Deck 29: Neural Control

Question 1

Four of the five organs listed below are innervated by the autonomic subdivision of the vertebrate nervous system. Select the exception.

A)intestinal muscles
B)skeletal muscles
C)heart
D)pancreas
E)liver

Answer 1

B

Question 2

During the process of synaptic integration ____.

A)all excitatory stimuli are added together to reach the resting potential
B)the positive and negative ions neutralize each other during an action potential
C)excitatory and inhibitory signals are summed in a postsynaptic neuron
D)excitatory and inhibitory stimuli in adjacent neurons cancel each other
E)one neurotransmitter can initiate either excitatory or inhibitory signals

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The ____ controls basic drives such as hunger, sex, and thirst.

A)cerebrum
B)pons
C)cerebellum
D)thalamus
E)hypothalamus

Answer 3

E

Question 4

Which area of the brain consists of highly folded gray matter?

A)cerebral cortex
B)cerebellum
C)midbrain
D)pons
E)medulla oblongata

Question 5

Neurotransmitters are stored in the ____ of the neuron.

A)dendrites
B)cell body
C)axon trigger zone
D)axon terminal
E)axon conducting zone

Question 6

Multiple sclerosis is a nervous system disorder that arises when white blood cells mistakenly attack and destroy ____.

A)neurons
B)ganglia
C)myelin
D)neuroglial cells
E)nerves

Question 7

Neuroglial cells that produce ____ associate with most vertebrate neurons to speed propagation of action potentials.

A)sodium
B)potassium
C)neurotransmitter
D)connective tissue
E)myelin

Question 8

At the end of an action potential ____.

A)the membrane potential declines to the resting state
B)the membrane voltage drops to zero
C)sodium and potassium channels remain open
D)the membrane potential exceeds +50 mV
E)potassium moves into the cell

Question 9

Activation of the sympathetic nervous system ____.

A)widens airways
B)constricts pupils
C)stimulates urination
D)slows heartbeat and lowers blood pressure
E)allows the body to relax

Question 10

Four of the five answers listed below are actions mediated by the peripheral nervous system. Select the exception.

A)carrying signals to smooth muscle
B)controlling emotion
C)controlling glands
D)carrying signals to and from the skin
E)reflexive responses

Question 11

The limbic system functions in the regulation of ____.

A)breathing
B)emotions
C)heart rate
D)peristalsis
E)vision

Question 12

Neurotransmitters may be removed from the synaptic cleft by ____.

A)enzymatic breakdown or reuptake by presynaptic cells
B)enzymatic breakdown only
C)reuptake by presynaptic cells only
D)neutralization by antibodies
E)ionic degradation

Question 13

Which brain-related injury has recently been the subject of attention in the professional and youth sporting worlds?

A)skull fractures
B)concussions
C)spinal cord injuries
D)Alzheimer's disease
E)Parkinson's disease

Question 14

Forming skill memories through repetition of an activity (e.g., riding a bike) involves the ____, which controls motor activity.

A)cerebellum
B)medulla oblongata
C)limbic system
D)hippocampus
E)hypothalamus

Question 15

The ____ is involved in learning new motor skills and controls posture.

A)cerebrum
B)pons
C)cerebellum
D)thalamus
E)hypothalamus

Question 16

After an action potential, _____, ensuring that the action potential flows in only one direction.

A)potassium ions flow into the cell
B)potassium channels are unable to open
C)sodium channels are unable to open for a brief period
D)sodium channels remain open
E)the neuron reaches threshold potential

Question 17

K⁺ and Na⁺ voltage-gated channels are ____ in a resting neuron and ____ during an action potential.

A)open; closed
B)open; open
C)closed; open
D)closed; closed
E)sometimes open; sometimes closed

Question 18

Which drug slows motor responses and produces brief euphoria due to stimulation of endorphin release?

A)caffeine
B)alcohol
C)cocaine
D)depression medication
E)heroin

Question 19

Electrical signals spread to a(n) ____ zone at the start of an axon. If the electrical signals are sufficiently strong, they are conducted along the axon to its terminal endings.

