Deck 23: Nervous System and Pathologies

Question 1

Which body system helps maintain homeostasis along with the nervous system?

A) Digestive
B) Cardiovascular
C) Respiratory
D) Endocrine

Answer 1

D
Explanation: Two body systems help to maintain homeostasis-the nervous system and endocrine system.

Question 2

Which term means the time during what a neuron is unable to conduct another impulse until it repolarizes?

A) Depolarization
B) Repolarization
C) Action potential
D) Refractory period

Answer 2

D
Explanation: The refractory period is the brief period during which the membrane is repolarizing and restoring its resting phase or membrane potential. The membrane resists restimulation and will not respond to another stimulus during this period.

Question 3

Which term refers to a neuron that sends an impulse toward muscles or glands called?

A) Arcing
B) Sensory
C) Afferent
D) Efferent

Answer 3

D
Explanation: Efferent neurons transmit impulses from the CNS toward muscles or glands (effectors). Efferent neurons are also called motor neurons.

Question 4

Which term means bundles of nerve fibers in the central nervous system?

A) Neuroglia
B) Nerve
C) Gyrus
D) Tract

Question 5

Which term refers to a neuron that is conducting an impulse?

A) Polarization
B) Depolarization
C) All-or-none response
D) Saltatory conduction

Question 6

Which term refers to a neuron that is resting, without conducting an impulse?

A) Polarization
B) Depolarization
C) All-or-none response
D) Saltatory conduction

Question 7

Which term refers to fatty coverings around neurons that insulates and increases the conduction rate of the impulse?

A) Epineurium
B) Neuroglia
C) Myelin
D) Perineurium

Question 8

Which function does the nervous system perform?

A) Immune responses against pathogens
B) Sensory input and motor output
C) Transportation of nutrients
D) Waste elimination

Question 9

Which structures contain neurotransmitters?

A) Dermatomes
B) Ganglia
C) Synaptic vesicles
D) Nodes of Ranvier

Question 10

Which division of the nervous system is defined as containing the brain and spinal cord?

A) Peripheral
B) Autonomic
C) Somatic
D) Central

Question 11

What is the mechanism that produces and maintains the state of polarization called?

A) Sodium-potassium pump
B) Repolarization
C) Saltatory conduction
D) Blood-brain barrier

Question 12

What is the connective tissue layer in a nerve surrounding each fascicle called?

A) Sarcolemma
B) Perineurium
C) Epineurium
D) Neurilemma

Question 13

Which term means connective tissues that support, nourish, protect and insulate the impulse conducting cells?

A) Neuroglia
B) Neurons
C) Gray matter
D) White matter

Question 14

Which structures receive stimuli and initiate nerve impulse transmission?

A) Axons
B) Dendrites
C) Microglia
D) Astrocytes

Question 15

Which term refers to a neuron that sends an impulse toward the central nervous system?

A) Effector
B) Afferent
C) Efferent
D) Motor

Question 16

What are the gaps between Schwann cells and their myelin sheaths called?

A) Synaptic gaps
B) Neurilemmas
C) Synaptic vesicles
D) Nodes of Ranvier

Question 17

Which structure transmits impulses away from the neuron cell body?

A) Dendrite
B) Microglia
C) Axon
D) Sarcolemma

Question 18

What are the impulse-conducting cells of the nervous system called?

A) Neuroglia
B) Neurons
C) Astrocytes
D) Oligodendrocytes

Question 19

Which term means the outer layer of myelin sheaths?

A) Neurilemma
B) Neuroglia
C) Endoneurium
D) Epineurium

Question 20

Which term refers to a single conduction pathway to and from the central nervous system?

A) Saltatory conduction
B) Actional potential
C) Reflex arc
D) Nerve plexus

Question 21

What is the purpose of the blood-brain barrier?

A) Prevents passage of some chemicals into the central nervous system
B) Provides shock absorption for the brain and spinal cord
C) Produces myelin in the peripheral nervous system
D) Produces myelin in the central nervous system

Question 22

What are the elevated ridges in the brain's surface called?

A) Sulci
B) Lobes
C) Gyri
D) Cortex

Question 23

Which principle means that after a nerve impulse begins, it will be conducted at maximum capacity, without fluctuations in membrane potential and without any decrease in magnitude?

A) All-or-none response
B) Adaptation
C) Refractory period
D) Recruitment

Question 24

What are large fibrous bundles of transverse fibers connecting the cerebral hemispheres called?

A) Gyri
B) Nerve plexus
C) Sulci
D) Corpus callosum

Question 25

Which cerebral lobe houses auditory and olfactory areas, as well as the Wernicke area?

