Deck 6: Learning

Question 1

A physical therapist who attempts to treat a person with chronic motion sickness by repeatedly exposing the person to the stimulation that causes the motion sickness is using ____.

A) dishabituation
B) the orienting response
C) spontaneous recovery
D) habituation

Answer 1

habituation

Question 2

Recent research on the brain and habituation suggests habituation is somewhat primitive in nature. This research has found that which part of the brain is involved in certain instances of habituation?

A) Medulla
B) Corpus callosum
C) Cerebellum
D) Prefrontal cortex

Answer 2

Cerebellum

Question 3

The orienting reflex is to ____, as habituation is to ____.

A) learning; forgetting
B) novel experience; repeated experience
C) simple information; complex information
D) adaptive; maladaptive

Answer 3

novel experience; repeated experience

Question 4

The orienting reflex describes ____.

A) the tendency to turn toward the source of some novel stimuli
B) the logical thinking processes we go through to figure something out
C) our sense of direction
D) our tendency to scan the entire visual field in order to sense the important information

Question 5

When a parent suddenly turns toward the baby crying in the other room while talking through the telephone, ____ has occurred.

A) sensory reduction
B) habituation
C) the orienting reflex
D) classical conditioning

Question 6

Which statement is true about habituation?

A) Habituation is an ability that almost all creatures possess.
B) Habituation illustrates the importance of reinforcement.
C) Habituation is a more complex type of learning than classical conditioning.
D) Habituation is the most complex form of associative learning.

Question 7

Terry is trying to study in the student center. At first, he finds it hard to concentrate because of all the noise and conversation going on around him. However, after a few minutes, Terry is able to tune out the noise and concentrate on his studies. Terry's experience is an example of what type of learning?

A) Habituation
B) Sensitization
C) Restructuring
D) Social learning

Question 8

Learning is ____.

A) the ability to orient a sense toward a stimulus
B) the uniquely human ability to accumulate knowledge and information
C) a relatively permanent change in behavior, or the potential for behavior, that results from experience
D) an internalization of facts, information, skills, or behaviors that adds to the knowledge base of the individual

Question 9

Habituation describes the ____.

A) increase in attention we give to repeated stimulation
B) decrease in attention we give to repeated stimulation
C) process of learning behaviors that will be repeated without thinking in the future
D) learning process that transforms one habit into another one

Question 10

Recent research suggests that migraines may be correlated with ____.

A) too much habituation
B) not enough habituation
C) an inability to dishabituate
D) a lack of neural activity in the brain

Question 11

The orienting reflex is useful because it ____.

A) has a self-protective function
B) helps us ignore stimuli that are not important
C) helps us focus for a sustained period of time on one task
D) promotes risk-taking behavior

Question 12

Which of the following is an example of habituation?

A) Learning to smoke cigarettes
B) Learning to ride a bike
C) Learning to ignore a barking dog
D) Learning to associate the smell of rose perfume with your grandmother

Question 13

When your dog continually barks, you eventually pay less attention to the noise. This illustrates ____.

A) sensory reduction
B) habituation
C) orienting
D) classical conditioning

Question 14

The orienting reflex in combination with habituation suggests that we ____.

A) begin to learn only after we have developed the capacity to think
B) are different from animals in the way that we learn
C) are capable of learning even without the benefit of sensation
D) are more sensitive to new stimuli than repeated stimuli

Question 15

When we are presented with a new stimulus that repeats itself, at first we would exhibit ____, and then after a while we would exhibit ____.

A) assimilation; accommodation
B) accommodation; assimilation
C) the orienting reflex; habituation
D) habituation; the orienting response

Question 16

What is an example of an orienting reflex?

A) While standing in line at the cafeteria, you turn around to see who poked you in the back.
B) While watching a movie at the local theater, you reach for another handful of popcorn from your date's bucket of popcorn.
C) While watching a horror movie on TV, you yell at some of the characters, telling them not to open the door.
D) While looking for a book in the library, you get lost and have to refer to a map.

Question 17

Ivan Pavlov discovered classical conditioning through his research on ____.

A) digestion
B) dishabituation
C) audition
D) mental illness

Question 18

When an organism begins to respond more intensely to a stimulus to which it has previously habituated, then ____ has occurred.