A)input
B)trigger
C)conducting
D)output
E)initiation

Question 20

In a stretch reflex, the synapse between a sensory neuron and a motor neuron occurs ____.

A)in the brain
B)between the receptor and the spinal cord
C)within a muscle
D)within the spinal cord
E)in the nerve leading to the spinal cord

Question 21

Clusters of cell bodies of neurons are known as ____.

A)nerve cords
B)ganglia
C)a plexus
D)notochords
E)nerves

Question 22

Which technique detects voltage (electrical activity) fluctuations in the brain?

A)molecular biology techniques using brain tissue
B)x-rays
C)positron emission tomography (PET)
D)electroencephalograph (EEG)
E)functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Question 23

What is the direction of an impulse within a single neuron?

A)dendrite → axon → cell body
B)axon → dendrite → cell body
C)dendrite → cell body → axon
D)cell body → dendrite → axon
E)cell body → axon → dendrite

Question 24

The spinal cord transmits information between peripheral nerves and the ____.

A)sympathetic nervous system
B)autonomic nervous system
C)parasympathetic nervous system
D)white matter
E)brain

Question 25

When a neuron is at rest, the voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels in its trigger zone are ____.

A)closed
B)open
C)open but inactive
D)permeable to sodium only
E)permeable to potassium only

Question 26

The ____ connects the cerebrum with the cerebellum and the spinal cord with the midbrain.

A)cerebrum
B)pons
C)cerebellum
D)central sulcus
E)hypothalamus

Question 27

White matter consists of ____.

A)cell bodies
B)dendrites
C)axon terminals
D)myelinated axons
E)meninges

Question 28

The simplest cephalization occurs in ____.

A)sea anemones
B)planarian flatworms
C)octopuses
D)vertebrates
E)grasshoppers

Question 29

The hindbrain includes the ____.

A)thalamus
B)pineal gland
C)hypothalamus
D)midbrain
E)cerebellum

Question 30

Interneurons have ____.

A)many dendrites and one short axon
B)many axons and one short dendrite
C)one axon and one dendrite
D)several long axons
E)no cellular projections

Question 31

Which part of a neuron houses the nucleus?

A)cell body
B)axon
C)dendrites
D)cell projections
E)synaptic terminal

Question 32

The two functional divisions of the peripheral nervous system are the ____.

A)somatic and autonomic systems
B)sympathetic and parasympathetic systems
C)peripheral and central systems
D)afferent and autonomic systems
E)cranial and skeletal nerves

Question 33

In vertebrate nervous systems, information typically flows from sensory neurons to ____ to ____.

A)the brain; the spinal cord
B)a nerve cord; ganglia
C)interneurons; sensory neurons
D)motor neurons; sensory neurons
E)interneurons; motor neurons

Question 34

Many psychoactive drugs lead to addiction, which involves the activity of _____.

A)epinephrine
B)adenosine
C)dopamine
D)serotonin
E)endorphins

Question 35

Which area of the brain helps to translate thoughts into speech?

A)amygdala
B)Broca's area
C)hypothalamus
D)limbic system
E)parietal lobe

Question 36

The autonomic subdivision consists specifically of ____.

A)central and peripheral nerves
B)parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves
C)somatic and involuntary nerves
D)brain and spinal cord
E)spinal and cranial nerves

Question 37

Four of the five answers listed below are parts of the forebrain. Select the exception.

A)corpus callosum
B)thalamus
C)hypothalamus
D)cerebellum
E)cerebrum

Question 38

The two major divisions of the vertebral nervous system are the ____.

A)autonomic and peripheral systems
B)sympathetic and parasympathetic systems
C)cranial and spinal nerves
D)central and peripheral nervous systems
E)brain and spinal cord

Question 39

Neurons of the somatic nervous system relay ____.

A)commands to skeletal muscles
B)information from the internal environment to the brain
C)signals to smooth and cardiac muscles
D)signals to adjust digestion
E)signals to adjust the breathing rate

Question 40

Evolution of bilateral body plans was accompanied by ____.

