Deck 4: Cell Structure

Question 1

Short hair-like structures that protrude from the plasma membrane of some eukaryotic cells are called ____.

A)cilia
B)flagella
C)intermediate filaments
D)microfilaments
E)pili

Answer 1

A

Question 2

​A cell membrane that is selectively permeable ____.

A)​allows only certain molecules to cross
B)​shares cytoplasm with adjacent cells
C)​is joined to adjacent cells by tight junctions
D)​contains transport proteins made of peptidoglycan
E)​has properties similar to prokaryotic capsules

Answer 2

A

Question 3

A biofilm allows the participating cells to ____.

A)travel more efficiently to favorable locations
B)protect themselves against predators and toxins
C)exchange DNA via a sex pilus
D)share nutrients with adjoining cells through gap junctions
E)remain in a favorable location without being swept away

Answer 3

E

Question 4

Which type of junction prevents fluid leakage between cells?

A)gap junction
B)plasmodesma
C)tight junction
D)adhering junction
E)primary wall

Question 5

Membrane ____ proteins move specific substances across the membrane, typically by forming a channel.

A)transport
B)receptor
C)recognition
D)adhesion
E)enzyme

Question 6

Polypeptide chains take on their tertiary structure and assemble with other polypeptide chains within the ____.

A)ribosomes
B)rough endoplasmic reticulum
C)smooth endoplasmic reticulum
D)Golgi body
E)vesicles

Question 7

Phospholipid fatty acid tails spontaneously cluster together away from the aqueous cellular interior and exterior environment due to their ____ nature.

A)hydrophobic
B)hydrophilic
C)polar
D)catalytic
E)mosaic

Question 8

Which type of micrograph gives the most detailed image of the surface of a cell?

A)light micrograph
B)transmission electron micrograph
C)scanning electron micrograph
D)colorized transmission electron micrograph
E)fluorescence micrograph

Question 9

To visualize objects smaller than those that can be resolved by a light microscope, a(n) ____ microscope is used.

A)electron
B)fluorescent
C)proton
D)transmission
E)x-ray

Question 10

Fluid-filled sacs that may store amino acids, sugars, toxins, and ions in plant cells are called ____.

A)plastids
B)central vacuoles
C)peroxisomes
D)lysosomes
E)Golgi bodies

Question 11

What is the general term for double-membrane organelles that function in photosynthesis, storage, or pigmentation in plant and algal cells?

A)chloroplasts
B)chromoplasts
C)amyloplasts
D)plastids
E)chlorophylls

Question 12

Many species of bacteria live bound together by a glue-like substance that, among other things, makes up the plaque on human teeth. This is an example of a ____.

A)pilus
B)multicellular organism
C)vesicle
D)single-celled organism
E)biofilm

Question 13

Which organelle converts the energy stored in sugars to ATP by aerobic respiration?

A)Golgi body
B)ribosome
C)mitochondrion
D)lysosome
E)endoplasmic reticulum

Question 14

Which structure is the primary site for the production of polypeptide chains?

A)Golgi body
B)ribosome
C)mitochondrion
D)lysosome
E)smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Question 15

In plant and some protist cells, photosynthesis takes place in ____.

A)nucleoli
B)central vacuoles
C)amyloplasts
D)plasmids
E)chloroplasts

Question 16

Pigments, other than chlorophylls, are synthesized and stored in ____.

A)mitochondria
B)chloroplasts
C)chromoplasts
D)central vacuoles
E)vesicles

Question 17

Motor proteins, fueled by ____, move cellular cargo along tracks of ____.

A)sugars; intermediate filaments and microtubules
B)ATP; microtubules and microfilaments
C)ATP; intermediate filaments and cilia
D)sugars; intermediate filaments and microfilaments
E)triglycerides; microtubules and microfilaments

Question 18

Which membrane protein is responsible for binding hormones that can trigger changes in the cell's activity?

A)enzymes
B)receptor
C)transport
D)adhesion
E)channel

Question 19

Plasmodesmata are ____.

A)used in energy transformations within the cell
B)found in animal cells, but absent from plant cells
C)closable channels that connect the cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells
D)open channels that connect the cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells
E)complex mixtures of extracellular cell secretions

Question 20

In pseudopods, elongating ____ cause lobes of cytoplasm to bulge outward, while ____ help to drag the plasma membrane along.

A)intermediate filaments; cilia
B)microtubules; motor proteins
C)microfilaments; basal bodies
D)microtubules; intermediate filaments
E)microfilaments; motor proteins

Question 21

The extracellular matrix in animal cells that supports and organizes tissues and plays roles in cell signaling is known as the ____.

A)lignin
B)primary cell wall
C)secondary cell wall
D)basement membrane
E)lipid bilayer

Question 22

​Bacteria and archaea were originally classified as prokaryotes because they ____; however, it is now known that archaea ____.

