Deck 8: Friendship and Love

Question 1

In a cross-cultural study of characteristics commonly sought in a mate, David Buss found all of the following except:

A) Intelligence was rated equally by males and females.
B) Females rated good earning capacity higher than males did.
C) Males ranked physical attractiveness higher than females did.
D) Both males and females rated physical attractiveness higher than kindness and understanding.

Answer 1

Both males and females rated physical attractiveness higher than kindness and understanding.

Question 2

Which of the following physical characteristics of males is least likely to be seen as physically attractive?

A) slim waists
B) thick legs
C) small buttocks
D) broad shoulders

Answer 2

thick legs

Question 3

Which of the following is not necessarily true about close relationships?

A) They are important.
B) They are long lasting.
C) They are interdependent.
D) They are emotionally intimate.

Answer 3

They are emotionally intimate.

Question 4

The great popularity of the Internet as an arena for socializing

A) has caused psychologists to reevaluate the importance of proximity and attractiveness in relationship development.
B) is interpreted by psychologists as one more sign of social isolation and alienation.
C) has caused researchers to suspect that self-disclosure is less important in relationship development than previously believed.
D) has been predicted to decline as this decade progresses.

Question 5

Which of the following facial features is most likely to be seen as attractive in men?

A) large eyes
B) broad jaw
C) small nose
D) prominent cheekbones

Question 6

Which of the following is not a factor influencing the nature of initial encounters between two people?

A) proximity
B) familiarity
C) resource exchange
D) physical attractiveness

Question 7

Which of the following facial features is not associated with physical attractiveness in women?

A) large eyes
B) small nose
C) narrow smile
D) prominent cheekbones

Question 8

A majority of college students identified which of the following as the person to whom they felt the closest?

A) friend
B) co-worker
C) family member
D) romantic partner

Question 9

____ refers to geographic, residential, and other forms of spatial closeness.

A) Proximity
B) Familiarity
C) Similarity
D) Personal space

Question 10

The mere exposure effect is most closely associated with which of the following factors in initial attraction?

A) proximity
B) familiarity
C) similarity
D) personal space

Question 11

Cultural views of love and marriage are linked to a culture's values and its

A) mortality rates.
B) economic health.
C) population.
D) divorce rates.

Question 12

Which of the following is probably not a true difference between arranged marriages and marriages based on romantic love?

A) Romantic love is valued in individualistic cultures.
B) Marriages based on love are happier than those that are arranged.
C) Love as a basis for marriage when placed in a historical context, is a relatively recent idea.
D) None of these statements is a true difference.

Question 13

The notion that love is a prerequisite for marriage

A) is a uniquely American tradition.
B) is a universal cultural phenomenon.
C) is a product of 18th century Western culture.
D) can be traced to Asian cultures of over 3000 years ago.

Question 14

If your initial reaction to a person is negative,

A) mere exposure will help you to gradually overcome that impression.
B) mere exposure will help you to rapidly overcome that impression.
C) mere exposure will most likely increase the intensity of that impression.
D) mere exposure will lead gradually to a tolerant indifference to that person.

Question 15

Which of the following statements about physical attractiveness is not true?

A) Attractiveness is an important factor in dating.
B) Males in particular reportedly prefer attractiveness in their same- and other-gender friends.
C) When it comes to their behavior, women are influenced by physical attractiveness.
D) Homosexuals place more importance on the physical attractiveness of their dating partners than do heterosexuals.

Question 16

Across ethnic groups, nationalities, and genders there is general agreement

A) that attractive facial features are important.
B) that body build is not so important.
C) that there is an overemphasis on thinness for women.
D) that looks really don't count for much in the early phase of a relationship.

Question 17

Physical attractiveness

A) plays a major role in dating.
B) is only important to men.
C) is only important in heterosexual relationships.
D) is not important in friendships.

Question 18

The matching hypothesis suggests that people of similar ____ gravitate toward each other.

A) intellectual ability
B) personal warmth
C) physical attractiveness
D) academic accomplishment

Question 19

One factor that may contribute to the success of online relationships is

A) the "absence makes the heart grow fonder" effect.
B) that similarity of interests and values may play a greater role than initial attraction.
C) the excitement of the idea of forming a "dangerous liaison" with a stranger.
D) that the lack of emphasis on self-disclosure has a protective effect in online relationships.

