Deck 5: Learning

Question 1

The evolutionary perspective suggests that animals are biologically prepared to develop taste aversions that are adaptive in their environments.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

In classical conditioning. Extinction is the process by which stimuli lose their ability to evoke learned responses because the events that had followed the stimuli no longer occur.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

In operant conditioning, voluntary responses cannot be conditioned.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

In Pavlov's experiments on classical conditioning, salivation of the dog in response to the meat powder is an unlearned or unconditioned response.

Question 5

Telling your young child on Monday that their good behavior will be rewarded on Saturday is more effective than giving them an immediate reinforcer.

Question 6

A schedule in which reinforcement is provided after a fixed number of correct responses is known as a fixed interval schedule.

Question 7

According to Arne Öhman and Susan Mineka, humans are not biologically prepared by evolutionary forces to develop fears of any kind.

Question 8

Flooding and counterconditioning are techniques for inducing fears.

Question 9

In Pavlov's famous experiment, the dog salivated in response to the tone because the tone became mentally connected with the meat powder. The meat powder is the unconditioned stimulus (UCS).

Question 10

Discrimination is the tendency for a conditioned response to be evoked by stimuli that are similar to the stimulus to which the response was conditioned.

Question 11

As Joan watches Dr. Craig write and solve a problem on the Smart Board during the lecture, she is engaging in observational learning.

Question 12

Robert Rescorla's contingency theory suggests that learning occurs only when the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) provides information about the conditioned stimulus (CS).

Question 13

With respect to classical conditioning, the cognitive focus is about how well an organism can predict what will come next.

Question 14

You had not heard the song that you and your previous boyfriend used to listen to in years. Upon hearing it again you were surprised by all of the mixed emotions that you were experiencing. This is an example of spontaneous recovery.

Question 15

Media violence and aggressive video games decrease viewers' level of emotional arousal.

Question 16

Consider a child who is burned by touching a hot stove. The sight of the stove may evoke fear, and because hearing the word stove may evoke a mental image of the stove, just hearing the word may evoke fear. The child shows discrimination towards the hot stove.

Question 17

In counterconditioning, an organism learns to respond to a stimulus in a way that is completely compatible with a response that was conditioned earlier.

Question 18

B.F. Skinner was known for training animals in operant conditioning.

Question 19

Cognitive psychologists explain the outcome of classical conditioning in terms of the publicly observable conditions of learning.

Question 20

Positive reinforcers increase the probability that a behavior will occur when the reinforcers are removed, and negative reinforcers increase the probability that a behavior will occur when they are applied.

Question 21

Behavioral psychologists believe learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior that arises from practice or experience.

Question 22

________ refers to learning that is hidden or concealed.

A)Latent learning
B)Modelling
C)Observational learning
D)Successive approximations

Question 23

Positive reinforcement _______ the probability of a behavior occurring, and negative reinforcement _______ the probability of a behavior occurring.

A)decreases; increases
B)increases; decreases
C)increases; increases
D)decreases; decreases

Question 24

In the context of classical conditioning, ________ helps organisms adapt to situations that recur from time to time.

A)cognitive dissonance
B)genotypic variation
C)free association
D)spontaneous recovery

Question 25

Which of the following is a view of cognitive psychologists?

A)People choose whether or not to imitate aggressive behaviors they observe.
B)Behavior is fully determined by the process of learning.
C)People are most likely to imitate behaviors that are inconsistent with their values.
D)Learning is a temporary change in behavior.

Question 26

Which of the following statements is true in the context of the effects of violent video games?

A)Moderating variables such as social connectedness figure into the effects of media violence.
B)Violent video games are connected with an increase in juvenile delinquency.
C)Males are relatively less likely than females to act aggressively after playing violent video games.
D)Students who obtain higher grades are more likely to behave aggressively following exposure to violent video games.

Question 27

Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer?

A)Food
B)Pain
C)Money
D)Water

Question 28

Which of the following statements is true in the context of taste aversions?

A)In taste aversion, the unconditioned stimulus can occur hours after the conditioned stimulus.
B)In taste aversion, the unconditioned stimulus and conditioned stimulus must be close together in time.
C)Taste aversions are unadaptive in nature.
D)Taste aversions are a form of systematic desensitization.

Question 29

Ivan Pavlov proved that reflexes cannot be learned by association.

