Deck 3: Cell Structure and Function

Question 1

Consider these two examples of tissues: 1. The body of a slime mold that flows over a rotten log appears to lack any partitioning into distinct cells; however, it does become cellular when it changes form and produces spores.
2) The surfaces of parasitic flatworms and some insect tissues are "syncytial" layers of living material that developed from a single cell but now contain many nuclei, though they lack partitioning by cell membranes. These tissues actively consume food and produce wastes.
If the cell theory states that "all living things are composed of cells," then

A) neither of these are living tissues because they violate the cell theory.
B) these examples prove that some vital force is involved, beyond normal cell structures, to give life to living organisms.
C) these tissues are obviously a bridge between nonliving and primitive living cells.
D) the general concept of life-is-cellular still holds, since these organisms still utilize cells at some time in their life cycles, though these examples show that cell membranes can be abandoned.
E) these examples demonstrate that cell membranes are a necessity if a cell is to be classified as "living."

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which structure regulates passage of molecules into and out of the bacterial cell?

A) plasma membrane
B) nucleus
C) mitochondria
D) chloroplast
E) flagella

Answer 2

A

Question 3

In some bacteria, the outermost layer is a gelatinous sheath known as

A) the nucleus.
B) the capsule.
C) the cell wall.
D) the cell membrane.
E) the DNA.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

What evidence would suggest that the fluid in the nucleus is different from the cytoplasm?

A) There is no pH difference between the two fluids.
B) Nucleoplasm flows freely back and forth between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.
C) Nuclear pores only permit passage of certain molecules into and out of the nucleus.
D) Light microscopy reveals no differences between the fluid within the nucleus and the fluid outside of the nucleus.

Question 5

A compound would make a good antibiotic if it affects a structure or process only found in bacterial cells and not in our eukaryotic cells. Which of the following actions would theoretically make a good antibiotic?

A) prevents repair of the peptidoglycan cell wall
B) damages the nuclear membrane
C) damages DNA
D) prevents ribosomes from producing proteins
E) stops cellular respiration

Question 6

Ribosomal RNA is produced in the

A) nucleolus.
B) Golgi apparatus.
C) ribosomes.
D) rough endoplasmic reticulum.
E) smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

Question 7

Circulating red blood cells in your body do not contain a nucleus and other organelles. Are these cells living?

A) Yes, because they are actively metabolizing and once contained organelles.
B) Yes, because they are capable of moving throughout the body in the circulation.
C) No, because they do not contain a nucleus, they cannot be living.
D) No, because red blood cells do not actively metabolize.
E) No, because they are now only part of a once living cell.

Question 8

Which of the following is the largest eukaryotic organelle?

A) ribosome
B) nucleus
C) lysosome
D) mitochondria
E) Golgi apparatus

Question 9

Which of the following structure(s) is/are only found in a plant cell?

A) centrioles
B) chloroplast
C) chromosomes
D) nucleus
E) lysosome

Question 10

Which of the following cell organelles is a good target for antibacterial drugs?

A) plasma membrane
B) DNA
C) ribosomes
D) cytoplasm
E) endoplasmic reticulum

Question 11

According to the cell theory

A) all organisms are composed of tissues.
B) the smallest unit of life is a nucleus.
C) animals but not plants are composed of cells.
D) a multicellular organism is composed of many cells.
E) new cells arise only from preexisting cells.

Question 12

Which of the following is a prokaryotic cell?

A) plant cell
B) liver cell
C) muscle cell
D) paramecium
E) bacterium

Question 13

The cell theory states

A) all organisms are composed of only one cell.
B) organelles are the basic living unit of structure and function of organisms.
C) all organisms are composed of cells.
D) all organisms are composed of only one cell AND organelles are the basic living unit of structure and function of organisms.
E) all multicellular organisms are unicellular at some point in their life cycle.

Question 14

Within eukaryotic cells, which organelle is surrounded by a double membrane and carries the coding that determines protein synthesis?

A) smooth endoplasmic reticulum
B) lysosome
C) nucleolus
D) nucleus
E) rough endoplasmic reticulum

Question 15

A researcher samples the waters of the boiling hot springs in Yellowstone National Park. Under the microscope, she observes what appear to be living cells in the water. If these indeed are living cells, which type of cell would they most likely be?

A) eukaryotic, animal
B) eukaryotic, plant
C) eukaryotic, fungi
D) prokaryotic, archaea
E) prokaryotic, bacteria

Question 16

Which of the following is true concerning the cell theory?