A) Frontal
B) Parietal
C) Temporal
D) Occipital

Question 26

Which term means chemical messengers that allow neurons to talk to each other?

A) Neurotransmitters
B) Neurilemma
C) Telodendria
D) Antibodies

Question 27

Which function does cerebrospinal fluid perform?

A) Supplies the brain and spinal cord with nutrients
B) Prevents certain substances from entering the brain
C) Conducts nerve impulses
D) Detects sensation

Question 28

Which chemicals are gamma-aminobutyric acid and acetylcholine examples of?

A) Nutrients
B) Enzymes
C) Neurotransmitters
D) Hormones

Question 29

What is the correct meningeal order, from deep to superficial?

A) Dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater
B) Dura mater, pia mater, arachnoid
C) Arachnoid, pia mater, dura mater
D) Pia mater, arachnoid, dura mater

Question 30

Which term refers to the connective tissue coverings surrounding the brain and spinal cord?

A) Neuroglia
B) Myelin sheaths
C) Meninges
D) Neurilemma

Question 31

Which cerebral lobe contains centers for visual input?

A) Frontal
B) Parietal
C) Temporal
D) Occipital

Question 32

Which region of the brain is the largest?

A) Cerebellum
B) Brainstem
C) Cerebrum
D) Diencephalon

Question 33

Which cerebral lobe receives information about proprioception, reading, and taste?

A) Frontal
B) Parietal
C) Temporal
D) Occipital

Question 34

What are the grooves in the brain's surface called?

A) Sulci
B) Gyri
C) Cortex
D) Lobes

Question 35

Which structure is part of a chemical synapse?

A) Synaptic bulb
B) Microglia
C) Myelin sheath
D) Perineurium

Question 36

What is the absorption of released neurotransmitters by the presynaptic neuron called?

A) Reuptake
B) Action potential
C) Reflex
D) Saltatory conduction

Question 37

What are the major regions of the brain?

A) Pia mater, arachnoid, dura mater
B) Cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum, brainstem
C) Cerebellum, corpus callosum, midbrain, hypothalamus
D) Cerebrum, midbrain, hypothalamus

Question 38

Which term means the place where signals are transmitted between two neurons or between a neuron and a muscle or gland?

A) Gyrus
B) Synapse
C) Plexus
D) Dermatome

Question 39

Which cerebral lobe regulates motor output, cognition, and speech production?

A) Frontal
B) Parietal
C) Temporal
D) Occipital

Question 40

Which neurotransmitter is vital for muscle contraction?

A) Dopamine
B) Serotonin
C) Histamine
D) Acetylcholine

Question 41

Which effect does the parasympathetic nervous system have?

A) Increases heart rate and strength of contraction
B) Inhibition of gastrointestinal motility
C) Stimulation of digestion
D) Increases respiration rate

Question 42

Which part of the brain is concerned with coordinating complex movements and regulating posture and balance?

A) Medulla oblongata
B) Cerebrum
C) Pons
D) Cerebellum

Question 43

Which term refers to a network of intersecting spinal nerves?

A) Plexus
B) Dermatome
C) Synapse
D) Tract

Question 44

Which nerve is cranial nerve V?

A) Vagus
B) Facial
C) Trigeminal
D) Optic

Question 45

Which structures does the autonomic nervous system regulate?

A) Organs, glands, and smooth muscle
B) Skeletal muscles
C) Brain and spinal cord
D) Bones, muscles, and skin

Question 46

Which part of the spinal cord do afferent impulses travel on?

A) Gray matter
B) Central canal
C) Descending tracts
D) Ascending tracts

Question 47

What is the most inferior portion of the brainstem?

A) Cerebrum
B) Pons
C) Hypothalamus
D) Medulla oblongata

Question 48

Which region regulates the autonomic nervous system?

A) Cerebellum
B) Thalamus
C) Pons
D) Hypothalamus

Question 49

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

A) 12
B) 24
C) 26
D) 31

Question 50

Which cranial nerve helps regulate digestion and heart rate?

A) Trochlear
B) Accessory
C) Vagus
D) Abducens

Question 51

Which brain wave state is related to calmness and relaxation?

A) Alpha
B) Beta
C) Theta
D) Delta

Question 52

Which term means an area of skin supplied by a specific sensory spinal nerve root?

A) Myotome
B) Plexus
C) Dermatome
D) Ganglion

Question 53

Which region is the largest portion of the diencephalon and relays most sensory information to appropriate areas of the cerebrum?

A) Thalamus
B) Pons
C) Hypothalamus
D) Cerebellum

Question 54

Which part of the brain houses the thalamus and hypothalamus?

