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Introduction to Epidemiology 6th Edition by Ray M Merrill
Edition 6ISBN: 1449645186Introduction to Epidemiology 6th Edition by Ray M Merrill
Edition 6ISBN: 1449645186Concerning John Barnes, what are the modes of disease transmission and what are the epidemiologic terms by which they are identified?
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Cholera is an intestinal disease and is caused by strains of bacterium Vibrio cholerae. Major symptoms of this disease include diarrhea, muscle cramps and vomiting. In severe cases, diarrhea leads to electrolyte imbalance and dehydration, due to excessive loss of water. It is both endemic (found in particular area) as well as epidemic (widespread occurrence) disease. Unhygienic food habits are the major cause of the transmission of this disease. Hence, it is prevailed more in the developing countries, where most of the poor people, drink, wash, eat, and sleep together.
Bacterium causing fowl cholera was grown in cultures, first by Louis Pasteur. He deliberately injected this culture into the fowl to confirm their action. When this culture was injected after two months to the fresh stock of fowl, they did not develop the disease, indicating that attenuation has weakened the bacterial culture.
When the fresh culture of bacterium was inoculated in the previously survived fowls, they first developed the disease and then recovered after sometime, indicating, that an organism who has already been exposed to a disease, does not get infected by it on second exposure.
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Concerning Jon Barnes, the disease was transmitted to him, in Monkton, through unwashed apparel. This apparel was used by his aunt, who was infected with cholera. Since, she had no children of her own, the apparel was sent from Leeds to Monkton after her death. This unwashed apparel was handled by John Barnes. Most probably, he might have taken food with unwashed hands which lead to the transmission of the inoculums (present on the apparel) to the stomach and caused infection.
Epidemiologic terms by which the disease cholera is identified are morbid, contagious, effluvia and others. Before the development of cholera vaccine, it was a fatal disease, and caused death of nearly every person who came in its contact. The most common mode of its transmission is by contaminated food and water. The term effluvium is used for unpleasant odor or discharge which the main characteristic of cholera bacterium. Since it is an intestinal disease, it is mainly transferred from untreated water (severs leaking in the drinking water), or by eating with unwashed hands. This route of transmission is called as fecal-oral route.
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