Question 30

__________ is the acquisition of knowledge and skills by watching others rather than by means of direct experience.

A)Systematic desensitization
B)Cognitive mapping
C)Observational learning
D)Free association

Question 31

In a __________, a specific amount of time must elapse between the previous and subsequent times that reinforcement is available.

A)variable-interval schedule
B)fixed-ratio schedule
C)fixed-interval schedule
D)variable-ratio schedule

Question 32

Which of the following statements is true about secondary reinforcers?

A)They acquire their value through association with established reinforcers.
B)They are effective on the basis of their learning.
C)They can also be called conditioned reinforcers.
D)They are effective because of an organism's biological makeup.

Question 33

In the context of operant conditioning, an example of __________ is when you keep posting comments in social media to receive more "likes."

A)reinforcement
B)punishment
C)extinction
D)regularization

Question 34

In observational learning, a person who engages in a response that is imitated is a model.

Question 35

Three-year old Derris watches the children's television show "Spongebob Squarepants." At first, Derris became really excited whenever he saw a Spongebob doll. Now Derris gets excited whenever he sees any yellow sponge. Derris is displaying stimulus ___________.

A)discrimination
B)confusion
C)generalization
D)sprawl

Question 36

Max is a waiter at a coffee shop. He gets paid $100 every day at 9 p.m. regardless of the number of customers he serves during the day. In this scenario, Max's payment is based on the ________.

A)fixed-ratio schedule
B)variable-interval schedule
C)fixed-interval schedule
D)variable-ratio schedule

Question 37

Prior to conditioning, Michael salivates in response to lasagna placed in his mouth. Using classical conditioning terms, the food would be labeled the _____, while Michael salivating would be labeled the _____.

A)conditioned stimulus; unconditioned stimulus
B)conditioned stimulus; conditioned response
C)unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response
D)unconditioned response; unconditioned stimulus

Question 38

Brandon had a fear of dogs. To extinguish this fear, his mother baked him his favorite cake and gradually brought a dog closer to him while he ate the cake. In this scenario, Brandon's mother used __________ to cure his fear.

A)cognitive mapping
B)negative reinforcement
C)counterconditioning
D)regularization

Question 39

Johnny has always feared going to the dentist as he associated these visits with pain. After repeated visits to the dentist, Johnny also developed the fear of bright lights as he had started associating it with the dentist's cabin. In the given scenario, the development of Johnny's fear of bright lights is due to ________.

A)counterconditioning
B)higher-order conditioning
C)selective attention
D)general adaptation

Question 40

Cynthia had an intense fear of cats. Her psychologist repeatedly paired her love for classical music with the gradual exposure of Cynthia to a cat until her fear for cats was cured. In this scenario, Cynthia's fear was cured using ________.

A)regularization
B)counterconditioning
C)cognitive dissonance
D)free association

Question 41

These neurons fire when an animal observes the behavior of another animal and that behavior stimulates imitative behavior in the first animal.

A)Interneurons
B)Catecholamines
C)Mirror neurons
D)Motor neurons

Question 42

Which of the following statements is true of shaping?

A)It uses the technique of positive punishment.
B)It is used solely to teach simple behaviors.
C)It reinforces progressive steps toward the behavioral goal.
D)It extinguishes learned or conditioned behaviors.

Question 43

Biofeedback training, behavior modification, and programmed learning are all applications of__________.

A)latent learning
B)classical conditioning
C)operant conditioning
D)observational learning

Question 44

Which of the following statements about punishment is TRUE?

A)Punishment is not another term for negative reinforcement.
B)Positive punishment is when an organism receives a small, but pleasant, reward.
C)The effects of punishment are preferred over reinforcement.
D)Negative punishment is receiving an aversive stimulus.

Question 45

In the context of behavior therapy methods, which of the following statements is true of flooding?

A)It overrides the principle of extinction.
B)It involves continuous exposure to fear-evoking stimuli.
C)It is based on principles of operant conditioning.
D)It is pleasant but ineffective.

Question 46

According to ________, when we see modeled behavior being reinforced, we are vicariously reinforced.

A)the conflict theory
B)observational learning
C)the contact hypothesis
D)systematic desensitization

Question 47

Walda's father is a gardener. She has been watching her father work for many years. She now has her own garden. Though she has never been taught the art of gardening, she is very good at it. In this scenario, Walda acquired gardening skills by the process of ________.

A)systemic desensitization
B)cognitive mapping
C)observational learning
D)free association

Question 48

With a ________, an organism's response rate falls off after each reinforcement and then picks up again as the time when reinforcement will occur approaches.

