Deck 12: Contact,commerce,and Colonization 1450-1600

Question 1

What was Portugal's primary goal in the Indian Ocean trade?

A) To take over the trade or tax local merchants
B) To conquer as much territory as possible
C) To develop cooperative relationships with local rulers
D) To sell African products in Asian markets

Answer 1

To take over the trade or tax local merchants

Question 2

What led Portuguese traders to explore the coast of Africa in the mid-sixteenth century?

A) Gold's value rose dramatically during and after the Black Death,and the Portuguese believed that Africa was a source of precious metals.
B) The Spanish had taken control of the gold coming from the Americas,so the Portuguese had to look elsewhere.
C) The Portuguese were denied access to the Mediterranean trade in gold by their rivals,the Dutch.
D) The Holy Roman Empire refused to allow the Portuguese merchants a share of trade in gold mined in the Carpathian Mountains.

Answer 2

Gold's value rose dramatically during and after the Black Death,and the Portuguese believed that Africa was a source of precious metals.

Question 3

Which of the following factors led to China's economic expansion in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries?

A) Improved agricultural techniques
B) The expansion of trade with Europeans
C) A vast internal trade network
D) The conquest of neighboring states

Answer 3

A vast internal trade network

Question 4

In the early sixteenth century,which of the following contributed to the Aztecs' constant warfare?

A) The Aztecs' neighbors were unwilling to trade with them,requiring warfare to secure highly desired luxury items such as rare quetzal feathers.
B) The Aztecs wanted to extract tribute and take war captives to sacrifice to their gods.
C) The Aztecs and their neighbors were engaged in a bitter struggle to obtain control of the Yucatan Peninsula.
D) The Aztecs' neighbors attempted to choke off their access to the sea,denying the Aztecs coastal trade.

Question 5

Why was China's demand for silver so high during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

A) Silver was believed to be the most beautiful metal.
B) Silver was used to pay taxes and as money in internal markets.
C) Silver was used in decorating porcelains for export.
D) Silver was thought to have medical value.

Question 6

Which of the following was essential to the Aztec state's legitimacy?

A) A bureaucratic government
B) A federation of allied nations
C) Kinship and clan networks
D) Guild and professional groups

Question 7

Which of the following allowed the Spanish to defeat both the Aztec and Inca Empires?

A) Both empires' armies were smaller and less experienced than the Spanish forces.
B) Both empires suffered from internal weakness and divisions that were exploited by the Spanish.
C) Both empires lacked knowledge that the Spaniards had landed,giving the Spanish the element of surprise.
D) Both empires' religions prevented them from mustering forces to oppose the Spanish.

Question 8

Why were the Portuguese and other Europeans motivated to find new routes to Asia?

A) They were responding to the conquest of Constantinople and the rise of Ottoman power in the Mediterranean.
B) They were responding to the Black Death,which had made their old trade routes too dangerous to use.
C) They needed a new source of gold and silver and believed it could be found in Asia.
D) They wanted to establish a closer relationship with the Chinese and learn more about their agricultural techniques.

Question 9

What was the benefit to the Spanish crown of an encomienda?

A) The crown could use the encomienda to directly oversee missionary work among the Indians.
B) The crown could use the encomienda to export Iberian prisoners to work mines in the Americas.
C) The crown received special taxes on the extraction of precious metals from the encomenderos.
D) The crown could use the encomenderos as forced labor on sugar plantations.

Question 10

Which of the following attributes made the caravel useful in exploring African coasts?

A) The caravel had four masts with square sails,allowing it to sail into the winds that roared up the African coast.
B) The caravel was a method of finding longitude,which allowed Portuguese mariners to locate themselves out of sight of land.
C) The caravel was a Muslim invention that allowed sailors to determine latitude by measuring the height of the sun above the horizon.
D) The caravel was more maneuverable in coastal estuaries because it had triangular sails that gave it the ability to tack.

Question 11

Which of the following was an important effect of the Ottoman conquest of Syria and Egypt?

