Deck 12: Raising Children: Promises and Pitfalls

Question 1

The frustrations and uncertainties a person experiences when the expectations of two or more roles are incompatible is called role

A)conflict
B)strain
C)incompatibility
D)variation

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Maternal gatekeeping tends to

A)decrease the involvement of fathers in their children's lives.
B)encourage fathers to become more responsible for child care.
C)treat fathers as capable parents.
D)increase the father's involvement in childcare at the expense of the mother's involvement.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Role __________ involves conflicts that someone feels within a role.

A)conflict
B)strain
C)incompatibility
D)variation

Answer 3

B

Question 4

__________ U.S.adults favor spanking as a method of disciplining a child.

A)Almost no
B)A minority of
C)About half of
D)A majority of

Question 5

Which of the following is FALSE concerning parental authority and responsibility?

A)Many parents feel that they have less authority in raising kids now than parents had in the past.
B)Parents must compete with the media in teaching their children values.
C)Parental responsibility has increased over time.
D)Most parents are not held responsible for the behavior of their children.

Question 6

__________ fathers seek freedom from family commitment and distance themselves-usually after a marital breakup-from both their former spouses and children.

A)Breadwinner
B)Autonomous
C)Involved
D)Absentee

Question 7

The expectation that mothering "comes naturally" creates three problems.Which of the following is NOT one of these?

A)It assumes that a good mother will be perfect if she simply follows her instincts.
B)It implies that there is something wrong with a mother who does not devote 100 percent of her life to child rearing.
C)It discourages the involvement of other adults,such as fathers or other caretakers.
D)It encourages mothers to spend too much time reading child care manuals.

Question 8

Of the almost 74 million American children under age 18,the majority live with

A)married parents.
B)one parent.
C)no parent present.
D)two unmarried parents.

Question 9

Which of the following statements about babies is true?

A)Babies are passive recipients of care.
B)Babies are active participants in their own development.
C)Caring for babies is an instinctive behavior.
D)Babies adapt their behaviors to the parents' needs.

Question 10

Four factors contribute to parents' role strain.Which of the following is NOT one of these?

A)increased responsibility
B)realistic role expectations
C)decreased authority
D)high parenting standards

Question 11

Which of the following is true about parenting?

A)It is natural.
B)Parents socialize babies,babies do not socialize parents.
C)Parents and babies socialize each other.
D)Parenting experts always give out good advice.

Question 12

Which of the following is not a characteristic of the "new momism"?

A)It is highly romanticized.
B)It is demanding.
C)It requires mothers to work outside the home.
D)Its standards for success are impossible to meet.

Question 13

Which of the following statements about the internalization of parental roles is FALSE?

A)Internalization affects our sense of who we are.
B)Internalization is something that mothers do rather than fathers.
C)Internalization affects our sense of right and wrong.
D)Internalization changes both partners.

Question 14

__________ fathers participate extensively in the daily tasks of child rearing and nurturing,although they may not share equal responsibility for their children's care.

A)Breadwinner
B)Autonomous
C)Involved
D)Absentee

Question 15

Unlike our expectations for other roles in our society,parents are expected to

A)be bad parents with their first child but to improve with subsequent children.
B)make many mistakes raising their children.
C)succeed with every child.
D)do whatever feels right to them regardless of societal expectations.

Question 16

According to research findings concerning the amount of time mothers spend caring for children,

A)both working and stay-at-home mothers spend more time caring for their children than their own mothers did.
B)working mothers spend less time caring for children than their own mothers did.
C)stay-at-home mothers spend less time caring for children than their own mothers did.
D)working mothers usually have a third party,such as a nanny,care for their children.

Question 17

A "deadbeat dad" who does not provide child support for his children after a divorce would be an example of a(n)

A)breadwinner father.
B)autonomous father.
C)involved father.
D)absentee father.

Question 18

Dan and Andrea are married with two kids.Although they both work fulltime,Dan views himself as the primary earner.He views fatherhood mainly as an economic responsibility and prefers that Andrea take care of home and children.Dan is an example of a

A)breadwinner father.
B)autonomous father.
C)involved father.
D)absentee father.

Question 19

Kevin feels that to be a good father,he should engage in daily tasks of child rearing,such as feeding his children breakfast before they go to school,making dinner at night,helping the kids to clean their rooms,and reading to them at bedtime.He is an example of a(n)

A)breadwinner father.
B)autonomous father.
C)involved father.
D)absentee father.

Question 20

Which of the following is true concerning the transition to parenthood?

A)Parents help each other learn the role of parent.
B)Usually mothers care for the child rather than fathers.
C)Most parents know instinctively what it means to be a good parent.
D)The role of parent comes naturally for most mothers.

Question 21

According to which theorist do people pass through a series of stages in their lifetime according to how well they meet the "crises" presented at each stage?

