's identity

Question 56

Self-regulation refers to the process of __________.

A) guiding and directing oneself toward a desired state
B) being aware of one's thoughts and feelings without being attached to them
C) becoming the person one thinks he or she should be
D) becoming the person one wants to be

Question 57

Narcissists with the grandiose form usually score __________ and __________ on the Big Five.

A) high on extraversion; high on agreeableness
B) low on extraversion; low on agreeableness
C) high on extraversion; low on agreeableness
D) low on extraversion; high on agreeableness

Question 58

Vulnerable narcissism is characterized by __________ extraversion and __________ neuroticism.

A) low; low
B) low; high
C) high; low
D) high; high

Question 59

Self-efficacy is __________ time(s) more important for predicting performance on basic tasks than performance on challenging standardized tests.

A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four

Question 60

Another term for willpower is __________.

A) self-control
B) self-esteem
C) self-modeling
D) self-actualization

Question 61

Dr. Sardonicus is exploring the outcomes of a program intended to boost self-esteem among schoolchildren. What will she likely find?

Question 62

William James divided the "me" into which three parts?

Question 63

What is ego depletion? Give an example of when you might have become ego depleted.

Question 64

What is the relationship between self-efficacy and performance?

Question 65

Define self-compassion, identify its components, and explain why it is important.

Question 66

What does the phrase looking-glass self mean?

Question 67

What is unbiased processing in regard to the authenticity of the self?

Question 68

What is the difference between our ought selves and our ideal selves?

Question 69

What is the difference between a low self-monitor and a high self-monitor? Give an example of each.

Question 70

Is self-esteem good or bad?

Question 71

Maurice's boss and coworkers see him as a dependable and hard-working young adult. They think of him as dedicated and focused. On the weekends, Maurice likes to go to blackened screamo and crust punk concerts and gets boisterous when bands like Antisect or No Omega take the stage. How does William James's concept of the social self explain the differences we see in Maurice?

Question 72

What aspects are part of a person's material self?

Question 73

Is narcissism a good thing or a bad thing?

Question 74

What is self-monitoring? Give an example of someone engaging in self-monitoring.

Question 75

How is self-esteem related to positive outcomes such as high academic performance and better behavior?

Question 76

How is self-control like a muscle?

Question 77

What are the three components of self-compassion?

Question 78

How does clothing impact how we see ourselves?

Question 79

Are narcissists more beautiful, more successful, and smarter than everyone else?

Question 80

Explain the four aspects of authenticity.