A) The conquest resulted in the subordination of Christians and Jews to Muslim rule.
B) The conquest permitted the Mamluks to continue their expansion in Northern Africa.
C) The conquest created a Muslim majority,allowing Ottoman sultans to see themselves as heirs of previous Muslim states that had ruled over the region.
D) The conquest paved the way for significant Ottoman victories over the Safavid Empire.

Question 12

Which group dominated the Indian Ocean trade in the fifteenth century?

A) Muslims
B) Chinese
C) Spaniards
D) Jews

Question 13

Which of the following was the determinative factor in the Spaniards' conquest of the Aztecs?

A) The Aztecs thought that Cortez was a god and were afraid to fight him.
B) The Spanish overwhelmed the Aztecs by force of numbers.
C) Smallpox spread rapidly among the Aztec warriors and elites.
D) The Aztecs were hated by their neighbors,who joined forces with the Spanish.

Question 14

Which of the following accurately describes Columbus's first impression of the Taino people?

A) He believed that they were childlike primitives.
B) He believed that they would not be able to understand Christian doctrine.
C) He believed that they could become trade partners with the Spanish.
D) He believed that they were ferocious warriors.

Question 15

Newfound expertise with the compass and astrolabe allowed Portuguese navigators to:

A) predict upcoming storms.
B) determine latitude.
C) determine absolute location in the open ocean.
D) determine the location of the North Star.

Question 16

The work of which admiral and cartographer provided the foundation for important Ottoman gains in the Red Sea and Indian Ocean?

A) Zheng He
B) Piri Reis
C) Suleiman
D) da Gama

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why the Portuguese dominated the Indian Ocean sea lanes in the early sixteenth century?

A) The Portuguese developed the joint stock company,which allowed them to invest more freely.
B) The Portuguese used their superior navigational abilities to travel outside the sight of land.
C) The Portuguese mounted small cannons on their vessels to bombard ports and rival ships.
D) The Portuguese negotiated an exclusive trade relationship with the Ming for porcelain.

Question 18

Which of the following best summarizes the goals of Spanish explorers such as Columbus?

A) To find the Northwest Passage
B) To locate the kingdom of Prester John
C) To discover the New World
D) To Christianize the world and accumulate wealth

Question 19

What actions did Ottoman officials take to assist the caravan trade transporting goods from China to the Ottoman heartland?

A) Officials oversaw the raising of camel herds to rent to merchants.
B) Officials sent soldiers to accompany caravans to protect them from bandits.
C) Officials forced nomadic desert peoples to adopt settled,agricultural lifestyles.
D) Officials established caravan stations for travelers' refreshment and protection.

Question 20

After 1570,why was Japan supplanted as the primary source of silver for China?

A) The Spanish discovered new sources of silver in the Philippines,which was closer to China than Japan was.
B) The Japanese closed their doors to all external trade in order to avoid European domination.
C) The Spanish took control of the Philippines and used it as a conduit for silver from their colonies in the Americas.
D) Japanese silver was mined out,leaving them with little to trade internationally.

Question 21

What was the primary reason for the rapid increase in the importation of Africans in sixteenth-century Brazil and the Caribbean?

A) Africans were used as labor in the silver mines.
B) Africans were used as labor for sugar plantations.
C) Africans were used as domestic servants.
D) Africans were used as skilled craftsmen in urban areas.

Question 22

What was Europe's main contribution to the Atlantic system?

A) Labor
B) Land
C) Raw materials
D) Military technology

Question 23

The Protestant Reformation encouraged the growth of nationalism in Europe by encouraging people to:

A) identify their religion with their local state and language.
B) be more tolerant of one another.
C) end the requirement that priests be celibate.
D) revive ancient pagan traditions in Christian observances.

Question 24

Which of the following characterized the Portuguese presence in sixteenth-century Macao?

A) The Portuguese were the largest group of traders at Macao.
B) The Portuguese took over much of the silver trade between China and Korea.
C) The Portuguese used Macao as an entry into the lucrative import-export trade with China.
D) The Portuguese established a permanent colony in China.

Question 25

Which of the following was a way in which the spread of Protestant beliefs contributed to protracted warfare in Europe between the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries?