A)​do not have nuclei and are single-celled; are actually a type of algae
B)​are single-celled and found in extreme environments; are actually eukaryotic
C)​do not have nuclei and have similar cell walls; comprise a special classification of prokaryotes
D)​are colonial organisms and do not have nuclei; form multicellular organisms
E)​are single-celled and do not have nuclei; are more similar to eukaryotes

Question 23

Given the constraints on cell size, how can eukaryotic cells be so much larger than prokaryotic cells?

A)The presence of membrane-bound organelles effectively increases the area across which substances can pass.
B)The constraints on cell size apply only to single-celled organisms.
C)The cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells supports the extra mass of these larger cells
D)Many of the proteins produced by eukaryotic cells are exported from the cell, thereby reducing its volume.
E)Prokaryotic cells require less energy than eukaryotic cells, and can therefore be smaller.

Question 24

Which structure is large enough to be visualized with a light microscope?

A)small molecule
B)protein
C)virus
D)chloroplast
E)complex carbohydrate

Question 25

Lipids and proteins are synthesized in the ____.

A)nucleus
B)mitochondria
C)endomembrane system
D)cytoskeleton
E)cell membrane

Question 26

Nearly all eukaryotic cells have mitochondria, but the number varies by the type of cell and by the organism. In general, cells that have the highest demand for energy tend to have ____.

A)the least mitochondria
B)the most mitochondria
C)slow dividing mitochondria
D)larger mitochondria in lower numbers
E)no mitochondria

Question 27

Mitochondria ____.

A)have two membranes, both of which are highly folded
B)are least abundant in metabolically active cells
C)are present in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
D)carry out both photosynthesis and cellular respiration
E)have their own DNA and ribosomes and divide independently of the cell

Question 28

Which type of junction uses closable channels to connect the cytoplasm of adjoining animal cells?

A)gap junctions
B)plasmodesmata
C)tight junctions
D)adhering junctions
E)blocking proteins

Question 29

All cells ____.

A)have DNA suspended in the cytoplasm
B)produce ATP within mitochondria
C)have membrane-bound organelles
D)have cytoplasm enclosed by a plasma membrane
E)have cell walls

Question 30

Most archaeal cell walls consist of ____, while most bacterial cell walls consist of ____, a polymer of peptides and polysaccharides.

A)lipids; phospholipids
B)proteins; peptidoglycan
C)phospholipids; peptidoglycan
D)glycoproteins; phospholipids
E)glycolipids; peptidoglycan

Question 31

Substances targeted for export from the cell are modified and packaged in the ____.

A)Golgi bodies
B)ribosomes
C)mitochondria
D)lysosomes
E)chloroplasts

Question 32

A dense, irregularly shaped region within the nucleus in which subunits of ribosomes are synthesized is called the ____.

A)plastid
B)vacuole
C)nucleoplasm
D)nucleolus
E)basal body

Question 33

Why are cells stained prior to viewing with a light microscope?

A)to convert black and white micrographs to color
B)to decrease the contrast between cellular structures
C)to increase the relief of the edges of the specimen
D)to visualize transparent structures on the cell surface
E)to visualize transparent internal cellular structures

Question 34

According to the cell theory, ____.

A)all cells have a nucleus
B)cells are not alive unless they are part of a multicellular organism
C)all living organisms are made up of one or more cells
D)cells arise spontaneously from nonliving matter
E)cells grow solely by an increase in volume

Question 35

In response to low blood glucose levels, the pancreas produces the hormone glucagon. Glucagon functions by binding to molecules on the surface of liver cells, causing changes in cellular activity that lead to the release of glucose into the blood. The proteins to which glucagon binds are ____.​

A)​antibodies
B)​transport proteins
C)​receptor proteins
D)​enzymes
E)​adhesion proteins

Question 36

There are ____ microorganisms living in or on the human body as there are body cells.

A)one tenth as many
B)exponentially more
C)half as many
D)twice as many
E)about the same number of

Question 37

Fluorescent dyes help visualize internal cellular structures by ____.

A)decreasing contrast between cellular structures
B)directing a beam of UV light across the surface of a cell
C)directing a beam of visible light across the surface of a cell
D)absorbing UV light and emitting colored light
E)absorbing visible light and emitting blue light

Question 38

If free phospholipids were swirled into water, they would ____.

A)form pairs
B)form spheres with the phosphate-containing heads facing each other
C)dissolve
D)form a lipid bilayer sheet, with the hydrophobic tails facing each other
E)form a lipid bilayer sheet, with the phosphate-containing facing each other

Question 39

Archaea have molecules with reactive side chains in their plasma membrane, so the tails of archaeal phospholipids form covalent bonds with one another. As a result, the plasma membrane is ____.

A)more hydrophobic
B)less rigid
C)less fluid
D)more fragile
E)easily disturbed

Question 40

What happens when a round cell expands in diameter?

A)Its surface area and diameter increase with the cube of its diameter.
B)Its surface area and diameter increase with the square of its diameter.
C)Its volume increases faster than its surface area does.
D)Its surface area increases faster than its volume does.
E)Its volume and surface area expand by the same proportion.

