Deck 28: Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems

Question 1

The nephrons that determine the concentration of the urine are _____ nephrons.

A) juxtamedullary
B) juxtacortical
C) cortical
D) medullary

Answer 1

juxtamedullary

Question 2

Together, the glomerulus and Bowman capsule are referred to as the renal:

A) corpuscle.
B) capsule.
C) medulla.
D) pyramid.

Answer 2

corpuscle.

Question 3

Plasma proteins are not commonly found in the urine because:

A) all proteins filtered are subsequently reabsorbed.
B) all of the plasma proteins are too large to fit through the filtration slits.
C) all proteins filtered are subsequently degraded before elimination.
D) the negative charge of the glomerular filtration membrane repels the plasma proteins.

Answer 3

the negative charge of the glomerular filtration membrane repels the plasma proteins.

Question 4

The portion of the male urethra that is closest to the bladder is the:

A) membranous portion.
B) prostatic portion.
C) cavernous portion.
D) vas deferens portion.

Question 5

The renal structure that drains directly into the minor calyces is the:

A) distal tubule.
B) collecting duct.
C) pyramid.
D) renal pelvis.

Question 6

The functional unit of the kidney is the:

A) calyx.
B) nephron.
C) collecting duct.
D) pyramid.

Question 7

All of the following are components of the nephron except the:

A) loop of Henle.
B) renal corpuscle.
C) proximal tubule.
D) renal pelvis.

Question 8

Which of the following structures supplies blood to the medulla?

A) Renal arteries
B) Arcuate arteries
C) Peritubular capillaries
D) Vasa recta

Question 9

The region of the kidneys that contains the glomeruli is the:

A) medulla.
B) cortex.
C) pyramids.
D) columns.

Question 10

Just before entering the ureter, urine passes through the:

A) collecting duct.
B) renal pelvis.
C) urethra.
D) major calyx.

Question 11

The renin-angiotensin system will be activated by:

A) increased blood volume.
B) elevated sodium concentrations.
C) decreased blood pressure in the afferent arterioles.
D) renal hypoxia.

Question 12

On average the kidneys receive approximately _____ of the cardiac output.

A) 10% to 20%
B) 15% to 20%
C) 20% to 25%
D) 30% to 35%

Question 13

The filtration of the plasma per unit of time is known as the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). GFR is directly related to the:

A) perfusion pressure in the glomerular capillaries.
B) oncotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries.
C) vascular resistance in the glomerular arterioles.
D) hydrostatic pressure in the Bowman capsule.

Question 14

_____ nephrons account for 85% of all nephrons.

A) Juxtamedullary
B) Juxtacortical
C) Cortical
D) Medullary

Question 15

The blood vessels of the kidneys are innervated by the:

A) vagus nerve.
B) sympathetic nervous system.
C) somatic nervous system.
D) parasympathetic nervous system.

Question 16

The trigone is defined as:

A) the orifice of the ureter.
B) the inner area of the kidney.
C) a triangular area between the openings of the two ureters and the urethra.
D) the three divisions of the loop of Henle.

Question 17

On average, what percentage of renal plasma flow to the glomerulus is filtered into the Bowman capsule?

A) 20%
B) 40%
C) 50%
D) 75%

Question 18

The sodium-sensing cells of the glomerulus are called the:

A) podocytes.
B) macula densa.
C) mesangial cells.
D) loop of Henle.

Question 19

Renal secretion of renin causes the direct activation of:

A) angiotensin I.
B) angiotensin II.
C) antidiuretic hormone.
D) aldosterone.

Question 20

Lying between the layers of the renal corpuscle is a population of phagocytic cells called:

A) podocytes.
B) macula densa cells.
C) mesangial cells.
D) renal macrophages.

Question 21

The percentage of filtered sodium that is subsequently reabsorbed back into the plasma in the renal tubules is 99.5%. The majority of this sodium reabsorption takes place in the:

A) proximal tubule.
B) loop of Henle.
C) distal tubule.
D) collecting duct.

Question 22

Oliguria is defined as a 24-hour urine output of less than:

A) 1000 ml.
B) 800 ml.
C) 500 ml.
D) 400 ml.

Question 23

A 35-year-old hypertensive male begins taking a diuretic. Which of the following is a common side effect of this medication?

A) Hypokalemia
B) Hyponatremia
C) Increased uric acid secretion
D) Hypernatremia

Question 24

Reabsorption of water in the collecting ducts requires which of these hormones?

A) Antidiuretic hormone
B) Atrial natriuretic factor
C) Renin
D) Aldosterone

Question 25

Glomerular filtration rate and plasma creatinine concentration are _____ related.

A) directly
B) indirectly
C) inversely
D) not

Question 26

The transport maximum for glucose refers to the:

A) maximum rate of glucose filtration.
B) glucose reabsorption that is limited by the number of carrier molecules.
C) small amounts of glucose found in the urine of most individuals.
D) ability of the kidneys to regulate blood glucose.

Question 27

A kidney has a glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure of 50 mm Hg, a Bowman capsule hydrostatic pressure of 15 mm Hg, and a glomerular capillary oncotic pressure of 12 mm Hg. What is the net filtration pressure?

A) 23 mm Hg
B) 27 mm Hg
C) 35 mm Hg
D) 38 mm Hg

Question 28

Which of these hormones synthesized and secreted by the kidneys stimulates bone marrow production of red blood cells?

A) Creatine
B) Aldosterone
C) Erythropoietin
D) Renin

Question 29

The best clinical measure of renal function is:

A) glomerular filtration rate.
B) circulating ADH levels.
C) volume of urine output.
D) urine-specific gravity.

Question 30

Which of the following substances are actively secreted by the renal tubules?

A) Sodium and chlorine
B) Phosphate and calcium
C) Hydrogen and potassium
D) Bicarbonate and carbonic acid

Question 31

What role do the kidneys play in vitamin D function?

A) Synthesizing vitamin D from cholesterol
B) Activating intestinally absorbed vitamin D
C) Metabolizing and breaking down vitamin D
D) Excreting excess vitamin D

Question 32

The descending segment of the loop of Henle primarily allows for:

A) sodium secretion.
B) potassium secretion.
C) hydrogen ion secretion.
D) water reabsorption.