A) Some Protestants requested support from the Ottoman Turks,asking them to attack the eastern sections of the Holy Roman Empire.
B) Common people took up arms to defend their religious beliefs and practices instead of leaving warfare to professional soldiers.
C) The growth of Calvinism led the Lutheran Church to call for a new crusade against unbelievers.
D) Some Spanish princes used Protestant beliefs as a way to challenge the authority of the Habsburg emperors.

Question 26

Which of the following is a difference between Martin Luther's and Jean Calvin's beliefs?

A) Luther denied the authority of a corrupt church,but Calvin believed that a corrupt priest was still entitled to perform sacraments.
B) Luther's ideas sparked peasant revolts,but Calvin worked with the local rulers in Swiss cantons.
C) Calvin,unlike Luther,emphasized the doctrine of predestination.
D) Calvin,unlike Luther,did not believe that the Bible should be translated into vernacular languages.

Question 27

Why was it necessary to continue to import large numbers of African slaves to replenish labor on sugar plantations?

A) Slaves worked in large groups comprising more than 200 individuals per plantation.
B) Most of the slaves were women,and lost time from their labors raising children.
C) Most slaves came in family groups,and could not be separated to work on newly created plantations.
D) Most of the slaves were men,who suffered high mortality rates due to overwork and poor conditions.

Question 28

The Columbian Exchange led to which of the following?

A) Afro-Eurasian farmers became less competitive compared to American farmers.
B) Syphilis spread throughout the western hemisphere.
C) Corn (maize)replaced some traditional crops in China and Africa.
D) The Afro-Eurasian landscape came to look more like the Americas.

Question 29

What circumstance permitted the English and Dutch to expand their trade in Asia and the Americas?

A) They explored new areas of the Americas and started their own silver mines.
B) They found a passage through the Americas to Asia and got rich through trade with China.
C) They took advantage of Spain's bankruptcy caused by religious and dynastic wars.
D) They received opportunities to trade in the Americas and Asia from the Catholic Church as part of an attempt to achieve rapprochement.

Question 30

Which areas of the Americas produced the bulk of the silver that fueled global commerce in the sixteenth century?

A) Brazil and the Andes
B) Mesoamerica and the Andes
C) Mesoamerica and Brazil
D) The Andes and the Caribbean

Question 31

The establishment of colonies in the Americas in the sixteenth century provided Europeans with which of the following advantages in global trade?

A) Elaborate cotton and wool textiles manufactured in the Americas were highly prized in Asia.
B) Europeans could take advantage of the Aztecs' superior shipbuilding techniques.
C) American manufactures were eagerly received in Africa and Asia.
D) European products that were not esteemed in Afro-Eurasia could be sold in the Americas.

Question 32

Which of the following sparked Martin Luther's challenge to the Catholic Church?

A) Luther believed that true knowledge of God came through meditation.
B) Luther wanted German cathedrals to rival those of Rome in their grandeur.
C) Luther was disgusted with corrupt church practices such as the selling of indulgences.
D) Luther was shocked by what he experienced as an itinerant monk.

Question 33

In what way did the Spanish capture of Manila in 1571 inaugurate the first worldwide trade circuit?

A) The Spanish now controlled all of the world's major entrepôt cities.
B) Manila gave the Spanish a base to trade silver from the Americas to China,and then Chinese goods to Europe.
C) The Spanish had become the first people to sail all the way around the world.
D) Control of Manila enhanced Spanish power at the expense of the Mughals and Chinese,increasing Spanish control of trade networks.

Question 34

During the sixteenth century,to what use did Mughals put their increased global and local commerce?

A) They tried to force the Dutch and English out of the Indian Ocean trade.
B) They formed closer tributary ties with Ming China.
C) They sponsored their own voyages of exploration.
D) They used the resources to glorify their court's architecture and art.

Question 35

In what way was the rule of the Mughals under Akbar different from that of contemporary European monarchs?