A) Cerebrum
B) Cerebellum
C) Diencephalon
D) Brainstem

Question 55

Which nerve is a cranial nerve?

A) Sciatic
B) Median
C) Trigeminal
D) Brachial

Question 56

Which term means a protective involuntary but predictable response?

A) Dermatome
B) Synapse
C) Myotome
D) Reflex

Question 57

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A) 12
B) 24
C) 26
D) 31

Question 58

Which plexus supplies skin and muscles of the upper extremity?

A) Sacral
B) Cervical
C) Brachial
D) Lumbosacral

Question 59

Which part of the brain contains the respiratory, cardiovascular, and vasomotor centers?

A) Cerebellum
B) Medulla oblongata
C) Cerebrum
D) Pons

Question 60

Which brain wave state is associated with alertness and mental activity?

A) Alpha
B) Beta
C) Theta
D) Delta

Question 61

Which term means a decrease in sensitivity to a prolonged stimulus?

A) All-or-none response
B) Adaptation
C) Reflex
D) Repolarization

Question 62

Which condition is characterized by explosive episodes of uncontrolled and excessive electrical activity in the brain?

A) Sciatica
B) Bell palsy
C) Parkinson disease
D) Seizure disorder

Question 63

When muscles are stretched rapidly or are overstretched, muscle spindles are activated and cause what to happen?

A) Sympathetic response
B) Parasympathetic response
C) Reflexive relaxation
D) Reflexive contraction

Question 64

Olfaction is what sense?

A) Hearing
B) Smell
C) Vision
D) Taste

Question 65

Carpal tunnel syndrome is the result of the compression of what nerve within the carpal tunnel?

A) Radial
B) Median
C) Ulnar
D) Sciatic

Question 66

Which neurologic law states that when a muscle receives a nerve impulse to contract, its antagonist simultaneously receives an impulse to relax?

A) Law of Reciprocal Innervation
B) Law of Generalization
C) Law of Symmetry
D) Law of Facilitation

Question 67

Which division of the autonomic nervous system is referred to as rest-and-digest?

A) Central
B) Somatic
C) Parasympathetic
D) Sympathetic

Question 68

The inverse stretch reflex is governed by which mechanoreceptor?

A) Golgi tendon organ
B) Thermoreceptor
C) Nociceptor
D) Muscle spindle

Question 69

Which type of receptors are located in the retina?

A) Chemoreceptors
B) Nociceptors
C) Thermoreceptors
D) Photoreceptors

Question 70

Which condition is a progressive neurodegeneration that produces a typical profile of mental deterioration?

A) Multiple sclerosis
B) Alzheimer disease
C) Parkinson disease
D) Trigeminal neuralgia

Question 71

Which condition is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that produces a syndrome of abnormal movements caused by deterioration of neurons in the basal ganglia?

A) Sciatica
B) Bell palsy
C) Parkinson disease
D) Alzheimer disease

Question 72

What division of the autonomic nervous system is referred to as "fight or flight?"

A) Sympathetic
B) Central
C) Parasympathetic
D) Somatic

Question 73

Which effect does the sympathetic nervous system have?

A) Increases heart rate and strength of contraction
B) Stimulates gastrointestinal motility
C) Stimulates kidney function
D) Decreases respiration rate

Question 74

Which receptors are found in muscles, joints, and ears, and detect body movements, body position in space, and muscle stretch?

A) Nociceptors
B) Chemoreceptors
C) Photoreceptors
D) Proprioceptors

Question 75

Which condition is characterized by progressive degeneration and demyelination of neurons of the brain, spinal cord, and cranial nerves?

A) Parkinson disease
B) Bell palsy
C) Multiple sclerosis
D) Shingles

Question 76

Which type of receptors are involved in balance and equilibrium?

A) Thermoreceptors
B) Nociceptors
C) Mechanoreceptors
D) Photoreceptors

Question 77

Which condition is inflammation or irritation of the sciatic nerve with pain that originates in the lower back or hip and travels down the leg?

A) Sciatica
B) Bell palsy
C) Parkinson disease
D) Alzheimer disease

Question 78

Which condition is caused by compression of nerves in the brachial plexus?

A) Sciatica
B) Bell palsy
C) Thoracic outlet syndrome
D) Trigeminal neuralgia

Question 79

Which condition is characterized by difficulty communicating and forming relationships and usually becomes apparent in the second or third year of life?

A) Sciatica
B) Autism
C) Alzheimer disease
D) Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder

Question 80

Which condition involves the facial nerve and results in weakness or paralysis of muscles on one side of the face?

A) Sciatica
B) Bell palsy
C) Parkinson disease
D) Alzheimer disease