A)fixed-ratio schedule
B)variable-interval schedule
C)variable-ratio schedule
D)fixed-interval schedule

Question 49

Justin is teaching young children to play soccer. Each time they make a good move, he praises them.. In this scenario, Justin is training the children by _________.

A)counterconditioning
B)flooding
C)systematic desensitization
D)shaping

Question 50

In Pavlov's experiment, he conditioned his dog to salivate when it was shown a circle. Later, the dog salivated when it was shown other closed geometric figures including squares. Through his experiment, Pavlov demonstrated _________.

A)discrimination
B)general adaptation
C)generalization
D)spontaneous recovery

Question 51

________ are defined as stimuli that increase the frequency of behavior.

A)Unpleasant stimuli
B)Punishments
C)Aversive stimuli
D)Reinforcers

Question 52

Teachers can learn to use __________ to reinforce children when they are behaving appropriately and, when possible, to extinguish misbehavior by ignoring it.

A)systematic desensitization
B)regularization
C)countertransference
D)behavior modification

Question 53

Which of the following statements is true of classical conditioning?

A)It involves attaching consequences to behavior.
B)It is involuntary, automatic learning.
C)It is a complex form of learning that uses reinforcement.
D)It focuses on what organisms do about their environments.

Question 54

Which of the following statements is true in the context of classical conditioning?

A)An unconditioned stimulus cannot elicit a response prior to conditioning.
B)Reflexes cannot be unlearned.
C)An unconditioned response is a learned response to a stimulus.
D)Reflexes can be learned by association.

Question 55

In the context of reinforcement schedules, if you were only paid for every individual webpage that you create you are being paid on a __________.

A)variable-interval schedule
B)fixed-ratio schedule
C)fixed-interval schedule
D)variable-ratio schedule

Question 56

Julie was attempting to teach her boyfriend manners. In the beginning, she would complement him if he was near her car door. After a period of time she would only praise him if he would wait patiently outside of her door. Eventually, she would only pay him compliments if he opened her door. In this scenario, Julie reinforces _________ of the goal.

A)the extinction
B)successive approximations
C)free associations
D)the regularization

Question 57

__________ is Robert Rescorla's viewpoint that suggests that learning occurs only when a conditioned stimulus (CS) provides information about an unconditioned stimulus (US).

A)Consistency paradox
B)Contingency theory
C)Contact hypothesis
D)Conflict theory

Question 58

_________ states that pleasant events stamp in responses, and unpleasant events stamp them out.

A)Thorndike's law of effect
B)Bandura's social learning theory
C)Kelly's attribution theory
D)Pavlov's law of conditioning

Question 59

Behavior that is rewarded by partial reinforcement is ________ resistant to extinction.

A)completely
B)more
C)less
D)not

Question 60

Consider an experiment in which a pigeon is placed in a Skinner box with a button on the wall. The cage contains a small green light that is turned on and off intermittently throughout the day. When the pigeon pecks the button when the green light is on, the behavior is reinforced with food. When it pecks the button when the green light is off, the behavior is not reinforced. The pigeon soon learns that button pecking will be rewarded only when the green light is on. In this scenario, the green light is a(n) __________.

A)unconditioned stimulus
B)discriminative stimulus
C)unlearned stimulus
D)aversive stimulus

Question 61

Bethany taught her dog to jump every time she raises her right hand. Later, the dog started jumping even if she raised her left hand. In this scenario, the dog's action of jumping as a response to a similar stimulus is due to a tendency called ________.

A)generalization
B)general adaptation
C)spontaneous recovery
D)discrimination

Question 62

In a variable-interval schedule, reinforcement is provided after a _________.

A)fixed number of correct responses are made
B)random number of correct responses are made
C)random amount of time has passed
D)fixed amount of time has passed

Question 63

Which of the following is true of negative reinforcers?

A)They increase the probability that a behavior will occur when they are removed.
B)They focus on decreasing unwanted behavior rather than increasing good behavior.
C)They involve the removal of a pleasant stimulus.
D)They involve the application of an aversive stimulus.

Question 64

In his initial experiments, Pavlov trained dogs to salivate when he sounded a tone or a bell. Pavlov termed these trained salivary responses __________.