A)cephalization
B)nerve nets
C)a spinal cord
D)reflexes
E)reasoning

Question 41

A "nerve" is defined as ____.

A)neuron fibers bundled inside a sheath of connective tissue
B)a single axon of a neuron
C)a neuron within the central nervous system
D)a ring of neurons in bilaterally symmetrical animals
E)a fiber more than 10 inches in length

Question 42

Which brain imaging technique detects changes in blood flow?

A)x-rays
B)electroencephalograph (EEG)
C)positron emission tomography (PET)
D)functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
E)microscopy

Question 43

When voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels open during an action potential, in which direction do the ions flow?

A)Both sodium and potassium flow from the interstitial fluid into the cytoplasm.
B)Both sodium and potassium flow from the cytoplasm to the interstitial fluid.
C)Sodium flows from the cytoplasm to the interstitial fluid and potassium flows in the opposite direction.
D)Sodium flows from the interstitial fluid to the cytoplasm and potassium flows in the opposite direction.
E)Potassium flows from the interstitial fluid to the cytoplasm and sodium flows in the opposite direction.

Question 44

Neurons of the ____ nervous system relay information about the external environment to the brain.

A)central
B)somatic
C)autonomic
D)sympathetic
E)parasympathetic

Question 45

The center of abstract thought and memory is the ____.

A)medulla oblongata
B)thalamus
C)pons
D)cerebellum
E)cerebrum

Question 46

Some drugs mimic a neurotransmitter's effect on a postsynaptic cell; for example, morphine and heroin bind to receptors for ____.

A)acetylcholine
B)dopamine
C)adenosine
D)serotonin
E)endorphins

Question 47

Which word best describes the interaction of sympathetic and parasympathetic systems?

A)opposing
B)cooperative
C)overriding
D)synergistic
E)ineffective

Question 48

Damage to the primary motor cortex in the right cerebral cortex results in the loss of ____.

A)sensation on the left side of the body
B)sensation on the right side of the body
C)voluntary movement on the right side of the body
D)voluntary movement on the left side of the body
E)the ability to speak

Question 49

Signals from the parasympathetic nervous system ____.

A)widen the pupils
B)increase the pulse rate
C)increase digestive system movements
D)increase blood sugar levels
E)increase the metabolic rate

Question 50

An abrupt reversal in the electric gradient across the neuron plasma membrane is called a(n) ____.

A)resting potential
B)membrane potential
C)action potential
D)ion concentration gradient
E)electrochemical signal

Question 51

What forms at a junction between two neurons?

A)myelin sheath
B)synapse
C)node
D)neurotransmitter
E)interneuron

Question 52

Sodium-potassium pumps move ____ potassium ions into a neuron for every ____ sodium ions that move out of the cell.

A)two; two
B)three; two
C)two; three
D)three; three
E)three; four

Question 53

If the stimulus is large enough at the trigger zone, the membrane potential reaches ____, and an action potential begins.

A)a positive charge
B)maximum voltage
C)resting potential
D)threshold potential
E)zero

Question 54

Which neurotransmitter-response pairing is mismatched?

A)acetylcholine - skeletal muscle contraction
B)endorphins - pain relief
C)norepinephrine - response to stress
D)glutamate - main inhibitory signal
E)dopamine - reward-based learning

Question 55

At rest, a neuron has a high concentration of ____ inside the cell and a high concentration of ____ outside the cell.

A)acetylcholine; chlorine
B)sodium; potassium
C)potassium; sodium
D)calcium; phosphorus
E)phosphorus; calcium

Question 56

What carries the signal between a presynaptic neuron and a postsynaptic neuron?

A)threshold values
B)action potentials
C)neurotransmitters
D)neurohormones
E)resting potentials

Question 57

The region of the frontal lobe that controls voluntary movement is called the ____.

A)motor region
B)voluntary cortex
C)primary motor cortex
D)somatosensory cortex
E)primary auditory cortex

Question 58

What is a defining feature of chordate embryos?

A)cephalization
B)a ventral nerve cord
C)ganglia
D)a brain
E)a dorsal nerve cord

Question 59

The brain and spinal cord are covered by the protective ____.