A)Erikson
B)Freud
C)Mead
D)Piaget

Question 22

During which stage of Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory do children develop a physical understanding of their environment through touching,seeing,hearing,and moving around?

A)sensorimotor stage
B)preoperational stage
C)concrete operational stage
D)formal operational stage

Question 23

According to the text's discussion of low-SES families,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Compared with middle-SES parents,low-SES parents give infants greater opportunity for daily stimulation.
B)Depression is higher among economically disadvantaged mothers than higher income mothers.
C)The most vulnerable low-SES families are those formed by adolescents.
D)Especially in single-mother families,children may not be allowed to grow up or develop independence.

Question 24

According to the text's discussion of middle-SES families,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Middle-SES parents have more money,time and education to enhance their children's development.
B)Middle-SES mothers tend to talk to their infants more,and in more sophisticated ways.
C)Middle-SES parents are more likely than lower-SES parents to seek professional advice about child development.
D)Middle-SES fathers feel that they show their commitment to parenthood by working fewer hours so they can spend more time with their kids.

Question 25

Which theorist believed that children play an active role in learning,processing information,and seeking knowledge?

A)Erikson
B)Freud
C)Mead
D)Piaget

Question 26

During which stage of Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory do children learn to discern cause and effect and begin to understand the views of others?

A)sensorimotor stage
B)preoperational stage
C)concrete operational stage
D)formal operational stage

Question 27

If both partners believe that the mother is innately more nurturing

A)the father will try to do more childcare to prove his own abilities as a parent.
B)the father may back off while the mother deepens her emotional connection with the children.
C)the mother will try to get the father to do basic child care tasks in order to bolster his self-esteem.
D)the parents will share childcare activities equally so that the father can learn how to be a good parent.

Question 28

Which of the following is a myth about child development?

A)You can tell in infancy how bright a child is likely to be later on.
B)Babies can be overstimulated.
C)Special talents can surface in adolescence or even later.
D)Babies can understand the facial expressions and voice tones of the people around them.

Question 29

Which theorist focused on social interaction as the core of the developing human being?

A)Piaget
B)Erikson
C)Mead
D)Freud

Question 30

According to Mead,as a child matures,he or she learns to identify with the generalized other,or

A)parental expectations.
B)the family's values and norms.
C)society's norms and values.
D)pretend rules.

Question 31

According to Erikson's Psychosocial Theory of Development,at each stage of development,the individual faces a

A)general sense of identity confusion.
B)crisis of abandonment.
C)general task to integrate knowledge.
D)specific challenge that presents both tasks and risks.

Question 32

During which stage of Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory do children develop the ability to reason using abstract concepts?

A)sensorimotor stage
B)preoperational stage
C)concrete operational stage
D)formal operational stage

Question 33

As children acculturate,parental supervision and control tends to

A)decrease.
B)increase.
C)stay the same.
D)fluctuates depending on how well the child is behaving.

Question 34

Which racial-ethnic group is least likely to read to their young children?

A)Latinos
B)African Americans
C)Asian Americans
D)whites

Question 35

According to Mead,a child first learns by

A)imitating the behavior of specific people such as his or her parents.
B)playing with friends.
C)engaging in pretend play.
D)engaging in organized activities and games.

Question 36

Which theorist traces childhood development through the sensorimotor stage,preoperational stage,concrete operational stage,and formal operational stage?

A)Mead
B)Erikson
C)Piaget
D)Freud

Question 37

Mead believed that an infant is a tabula rasa.In other words,a baby is born with

A)biological urges that shape its behavior.
B)instincts that allow it to grow and develop.
C)no inborn predisposition to behave in any particular way.
D)an understanding of its environment that promotes emotional connection with others.

Question 38

During which stage of Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory do children learn to use symbols,but still have difficulty seeing things from another person's viewpoint?

A)sensorimotor stage
B)preoperational stage
C)concrete operational stage
D)formal operational stage

Question 39

According to the text's discussion of parenting infants and babies,

A)expecting and having babies is,essentially,the same thing.
B)bed sharing is only common in the United States.
C)crying is the most powerful way a baby can get attention.
D)babies are less demanding than older children.

Question 40

Which theorist traces childhood development through the imitation stage,play stage,and the game stage?

A)Piaget
B)Mead
C)Erikson
D)Freud

Question 41

Which of the following statements about children's structured activities is TRUE?

A)Most structured activities are neither exciting or enjoyable for kids.
B)Since most structured activities are competitive,they decrease children's self-esteem.
C)Children who engage in many structured activities tend to engage in unhealthy behaviors such as drinking to deal with the stress.
D)Structured activities provide valuable interpersonal interactions.

Question 42

Which of the following statements concerning adult children living at home with their parents is false?