Question 20

One should be cautious in interpreting the results of surveys on the importance of physical attractiveness in romantic relationships because

A) the research results are several decades old and therefore may not be relevant to current relationship concerns.
B) people's verbal reports often do not match their true attitudes and behaviors.
C) the definition of physical attractiveness varies significantly from person to person.
D) studies of attractiveness are concerned only with the role of physique in attraction.

Question 21

Which of the following adages has the most empirical support?

A) "Birds of a feather flock together."
B) "Opposites attract."
C) "Similarity breeds contempt."
D) All of these have equally high support.

Question 22

Evolutionary explanations for dating and mating habits include

A) familiarity
B) the matching hypothesis
C) parental investment theory
D) all of these

Question 23

Attitude alignment is

A) picking a partner based on similarity with our own attitudes.
B) modifying our attitude to be more similar to our partner.
C) insisting our partner agree with us.
D) breaking up if our partner does not agree with our values.

Question 24

Heterosexual married and dating couples tend to be similar in all of the following ways except

A) physical attractiveness.
B) intelligence.
C) attitudes.
D) athleticism

Question 25

Kelly thinks she works hard to make sure that her relationship with her boyfriend Michael is fulfilling and fun. However, lately she has begun to think that Michael doesn't appreciate her efforts. According to ____, this relationship might not last.

A) social learning theory
B) social exchange theory
C) the matching hypothesis
D) the notion of reciprocal liking

Question 26

According to evolutionary psychologists, women seeking a prospective mate are likely to display the most interest in characteristics that denote a man's

A) intelligence.
B) financial prospects.
C) reproductive capacity.
D) capacity for resource acquisition.

Question 27

Characteristics such as overall personality are important

A) in a sexual partner for women.
B) in a sexual partner for men.
C) in both sexual and marriage partners for men and women.
D) for women, but not for men in marriage.

Question 28

____ involves the actions one takes to sustain the desirable qualities of a relationship.

A) Social exchange
B) Relationship maintenance
C) Reciprocity
D) Attribution

Question 29

The fact that dating and married couples tend to be similar to each other in physical attractiveness supports

A) social exchange theory.
B) the matching hypothesis.
C) the reciprocity principle.
D) cognitive dissonance theory.

Question 30

Which of the following refers to the fact that we tend to like others who like us?

A) proximity liking
B) reciprocal liking
C) matching hypothesis
D) social exchange theory

Question 31

Researchers have suggested that the ____ can be used to explain the notion of reciprocal liking.

A) matching hypothesis
B) self-fulfilling prophecy
C) fundamental attribution error
D) theory of cognitive dissonance

Question 32

According to evolutionary psychologists, men seeking a prospective mate are likely to display the most interest in characteristics that denote a woman's

A) intelligence.
B) financial prospects.
C) reproductive capacity.
D) capacity for resource acquisition.

Question 33

Heterosexual women's preferences for a physically attractive man

A) are not influenced by her economic power.
B) appear to increase along with her economic power.
C) appear to decrease along with her career opportunities.
D) are determined by biological factors.

Question 34

The idea that interpersonal relationships are governed by perceptions of rewards and costs is a key premise in

A) social exchange theory.
B) the matching hypothesis.
C) social comparison theory.
D) the theory of cognitive dissonance.

Question 35

The matching hypothesis appears to apply to all of the following except

A) male-male friendships.
B) female-female friendships.
C) dating heterosexual couples.
D) married heterosexual couples.

Question 36

____ is an active relationship maintenance process that includes knowledge of the partner's opinions and making positive attributions regarding the partner's behaviors.

A) Reciprocity
B) Fundamental attribution error
C) Social exchange
D) Minding

Question 37

Personal qualities are ____ important than physical characteristics in casual relationships.

A) more
B) less
C) equally
D) not

Question 38

The finding that women rate "good financial prospects" in a potential mate as more important than men do is explained by evolutionary psychologists in terms of gender differences in inherited

A) intelligence.
B) resource potential.
C) strength differences.
D) reproductive strategies.

Question 39

In social exchange theory, the ____ refers to one's personal standard of what constitutes an acceptable balance of rewards and costs in a relationship.

A) romantic ideal
B) cost/benefit ratio
C) comparison level
D) reciprocity standard

Question 40

Eight-year-old Cindy has to decide whether to be best friends with Jillian, who has lots of toys to play with, or with Kaitlin, whose family gets the Disney channel on their TV. According to social exchange theory, Cindy's choice will most likely be influenced by her consideration of which of the following?