A)ventricles
B)meninges
C)cerebrospinal sheaths
D)myelin
E)endothelium

Question 60

Acetylcholine ____ skeletal muscle and ____ cardiac muscle.

A)stimulates; stimulates
B)stimulates; inhibits
C)inhibits; stimulates
D)inhibits; inhibits
E)binds to receptors on; does not bind to receptors on

Question 61

What is the limbic system? What does it control?

Question 62

What is the first event of an action potential?

A)Voltage-gated sodium channels open.
B)Sodium ions leave the cell.
C)Voltage-gated potassium channels open.
D)Potassium ions leave the cell.
E)Both voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels open.

Question 63

The brain and spinal cord are bathed in ____, which also fills the ventricles in the brain.

A)blood
B)plasma
C)interstitial fluid
D)unmyelinated axons
E)cerebrospinal fluid

Question 64

Which brain region plays an essential role in the formation of declarative memories?

A)cerebrum
B)cerebellum
C)hippocampus
D)thalamus
E)hypothalamus

Question 65

Match the region of the vertebrate brain to its function.
a.cerebrum
b.hypothalamus
c.limbic system
d.cerebellum
e.medulla oblongata
This region of the brain perceives sensory input and controls motor output.

Question 66

Match the region of the vertebrate brain to its function.
a.cerebrum
b.hypothalamus
c.limbic system
d.cerebellum
e.medulla oblongata
This region of the brain houses emotions and physiological responses to emotions.

Question 67

Why is the axon the only cellular projection in sensory neurons? Why do other neurons have additional cellular projections?

Question 68

What happens when an impulse reaches the neuromuscular junction?

Question 69

The input zone of a neuron involves the ____.

A)axon only
B)axonal terminals only
C)cell body only
D)dendrites and axons
E)cell body and its dendrites

Question 70

Dorsal roots emerging from the spinal cord contain ____.

A)motor neurons
B)sensory neurons
C)interneurons
D)cerebrospinal fluid
E)ventral anchors

Question 71

A cell's resting potential of -70 millivolts is due to the distribution of charged ____ inside and outside of a neuron.

A)pumps
B)channels
C)organelles
D)proteins and small ions
E)membranes and membrane proteins

Question 72

Match the region of the vertebrate brain to its function.
a.cerebrum
b.hypothalamus
c.limbic system
d.cerebellum
e.medulla oblongata
This region of the brain controls reflexes for sneezing, coughing, and vomiting.

Question 73

Which structure is not involved in a spinal reflex?

A)spinal cord
B)brain
C)sensory neuron
D)motor neuron
E)gray matter

Question 74

What is a membrane potential and what causes it?

Question 75

Because Na⁺ voltage-gated channels exist only at ____ along a myelinated axon, this is the only point on the axon at which action potentials occur.

A)nodes
B)junctions
C)sheathed areas
D)axon terminals
E)axon trigger zone

Question 76

Animals with radial symmetry have a mesh of interconnected neurons called a ____.

A)nerve
B)nerve cord
C)nerve net
D)ganglia
E)brain

Question 77

Match the region of the vertebrate brain to its function.
a.cerebrum
b.hypothalamus
c.limbic system
d.cerebellum
e.medulla oblongata
This part of the brain controls posture and the complex coordination of motor activity and limb movement.

Question 78

Match the region of the vertebrate brain to its function.
a.cerebrum
b.hypothalamus
c.limbic system
d.cerebellum
e.medulla oblongata
This region of the brain regulates thirst and appetite.

Question 79

Membrane potential cannot exceed +30 mV because at this level, voltage-gated sodium channels close, and ____.

A)potassium moves across the cell membrane via passive transport proteins
B)sodium moves across the cell membrane via passive transport proteins
C)potassium gated channels open
D)potassium flows into the cytoplasm
E)the action potential is not propagated

Question 80

The ____ controls the basic responses necessary to maintain life processes (for example, breathing and heartbeat).

A)medulla oblongata
B)corpus callosum
C)central sulcus
D)cerebellum
E)cerebral cortex