Question 41

Match the organelle to the correct description. Each choice may be used more than once.
a.ribosomes
b.mitochondria
c.lysosomes
d.Golgi bodies
e.endoplasmic reticulum
site of lipid and protein production

Question 42

Match the endomembrane system component with the best description.
a.vesicle
b.lysosome
c.peroxisome
d.vacuole
takes part in intracellular digestion

Question 43

Match the organelle to the correct description. Each choice may be used more than once.
a.ribosomes
b.mitochondria
c.lysosomes
d.Golgi bodies
e.endoplasmic reticulum
the packaging of secretory proteins

Question 44

Lipids that are destined for cell membranes are synthesized in the ____.

A)Golgi bodies
B)ribosomes
C)rough endoplasmic reticulum
D)lysosomes
E)smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Question 45

Proteins embedded in the nuclear envelope that selectively allow substances to cross into and out of the nucleus form ____.

A)nuclear pores
B)passive transport proteins
C)receptors
D)nucleoplasm
E)ribosomes

Question 46

Match the organelle to the correct description. Each choice may be used more than once.
a.ribosomes
b.mitochondria
c.lysosomes
d.Golgi bodies
e.endoplasmic reticulum
digestion of cellular debris and waste

Question 47

​Match the cytoskeletal structure with the best description.
a.​dynein
b.​cell cortex
c.​centriole
d.​microtubule
e.​microfilament
f.​intermediate filament
​interacts with microtubules in cilia and flagella to cause movement

Question 48

Different cell membranes can have different functions depending on the____.

A)content of cholesterol molecules in the membrane
B)lengths of phospholipid fatty acids
C)ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids in the phospholipids
D)proteins that are anchored to the membrane
E)presence or absence of a cell cortex

Question 49

Match the endomembrane system component with the best description.
a.vesicle
b.lysosome
c.peroxisome
d.vacuole
breaks down fatty acids, amino acids, hydrogen peroxide, and poisons such as alcohol

Question 50

Which cytoskeletal element separates the cell's duplicated DNA molecules during eukaryotic cell division?

A)cilia
B)flagella
C)microtubules
D)microfilaments
E)intermediate filaments

Question 51

Match the organelle to the correct description. Each choice may be used more than once.
a.ribosomes
b.mitochondria
c.lysosomes
d.Golgi bodies
e.endoplasmic reticulum
lacks a membrane; protein synthesis

Question 52

​Match the cytoskeletal structure with the best description.
a.​dynein
b.​cell cortex
c.​centriole
d.​microtubule
e.​microfilament
f.​intermediate filament
​functions in muscle contraction

Question 53

Which structure consists of two lipid bilayers folded together as a single membrane?

A)cell wall
B)cell membrane
C)nuclear envelope
D)ribosome
E)Golgi body

Question 54

Fibers known as ____ contain the protein actin and help to strengthen and change the shapes of eukaryotic cells.

A)plastids
B)vacuoles
C)microvilli
D)nucleoli
E)microfilaments

Question 55

Match the endomembrane system component with the best description.

-forms by the fusion of multiple vesicles

A)vesicle
B)lysosome
C)peroxisome
D)vacuole

Question 56

​Match the cytoskeletal structure with the best description.
a.​dynein
b.​cell cortex
c.​centriole
d.​microtubule
e.​microfilament
f.​intermediate filament
​cytoskeletal reinforcement under the plasma membrane

Question 57

​Match the cytoskeletal structure with the best description.
a.​dynein
b.​cell cortex
c.​centriole
d.​microtubule
e.​microfilament
f.​intermediate filament
​most stable cytoskeletal element

Question 58

​Match the cytoskeletal structure with the best description.
a.​dynein
b.​cell cortex
c.​centriole
d.​microtubule
e.​microfilament
f.​intermediate filament
​barrel-shaped organelle from which microtubules grow to form cilia

Question 59

Match the endomembrane system component with the best description.
a.vesicle
b.lysosome
c.peroxisome
d.vacuole
any small, membrane enclosed sac

Question 60

​Match the cytoskeletal structure with the best description.
a.​dynein
b.​cell cortex
c.​centriole
d.​microtubule
e.​microfilament
f.​intermediate filament
​arranged in a 9+2 arrangement in cilia and flagella

Question 61

Match the organelle to the correct description. Each choice may be used more than once.
a.ribosomes
b.mitochondria
c.lysosomes
d.Golgi bodies
e.endoplasmic reticulum
location of ribosomes

Question 62

Match the organelle to the correct description. Each choice may be used more than once.
a.ribosomes
b.mitochondria
c.lysosomes
d.Golgi bodies
e.endoplasmic reticulum
modification of proteins and lipids

Question 63

Match the organelle to the correct description. Each choice may be used more than once.
a.ribosomes
b.mitochondria
c.lysosomes
d.Golgi bodies
e.endoplasmic reticulum
sugar metabolism

Question 64

Match the organelle to the correct description. Each choice may be used more than once.
a.ribosomes
b.mitochondria
c.lysosomes
d.Golgi bodies
e.endoplasmic reticulum
aerobic respiration