A) comparison level for alternatives
B) evaluation of the matching hypothesis
C) relative proximity of the two possible friends
D) the socioeconomic status of the girls' families

Question 41

In the United States, women's friendships are more often ____ based, whereas men's tend to be ____ based.

A) activity; emotionally
B) emotionally; activity
C) socially; self-sufficient
D) self-sufficient; socially

Question 42

Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding gender and e-mail communications?

A) Men and women are equally likely to discuss personal issues via e-mail.
B) Men and women are equally likely to focus on activities via e-mail as opposed to personal issues.
C) The gender differences associated with other forms of communication also appear in research on e-mail communication patterns.
D) Men are more likely to focus on personal problems and women are more likely to focus on activities in their communication via e-mail.

Question 43

Cross-cultural research identified ____ as the common thread running through the informal "rules" of friendship.

A) honesty in self-disclosure
B) providing emotional and social support
C) dealing with others in a considerate manner
D) sharing both positive and negative experiences

Question 44

Which of the following is not one of the common themes underlying friendships?

A) expressing affection and support
B) participating in mutually shared activities
C) providing intellectual stimulation
D) social compatibility

Question 45

____ are more likely to say they would marry something they did not love.

A) Women
B) Men
C) Neither gender
D) Both genders equally

Question 46

Several lines of research indicate that the most important element of friendship is

A) emotional support.
B) intellectual stimulation.
C) access to financial resources.
D) physical contact.

Question 47

Which of the following is not true about men's same-gender friendships?

A) Men's friendships tend to center around shared activities.
B) Men's friendships are influenced by the tendency for men to see themselves as competitors.
C) Men are socialized to be "strong and silent" and this interferes with the process of self-disclosure.
D) In all world cultures, men's friendships tend not to be emotionally intimate.

Question 48

Some people resist social exchange theory's approach to understanding close relationships, primarily because

A) of discomfort with the notion that self-interest is so important in relationships.
B) people are inherently altruistic in their interactions with others.
C) they believe that its principles apply only to romantic relationships.
D) it implies that people are irrational in dealing with close relationships.

Question 49

According to Clark and Mills, social exchange principles usually apply to ____ relationships, but these principles don't operate as consistently in ____ relationships.

A) sexual; close
B) close; business
C) communal; romantic
D) exchange; communal

Question 50

____ fall in love more easily, but ____ fall out of love more easily.

A) There are no gender differences.
B) Men; women
C) Women; men
D) Gays; other gender couples

Question 51

Which of the following has not been offered as an explanation for gender differences in same-gender friendships?

A) Men are more aggressive than women.
B) Men may have less need for intimacy than women do.
C) Fear of homosexuality is greater in men than in women.
D) Men and women seem to have different pathways to intimacy.

Question 52

In terms of relationship commitment, things that people contribute in a relationship that they can't get back if the relationship ends are called

A) gifts.
B) investments.
C) stocks.
D) exchanges.

Question 53

Love is difficult to

A) define.
B) measure.
C) understand.
D) all of these.

Question 54

Most homosexual women prefer to call themselves

A) gay.
B) lesbians.
C) bisexuals.
D) homosexuals.

Question 55

Friendships between which of the following pairs of individuals are most likely to include discussions about personal problems and people?

A) two men
B) two women
C) a man and a woman
D) a man and his teenage daughter

Question 56

Harry assumes that all individuals and relationships are heterosexual until he is told otherwise. His attitude reflects

A) his sexism.
B) his heterosexism.
C) the reciprocity principle.
D) the fundamental attribution error.

Question 57

Research findings suggest that ____ are more romantic, and ____ are more sensitive to problems that occur in relationships.

A) men; men
B) women; women
C) men; women
D) women; men

Question 58

Which of the following is not true?

A) We tend to overestimate the importance of friends.
B) College students with friendship are more optimistic.
C) People with strong friendships deal better with stress.
D) Friendships can break down prejudice.

Question 59

One possible problem with generalizing the results of research on romantic love and relationships is that

A) researchers tend to assume that subjects are heterosexual.
B) homosexuals don't volunteer enough for laboratory studies.
C) homosexuals tend to misrepresent their sexual orientation on surveys.
D) funding is only available for research on heterosexual relationships.