A)The situation tends to be more stressful if the child tries to do too much around the home.
B)Some parents report that they are tolerant of but unhappy with the return of their children.
C)Some parents are willing to support a child who has a low-paying job they love.
D)Adult children and their parents often benefit by sharing some household expenses and child care,especially if they respect each other's privacy.

Question 43

If adult children help pay for some of the household expenses,take over physically demanding chores,and care for their aging parents who get sick or need assistance,child-parent relationships generally

A)improve.
B)get worse.
C)do not change if the relationship was already good.
D)improve but only if the aging parents also significantly helps the child.

Question 44

As teens become more independent and more likely to confide in friends,parents may feel

A)rejected and suspicious.
B)happy that their children are able to make friends.
C)relieved that their child rearing years are winding down.
D)satisfied that they have done a good job raising their children.

Question 45

Which of the following statements about medicating children is FALSE?

A)Many researchers are concerned that physicians and parents are overmedicating their children.
B)Antipsychotic drugs are being given as "quick fixes" to children who "act out."
C)Research shows that children ages 2 to 4 have been given stimulants,antidepressants,and tranquilizers.
D)Most drugs given to children have been tested on children and are known to be safe.

Question 46

Since 1960,the percent of adults aged 25 to 34 living with their parents has

A)decreased.
B)increased.
C)remained unchanged.
D)fluctuated.

Question 47

According to the text's discussion of parents' and children's inputs in parenting,

A)good or bad parenting impacts a child's behavior more than the child's inborn dispositions.
B)parents shape a child's environment but each baby arrives in the world with its own genes,physical appearance,temperament,and personality.
C)although children are born with certain personality traits,their environment determines their temperaments as adults.
D)Children in the same family tend to be very similar as they have the same ethnicity and social class,attend the same schools,and share some of the same genetic based traits.

Question 48

Who is most likely to live at home?

A)Men,age 18-24 years old.
B)Women,age 18-24 years old.
C)Men,age 25-34 years old.
D)Women,age 25-34 years old.

Question 49

When a homosexual child comes out to heterosexual parents,many parents react

A)positively as they are happy their child was willing to confide in them.
B)negatively because they think their children could be heterosexual if they wanted to be.
C)positively because most parents want their children to act in ways that will make them happy.
D)negatively because they believe their child is lying to them.

Question 50

Which of the following is an accurate statement concerning the effect of normal adolescent development on the teen's parents?

A)Parenting teens causes the parents' marriage to become worse.
B)Parenting teenagers adds to marital role strain but doesn't necessarily cause it.
C)Most parents have happy marriages until their children reach the teen years.
D)Normal adolescent development does not appear to have an effect on the parents' marriage.

Question 51

According to the text,which of the following statements about the outcomes for teenagers is accurate?

A)Most adolescents manage to reach adulthood without major problems.
B)Teens have a greater sense of psychological well-being before age 18 than after.
C)Young adults are less happy as they move into their 20s as they begin to lose childhood friends.
D)Most parents assume that their ability to nurture positive qualities in their children ends around age 13.

Question 52

A number of studies of adolescents growing up with same-sex parents have concluded that

A)what matters is not the gender of the parents,but the quality of their relationships with their children.
B)these children tend to do worse in school even if their relationships with their parents is good.
C)most of these children have significant behavioral problems.
D)lesbian couples do a better job raising children than gay male couples.

Question 53

According to Diana Baumrind,parenting styles can vary on two dimensions.The __________ dimension refers to the amount of affection,acceptance,warmth,and caring that a parent provides to a child.

A)love
B)support
C)control
D)discipline

Question 54

__________ parents provide some form of help to at least one of their adult children.

A)Very few
B)A minority of
C)A majority of
D)All

Question 55

According to the text's discussion of daily interaction between parents and children,

A)most children under the age of 6 do not interact with their parents a great deal.
B)interaction with parents has little effect on children learning self-control.
C)the majority of children have dinner with one or both parents every day.
D)father's child-rearing involvement has decreased.

Question 56

While living at home,young adults tend to

A)save a lot of money enabling them to move out quickly.
B)spend their money rather than saving it.
C)pay rent to their parents making it harder to save money and move out.
D)have little money as they are usually unemployed.

Question 57

Parents who hover over their kids,micromanaging every aspect of their lives,are know as

A)helicopter parents.
B)concerned parents.
C)child-centered parents.
D)authoritarian parents.

Question 58

Which of the following is NOT a reason why "boomerang" children would move back into their parent's home?

A)They are delaying marriage.
B)They can not maintain a middle-class lifestyle.
C)They believe their parents are unable to care for themselves.
D)Their parents take care of them physically and financially.