A)conditional stimuli
B)unconditioned reflexes
C)unconditioned stimuli
D)conditional reflexes

Question 65

Michaela works as waitress and she knows that the more tables that she waits on the better the likelihood of more tips. This schedule is a__________.

A)variable-ratio schedule
B)fixed-ratio schedule
C)fixed-interval schedule
D)variable-interval schedule

Question 66

________ is the view that learning occurs when stimuli provide information about the likelihood of the occurrence of other stimuli.

A)Consistency paradox
B)Contact hypothesis
C)Conflict theory
D)Contingency theory

Question 67

B. F. Skinner taught pigeons and other animals to engage in behavior that manipulates the environment. This kind of behavior is called __________.

A)operant behavior
B)respondent behavior
C)maladaptive behavior
D)stagnant behavior

Question 68

According to your text, children watching violence in the media are potentially impacted by all of the following EXCEPT:

A)Observational learning might promote such behaviors.
B)Habituation to violence may occur.
C)Increased emotional arousal.
D)Reduced probability of aggressive behavior.

Question 69

Which of the following best identifies the behaviorists primary emphasis for the study of psychology?

A)Cognitive processes
B)Observable behavior
C)Conditioned stimuli
D)Introspection

Question 70

Which of the following illustrates continuous reinforcement?

A)Clara getting a chocolate bar from her father every time she completes a household chore.
B)Michelle watching a movie every weekend but only enjoying one out of every three movies she watches.
C)Habib getting paid by his employer for every five products he sells.
D)Raj practicing hoop shots every day and scoring two out of three times on an average.

Question 71

Dana learned to cook by watching her mother cook rather than by means of direct experience. In the context of observational learning, Dana's mother was a _________ for her.

A)primary reinforcer
B)shaper
C)conditioned reinforcer
D)model

Question 72

In E. C. Tolman's experiment, some rats were trained to run through mazes for standard food goals, while other rats were allowed to explore the mazes for 10 days without food goals or other rewards. Later, when food rewards were placed in a box at the far end of the maze, the previously unrewarded rats reached the food box as quickly as the rewarded rats after only one or two trials. This experiment demonstrated that the rats had the ability to form ________ of their surroundings.

A)observational models
B)operant chambers
C)cognitive maps
D)orienting reflexes

Question 73

Denise cries every time she hears a song on the radio that she and her ex-boyfriend used to enjoy. Hearing the song brings back memories of the good times they had before he broke off the relationship. How come Denise cries when she hears the song?

A)She was positively reinforced with the song and now she is not receiving the reinforcers anymore.
B)The song is a conditioned stimulus that she still associates with the good times that she now misses.
C)She has been operantly conditioned to cry to the song in the same way that "Little Albert" learned his fears.
D)The break-up of the relationship was a conditioned stimulus that elicited a conditioned response of crying.

Question 74

Classical conditioning is essentially _________.

A)active, voluntary behaviors
B)associating a response and a consequence
C)learning consequences
D)learning associations

Question 75

People learning to emit alpha waves through feedback from an electroencephalograph is an example of __________.

A)systematic desensitization
B)biofeedback training
C)counterconditioning
D)regularization

Question 76

__________ is defined as a simple form of learning in which an organism learns to engage in certain behavior because of the effects of that behavior.

A)Respondent conditioning
B)Operant conditioning
C)Classical conditioning
D)Pavlovian conditioning

Question 77

In the context of the effects of media violence, most organizations of health professionals agree that:

A)media violence contributes to aggression among people.
B)children are more likely to heed what people say than to imitate what they do.
C)media violence directly causes aggression.
D)people are less likely to be aggressive when they are highly aroused.

Question 78

People seem to be ready to fear thunder, threatening faces, sharp objects, darkness, and heights. According to Arne Öhman and Susan Mineka, this is referred to as __________.

A)catharsis
B)biological preparedness
C)regularization
D)spontaneous recovery

Question 79

Benjamin entered a pizza-eating contest when he was in college. He finished five large pizzas by himself, but he felt nauseated and threw up a few hours later. For several years, the sight and smell of pizza made him feel sick. In this scenario, Benjamin's aversion toward pizza occurred through ________.

A)catharsis
B)classical conditioning
C)regularization
D)observational learning

Question 80

Every morning, Jaclyn's parents watch for the school bus to arrive. They repeatedly are looking out the window to see if the bus has arrived. This schedule is a __________.

A)fixed-ratio schedule
B)fixed-interval schedule
C)variable-ratio schedule
D)variable-interval schedule