A) European monarchs did not arrange political marriages with their rivals,while the Mughals did intermarry with Hindus.
B) The Mughals ruled over a Muslim state with few non-Muslim citizens,while European rulers ruled over states with many religious groups.
C) Akbar encouraged discussion between members of different religions,while Europeans fought for forty years to force religious conformity.
D) The Mughals relied on trade to generate wealth,while Europeans relied on agriculture.

Question 36

In the Council of Trent,the Catholic Church responded to the challenges posed by the Protestant Reformation in which of the following ways?

A) The Church modified certain doctrines such as the intercessory power of saints.
B) The Church sought to reform clerical corruption.
C) The Church recalled missionaries from outside Europe to take part in the religious debates.
D) The Church translated the Bible into local languages to appeal to more followers.

Question 37

What percent of the Amerindian population was killed by Afro-Eurasian diseases during the sixteenth century?

A) 90 percent
B) 70 percent
C) 50 percent
D) 30 percent

Question 38

What was a similarity between the Ming and the Mughal dynasties?

A) Both were able to limit European traders to port cities.
B) Both prided themselves on restoring indigenous rule after a period of foreign conquest.
C) Both faced declining populations due to the arrival of diseases from the Americas.
D) Both ruled over homogeneous populations.

Question 39

What did the Spanish use as a model for obtaining Amerindian labor for colonial mines?

A) The West African mode of sugar cane production
B) The Ottoman practice of devshirme
C) Aztec and Incan practices,such as the mita,that demanded labor from conquered villages
D) The Ming method of recruiting peasant labor for canal repairs

Question 40

Which of the following characterized Spanish tributary empires?

A) The Spanish refrained for religious reasons from intermingling with indigenous women who were part of their conscripted labor force.
B) The Spanish relied solely on European economic structures in order to gain access to goods and labor from native peoples.
C) The Spanish controlled territory but worked to extract wealth without extensive settlement of Iberian immigrants.
D) The Spanish retained indigenous rulers as puppets through whom they could govern.

Question 41

The Aztecs and Incas used conscripted labor to build public wealth,while the Spanish used forced labor to enrich private individuals.

Question 42

What were the differences between the tributary model of empire developed by the Spanish in the Americas and the plantation complex developed by the Portuguese? Define each of these terms,explain how each system worked,and consider what circumstances influenced each to develop as it did.

Question 43

In Mesoamerica,the introduction of European livestock such as swine,horses,and cattle destroyed entire landscapes with their hooves and foraging.

Question 44

Compare the influence of Europeans on the Ming Empire during the sixteenth century with their influence on the Aztec Empire and explain the reasons for the differing impact.

Question 45

What advantage was provided by the English East India Company's royal charter?

A) It gave the English more legitimacy than other European traders at the Mughal court.
B) It provided a subsidy from the English crown.
C) It gave exclusive rights to import East Indian goods into England.
D) It gave the right to leave coastal enclaves and trade in the Chinese interior.

Question 46

Assess the impact of silver from the Americas on trade,governance,and international relationships in at least two European powers as well as the Mughal Empire and Ming dynasty of China.

Question 47

The movement of the Chinese capital from Nanjing to Beijing was made possible by the reopening of the Grand Canal.

Question 48

Analyze the increasing interconnections between regions and hemispheres between 1000 and 1600.

Question 49

In Ming China,where did women find the greatest opportunities to obtain wealth and influence?

A) As performers in the new entertainment districts
B) As healers,consorts,and power brokers in the Forbidden City
C) As merchants in trading centers such as Macao
D) As authors of Confucian guides for proper behavior

Question 50

During the sixteenth century,what impact did the European presence in the Indian Ocean and South China Sea have on Asian dynasties?

A) The European presence undermined Asian rulers' control of territory and people.
B) The European presence encouraged the militarization of empires and more warfare.
C) The European presence was so minimal that it made no impact.
D) The European presence enhanced Asian rulers' wealth and might.

Question 51

Compare the ways that European rulers and Ottoman rulers dealt with issues of religious or cultural pluralism within their states in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.

Question 52

The Ottoman fleet was much smaller than the fleets of Ming China or Portugal.

Question 53

Following the Council of Trent,the Cistercians sent missionaries to the Americas,India,Japan,and China.