Question 60

In general, women's friendships are more likely to focus on ____, whereas men's friendships tend to be based on ____.

A) shared interests; family events
B) family events; emotional intimacy
C) shared interests; financial matters
D) emotional intimacy; shared interests

Question 61

The main difference between the Hazan/Shaver model of adult attachment styles and later models is that the later models

A) considers only positive relationships.
B) delineates two avoidant attachment styles.
C) is based on one's notion of the "ideal" other.
D) includes homosexual as well as heterosexual relationships.

Question 62

Adult attachment styles are four styles with two continuous dimensions of

A) attachment anxiety and avoidance.
B) attachment anxiety and abandonment
C) anxious-ambivalent and avoidant
D) secure and avoidant

Question 63

Measures of ____ were the best predictors of whether dating couples continued their relationships.

A) commitment and intimacy
B) commitment and passion
C) intimacy and passion
D) financial security and sexual compatibility

Question 64

Jennifer can be described as having a fearful avoidant attachment style, thus it is likely that she

A) is uncomfortable in social situations.
B) suffers extreme jealousy in her relationships.
C) wants more relationship closeness than her partner does.
D) has a positive self view.

Question 65

The parental investment model helps to explain why

A) men are more "picky" in selecting a mate.
B) women are more "picky" in selecting a mate.
C) women fall in love more easily than men.
D) women hold more romantic beliefs than men.

Question 66

According to Hazan and Shaver,

A) adult romantic relationships are similar to attachment relationships in infancy.
B) those who had ambivalent attachments in infancy will probably never fall in love as adults.
C) those who had avoidant relationships in infancy often overcompensate by becoming excessively intimate in their adult love relationships.
D) all of these.

Question 67

Stevie and Pat's relationship is marked by a high level of commitment but low passion and low intimacy. According to Sternberg, their relationship is best characterized as

A) fatuous love.
B) nonlove.
C) companionate.
D) empty love.

Question 68

Alicia and Michael have thought seriously about splitting up on several occasions. The fact that they're still together indicates a high level of ____ in their relationship.

A) passivity
B) irrationality
C) commitment
D) stubbornness

Question 69

Romantic love as attachment is a relationship mode that is based on the work of

A) Freud.
B) Sternberg.
C) Berscheid & Hatfield.
D) Bowlby & Ainsworth.

Question 70

Susan and Manny's relationship is characterized by warmth, closeness, and sharing. Their relationship would be considered high in which of the following?

A) sharing
B) passion
C) intimacy
D) commitment

Question 71

Adults who are obsessed and preoccupied with their relationships would be considered as belonging to which of the following categories?

A) secure
B) avoidant
C) inconsistent
D) anxious-ambivalent

Question 72

Researchers have found that adult attachment styles are correlated with all but which of the following?

A) intelligence
B) gender roles
C) religious beliefs
D) job satisfaction

Question 73

According to Hazan and Shaver, the largest proportion of adults falls into which of the following categories?

A) secure
B) avoidant
C) inconsistent
D) anxious-ambivalent

Question 74

According to Sternberg's triangular theory of love, when passion, intimacy, and commitment are all present in a relationship, then ____ is said to exist.

A) liking
B) infatuation
C) fatuous love
D) consummate love

Question 75

Which of the following is not one of the components in Robert Sternberg's triangular theory of love?

A) passion
B) support
C) intimacy
D) commitment

Question 76

According to Sternberg's triangular theory of love, companionate love can be divided into which of the following components?

A) friendship and passion
B) intimacy and infatuation
C) commitment and intimacy
D) sexuality and commitment

Question 77

Hazan and Shaver found that, like infants in their attachment relationships, adults fall into the following three categories in their love relationships:

A) secure, insecure, volatile
B) ambitious, authentic, altruistic
C) avoidant, anxious-ambivalent, secure
D) intimate, approach-avoidant, secure

Question 78

According to Hazan and Shaver, common elements in infant attachment and adult love include all but which of the following?

A) distress at separation
B) efforts to stay close to the other
C) sexual passion
D) intense fascination with the other person

Question 79

Significant correlations have been found between attachment style and

A) friendship.
B) gender roles.
C) health habits.
D) all of these.

Question 80

In addition to sexual desire, passion may include needs for

A) self-esteem.
B) dominance.
C) self-actualization.
D) all of these.