Question 59

In the 1960s and 1970s,sociologists described a stage in child rearing when parents,typically in their 50s,find themselves alone at home after their children have married,gone to college,or found jobs and moved out.This stage was referred to as the "__________."

A)boomerang stage
B)launching stage
C)empty nest
D)lonely time

Question 60

Compared with 1981,children have __________ free play time.

A)about the same amount of
B)less
C)more
D)no

Question 61

Studies of corporal punishment have found that it

A)has no effect on children's behavior.
B)makes children more compliant in the long-term.
C)increases the child's aggression and misbehavior.
D)works if it is used correctly and consistently.

Question 62

Who is most likely to be a latchkey kid?

A)older rather than younger children
B)children of single-parents rather than of dual-employed,married parents
C)children of young parents rather than older parents
D)children in families living in or near poverty

Question 63

In which approach to parenting are parents highly demanding,rigid,and punitive?

A)authoritarian parenting
B)permissive parenting
C)authoritative parenting
D)uninvolved parenting

Question 64

Although there are exceptions,a number of studies show that healthy child development is most likely to occur in __________ family settings.

A)authoritarian
B)permissive
C)authoritative
D)uninvolved

Question 65

Which type of parent would be likely to say,"You cannot go to the dance because I said so"?

A)a permissive parent
B)an authoritative parent
C)an authoritarian parent
D)an uninvolved parent

Question 66

According to the text,which of the following statements about discipline and self-control is true?

A)Children must learn discipline,because self-control is not innate.
B)Parents use discipline to develop their children's innate sense of self-control.
C)Discipline is not effective in helping children learn self-control.
D)Few children need discipline as most master self-control on their own.

Question 67

Which type of parent would be likely to say,"Sure,you can go to the dance if you want to"?

A)a permissive parent
B)an authoritative parent
C)an authoritarian parent
D)an uninvolved parent

Question 68

Which of the following is NOT one of the building blocks of discipline for parents?

A)Be consistent.
B)Understand problem behavior.
C)Allow temper tantrums to run their course.
D)Give children reasonable choices.

Question 69

Which of the following is true about the impact absentee fathers have on their children?

A)There is little impact,as long as the mother can maintain a middle-class lifestyle.
B)The father's departure tends to reduce a single-mother family's resource even further.
C)The effect on children is more social than economic.
D)Most absentee fathers continue to support their children socially rather than economically.

Question 70

The family in which both parents are employed full-time outside the home is called a

A)traditional nuclear family.
B)latchkey family.
C)DEWKS family.
D)PODS family.

Question 71

In which parenting style are parents neither supporting nor demanding because they are indifferent?

A)authoritarian parenting
B)permissive parenting
C)authoritative parenting
D)uninvolved parenting

Question 72

Corporal punishment tends to be more common

A)among middle-class parents.
B)in the North.
C)for boys (particularly firstborns).
D)by fathers.

Question 73

Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons researchers have offered for recommending against the spanking of children?

A)Physical punishment sends the message that it is acceptable to hurt someone you love.
B)Physical punishment retards intellectual development.
C)Human beings do not feel love toward others who strike them.
D)Physical punishment deprives children of the opportunity to learn effective problem solving.

Question 74

Which type of parent would be likely to say,"You can go to the dance,but you have to finish packing before you go and come home earlier than usual,because we are leaving for a trip early in the morning"?

A)a permissive parent
B)an authoritative parent
C)an authoritarian parent
D)an uninvolved parent

Question 75

In which parenting style are parents demanding but also responsive and supportive?

A)authoritarian parenting
B)permissive parenting
C)authoritative parenting
D)uninvolved parenting

Question 76

Which type of parent would be likely to say,"I don't care if you go to the dance or not; just stop interrupting what I'm doing"?

A)a permissive parent
B)an authoritative parent
C)an authoritarian parent
D)an uninvolved parent

Question 77

According to Diana Baumrind,parenting styles can vary on two dimensions.The __________ dimension refers to the degree of flexibility a parent shows in guiding a child's behavior.

A)love
B)support
C)control
D)discipline

Question 78

Children who return home after school and let themselves in to an empty house or apartment,where they are alone and unsupervised until their parents or another adult come home are referred to as

A)single-parent kids.
B)self-sitting kids.
C)latchkey kids.
D)super kids.

Question 79

According to the text,which of the following statements about verbal punishment is true?

A)Very few parents yell,scream,or shout at their infants or one-year-old children.
B)Parents from lower socioeconomic classes are more likely to use verbal punishment than parents of higher socioeconomic classes.
C)Almost all parents use verbal and psychological aggression to control or change their children's behavior.
D)Most parents feel comfortable admitting that they verbally punish their children.

Question 80

In which parenting style are parents warm,responsive,and non-demanding?

A)authoritarian parenting
B)permissive parenting
C)authoritative parenting
D)uninvolved parenting