A) Matthias Schleiden stated that animals are composed of cells.
B) Anton van Leeuwenhoek is recognized for making some of the earliest microscopes.
C) Hooke researched animal tissues and discovered that they were all made of cells.
D) Theodor Schwann came to the conclusion that cells come from preexisting cells.
E) No one knows who first used the term "cells."

Question 17

Compared with a eukaryotic cell, a prokaryotic cell

A) lacks organelles beyond ribosomes.
B) is larger.
C) does not require energy.
D) is not living.
E) has no method of movement.

Question 18

Which nuclear structure(s) contain(s) the hereditary material?

A) nuclear envelope
B) chloroplasts
C) chromatin
D) nucleoplasm
E) mitochondria

Question 19

Surface-area-to-volume ratios indicate

A) cells must exceed a certain minimum size.
B) as cells get larger, their surface area actually decreases.
C) that the largest cells have a less proportionate need for food intake and waste removal.
D) a chicken egg is one cell which demonstrates the upper limit for metabolizing cell size.
E) as cells get larger, their surface area gets larger but at a slower rate than the volume increases.

Question 20

The nucleolus

A) contains RNA and is found in the nucleus.
B) contains polysaccharides and is found in the nucleus.
C) contains RNA and is found in the cytoplasm.
D) contains DNA and is found in the cytoplasm.
E) contains ribosome subunits and is found in the cytoplasm.

Question 21

The Golgi apparatus directs its protein products to the correct location in the cell based on

A) the specific molecule that is added and the molecule determines the destination in or out of the cell.
B) the DNA extending its long molecular helix to direct the protein through the Golgi apparatus and on to the final destination.
C) vesicles that constantly shuttle back and forth from the various cell destinations and these vesicles determine which protein in the Golgi apparatus to pick up and deliver.
D) proteins drifting away in all directions and are only used at the cell sites that need them.
E) how long it takes the vesicle to travel from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi.

Question 22

Which of the following would be a way of finishing this hypothesis about the function of the Golgi apparatus? If the Golgi apparatus is involved in packaging products for secretion, then

A) vesicles must travel from the Golgi to the cell surface.
B) vesicles must travel from the rough ER and smooth ER to the Golgi apparatus.
C) the Golgi apparatus must be part of the endomembrane system.
D) the Golgi apparatus must consist of 3 to 20 slightly curved sacs.
E) the Golgi apparatus would contain proteins.

Question 23

Which cellular structure is responsible for packaging materials within the cell?

A) mitochondria
B) chloroplasts
C) Golgi apparatus
D) ribosomes
E) lysosomes

Question 24

Since all organisms carry on cellular respiration, all living cells must contain mitochondria.

Question 25

Both plant and animal cells have mitochondria because they both

A) carry on photosynthesis.
B) have a large central vacuole.
C) have endoplasmic reticulum.
D) need ATP for energy.
E) have lysosomal hydrolytic enzymes.

Question 26

Which of the following would be a function of the peroxisomes?

A) break down carbohydrates in the liver
B) break down red blood cells in the spleen
C) help germinating seeds convert fatty acids into molecules that can be converted to sugars
D) store toxic materials in the cell
E) metabolize proteins during cellular respiration

Question 27

If an active cell produces an important protein for secretion, what is the correct sequence of organelles that are involved in the production of the protein?

A) endoplasmic reticulum → ribosomes → Golgi apparatus
B) ribosomes → endoplasmic reticulum → Golgi apparatus
C) endoplasmic reticulum → Golgi apparatus → ribosomes
D) Golgi apparatus → endoplasmic reticulum → ribosomes
E) ribosomes → Golgi apparatus → endoplasmic reticulum

Question 28

Where are pigments and toxins stored in plant cells?

A) chloroplast
B) lysosomes
C) peroxisomes
D) vacuole
E) mitochondria

Question 29

The "powerhouse" of the cell is the

A) chloroplast.
B) mitochondrion.
C) Golgi apparatus.
D) ribosome.
E) centriole.

Question 30

You are investigating a cell under the microscope and you realize the cell is missing ribosomes. Based on what you know about ribsomes, the cell would

A) be unable to form a spindle apparatus.
B) be unable to synthesize proteins.
C) be unable to respire.
D) would hydrolyze too much fat.
E) form extra lysosomes.

Question 31

Ribosomes are composed of

A) DNA and RNA.
B) DNA and protein.
C) only protein.
D) RNA and protein.
E) only DNA.

Question 32

What evidence suggests that proteins are synthesized and modified in the rough ER as opposed to the smooth ER?

A) Ribosomes are associated with the surface of the rough ER.
B) Ribosomes are associated with the surface of the smooth ER.
C) Proteins can be found in the membrane of the rough ER but not the smooth ER.
D) The smooth ER functions in the synthesis of phospholipids.
E) Smooth ER is continuous with rough ER.

Question 33

In plants, chloroplasts are necessary for

A) respiration.
B) secretion.
C) photosynthesis.
D) storage.
E) cell movement.

Question 34

Proteins are processed and modified in the interior of the

A) mitochondria.
B) nucleus.
C) chloroplasts.
D) rough endoplasmic reticulum.
E) smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

Question 35

When a lysosome fuses with a vacuole,

A) they both disappear.
B) they both return to the Golgi apparatus.
C) protein synthesis begins.
D) division begins.
E) its contents are digested.

Question 36

Which organelle primarily functions to package or regulate the production of H₂O₂?

A) lysosome
B) vacuole
C) Golgi apparatus
D) endoplasmic reticulum
E) peroxisome

Question 37

Tay-Sachs is a serious childhood metabolic disorder where ________ fail to digest certain lipids.

A) lysosomes
B) nucleoli
C) mitochondria
D) Golgi apparatus
E) centrioles

Question 38

Cellular respiration is most closely associated with the

A) Golgi apparatus.
B) ribosome.
C) mitochondrion.
D) chloroplast.
E) microtubule.

Question 39

Tissues that produce large amounts of secretions, such as the gastric glands of the stomach, contain cells with large numbers of

A) lysosomes.
B) nucleoli.
C) centrioles.
D) mitochondria.
E) Golgi apparatus.

Question 40

Which organelle will take in carbon dioxide and give off oxygen and water?

A) lysosome
B) Golgi apparatus
C) mitochondrion
D) chloroplast
E) endoplasmic reticulum

Question 41

Which of the following would be considered evidence that chloroplasts are involved in photosynthesis?

A) Isolated chloroplasts give off oxygen when exposed to sunlight.
B) Plants that are green contain chloroplasts.
C) Both plants and algae have chloroplasts.
D) Plants have both chloroplasts and mitochondria.
E) Chloroplasts contain thylakoids which are stacked in structures called grana.

Question 42

Which organelle has 13 rows of tubulin dimers around an empty central core?

A) flagella
B) microtubules
C) actin filaments
D) intermediate filaments
E) cilia

Question 43

Which organelles have a 9 + 2 pattern of microtubules?

A) cilia and centrioles
B) cilia and flagella
C) centrioles and flagella
D) chloroplasts and mitochondria
E) mitochondria and centrioles

Question 44

During photosynthesis, solar energy is converted to chemical energy by the chloroplasts. The process is represented by

A) carbohydrate + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy.
B) carbohydrate + carbon dioxide → oxygen + water + energy.
C) solar energy + oxygen + water → carbohydrate + oxygen.
D) solar energy + carbon dioxide + water → carbohydrate + oxygen.
E) solar energy → carbohydrate + oxygen.

Question 45

Mitochondria are bounded by a double membrane. The inner-filled space is called the matrix, which contains ________ that break down carbohydrate products, releasing ________ to be used for ATP production.

A) DNA/energy
B) ribosomes/carbon dioxide
C) RNA/energy
D) enzymes/energy

Question 46

Which of these is mismatched?

A) cilia-microtubules
B) centrioles-spindle
C) mitochondria-stroma
D) lysosomes-hydrolytic enzymes
E) ribosomes-RNA

Question 47

Which of the following is a function of the cytoskeleton?

A) digest worn out cell parts
B) anchors organelles in place within a cell
C) directs the synthesis of proteins
D) stores calcium in muscle tissue
E) prepares proteins for export out of the cell

Question 48

Which of these is unique to plant cells?

A) nucleus
B) centrioles
C) cell membrane
D) Golgi apparatus
E) chloroplasts

Question 49

The motor molecules associated with actin filaments in muscle cells are called

A) centrosomes.
B) centrioles.
C) dynein.
D) myosin.
E) kinesin.

Question 50

Since cyanobacteria do not contain chloroplasts and yet they photosynthesize, chloroplasts are not required for photosynthesis.

Question 51

Which organelle will give off oxygen and use up carbon dioxide in plants?

A) Golgi apparatus
B) rough endoplasmic reticulum
C) lysosome
D) mitochondrion
E) chloroplast

Question 52

When viewed through a microscope, one characteristic of living cells is that their internal structures move. Which two organelles are most directly responsible for this motion we see?

A) cell membrane and nucleus
B) ribosomes and endoplasmic reticulum
C) centrioles and cell wall
D) mitochondria and cytoskeleton
E) chloroplasts and lysosomes

Question 53

Which of the following is a correct association of cell organelles and function?

A) lysosome-anchoring cell organelles
B) mitochondrion-photosynthesis
C) nucleolus - storage of DNA
D) cell wall-regulate molecule passage in and out of animal cells
E) vacuole-storage of chemicals

Question 54

In a certain group of people, males are more subject to respiratory infections and are sterile. The most likely explanation for this disease is malfunctioning

A) lysosomes.
B) intermediate filaments.
C) actin filaments.
D) rough endoplasmic reticulum.
E) cilia and flagella.

Question 55

Microtubules

A) are composed mostly of lipid.
B) form a spindle that distributes chromosomes in an orderly manner.
C) may be associated with metabolism.
D) are found in the nucleus.
E) are composed of actin.

Question 56

Centrioles

A) consist of a 9 + 2 pattern.
B) are short cylinders of microtubules surrounding a hollow center.
C) carry on cellular respiration.
D) are found in plant cells.
E) are composed of actin.

Question 57

Kinesin and dynein are associated with

A) microtubules.
B) actin filaments.
C) Golgi apparatus.
D) intermediate filaments.
E) endoplasmic reticulum.

Question 58

In a person with a disease in which the mitochondria do not produce enough energy for the cell, which organs would be the most severely affected?

A) muscles
B) liver
C) skin
D) stomach
E) ovaries/testes

Question 59

Brock's father has inherited a mitochondrial disease. Is Brock in danger of also having this disease?

A) Yes
B) No

Question 60

Thylakoids and cristae are, respectively, structures of

A) lysosomes and the endoplasmic reticulum.
B) the nucleus and nucleolus.
C) chloroplasts and mitochondria.
D) mitochondria and chloroplasts.
E) the cell wall and the plasma membrane.

Question 61

Which type of cells will have modifications that increase the surface-area-to-volume ratio?

A) cells that specialize in absorption
B) cells that specialize in gas exchange
C) cells that secrete proteins
D) cells that secrete lipids
E) cells that form a waterproof barrier

Question 62

If the chloroplast is the result of endosymbiosis, which membrane of the chloroplast represents the plasma membrane of the original prokaryote?

A) the outer chloroplast membrane
B) the inner chloroplast membrane
C) crista
D) thylakoid membrane
E) granum

Question 63

According to the endosymbiotic theory, early eukaryotic cells became the mitochondria and chloroplasts found in prokaryotic cells.

Question 64

List the key similarities and differences between archaea and bacteria.

Question 65

Because mitochondria were once independently living prokaryotic cells, if removed from a eukaryotic cell they can survive independently.

Question 66

Explain why cells are considered the basic unit of life.

Question 67

Which of the following cells were most likely the first type of cells on Earth?

A) bacteria
B) fungi
C) archaea
D) plants
E) animals

Question 68

Actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules are all similar in that each is composed of a single type of protein.

Question 69

If the mitochondrion is the result of endosymbiosis, which membrane of the mitochondrion represents the engulfing vesicle?

A) the outer mitochondrial membrane
B) the vacuole membrane
C) the nuclear membrane
D) the thylakoid membrane
E) the inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 70

All cells must have centrioles in order to divide via mitosis or meiosis.

Question 71

The endosymbiotic theory argues that prokaryotic cells became some of the organelles of early eukaryotic cells. Which of the following supports this theory?

A) Mitochondria and chloroplasts are similar to bacteria in size and structure.
B) Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA.
C) The DNA of mitochondria and chloroplasts is a circular loop like that of prokaryotes.
D) The ribosomes of mitochondria and chloroplasts resemble those of prokaryotes.
E) All the answers support the endosymbiotic theory.

Question 72

Explain how the nuclear envelope of eukaryotic cells could have arisen.

Question 73

Explain the purpose of cilia, flagella, and centrosomes in the cell.

Question 74

Compare the structural differences between actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.

Question 75

The primary plant cell wall and the bacterial cell wall are both composed of peptidoglycan.