A) dishabituation
B) social learning
C) insight
D) modeling

Question 19

Which of the following is an example of an orienting reflex?

A) A cat sniffing the air when it detects the odor of a strange animal
B) Looking at the page of your text as you read it
C) Watching television
D) Looking at a person that you are having a conversation with on the bus

Question 20

The simplest type of learning seen in living things is ____.

A) the orienting reflex
B) operant conditioning
C) classical conditioning
D) habituation

Question 21

In classical conditioning, an association is learned between the ____.

A) neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus
B) conditioned stimulus and the neutral stimulus
C) unconditioned stimulus and the unconditioned response
D) conditioned stimulus and the conditioned response

Question 22

Freddie used to feed her cat canned cat food. Now every time Freddie uses the can opener, her cat gets very excited and starts meowing. In this example, the US is ____.

A) cat food
B) the cat's excitement
C) the sound of the can opener
D) the cat

Question 23

Molly automatically feels happy every time she has pizza for dinner. Molly's mom always gets her pizza from The Pizza Shoppe. At first, pulling into The Pizza Shoppe parking lot does not affect the way Molly feels. But after a while, Molly starts to feel happy just when the car turns into The Pizza Shoppe lot because she knows it means they will have pizza for dinner. In this example, The Pizza Shoppe parking lot is the ____.

A) unconditioned stimulus
B) conditioned stimulus
C) unconditioned response
D) conditioned response

Question 24

In Pavlov's original studies, salivation to meat was a(n) ____, and salivation to a buzzer was a(n) ____.

A) conditioned stimulus; conditioned response
B) unconditioned response; unconditioned stimulus
C) unconditioned response; conditioned response
D) conditioned response; conditioned stimulus

Question 25

Although hunger naturally occurs in response to an empty stomach, we can easily become conditioned to feel hunger at certain times of the day due to classical conditioning. In this case, the US would be the ____.

A) time of day
B) eating
C) food
D) empty stomach

Question 26

Which of the following examples illustrate a US-UR pair?

A) Swearing in front of your parent leads to a spanking.
B) Going to work leads to a paycheck.
C) An air puff in the eye elicits an eye blink.
D) Earning good grades leads to a college scholarship.

Question 27

Joseph goes out with his friends for pizza. Unbeknownst to him, he is coming down with a stomach virus. When the nausea associated with the virus kicks in, he vomits. Now, Joseph cannot even look at a pizza without feeling nauseous. In this example, the conditioned stimulus is ____.

A) the friends
B) vomiting
C) the pizza
D) the flu

Question 28

Sam recently lost his grandmother. Now Sam feels sad whenever he smells the perfume his beloved grandmother used to wear. In this example, Sam's sadness is the ____.

A) unconditioned stimulus
B) conditioned stimulus
C) conditioned response
D) neutral stimulus

Question 29

_______________ is said to have occurred when a stimulus begins to cause any response whereas it had not revealed any particular response previously.

A) Operant conditioning
B) Stimulus discrimination
C) Extinction
D) Classical conditioning

Question 30

When Ivan Pavlov noticed that his dogs were salivating even before they were presented with meat, he ____.

A) gathered another group of dogs to determine if they would do the same thing
B) conducted research showing that his dogs could exhibit other types of behaviors in response to the presentation of meat
C) attempted to see if the dogs could learn to salivate to several different types of stimuli
D) abandoned his research and began studying operant conditioning

Question 31

Sarah was bitten by a dog, which naturally was a very scary experience. Now, when Sarah even hears a dog barking, she feels afraid. In this example, dog barking is the ____.

A) unconditioned stimulus
B) conditioned stimulus
C) unconditioned response
D) conditioned response

Question 32

In classical conditioning, contiguity is to ____ as contingency is to ____.

A) strength and power; time and sequence
B) consistency and reliability; strength and power
C) time and sequence; consistency and reliability
D) strength and power; consistency and reliability

Question 33

Sam recently lost his grandmother. Now Sam feels sad whenever he smells the perfume his beloved grandmother used to wear. In this example, the loss of his grandmother is the ____.

A) unconditioned stimulus
B) conditioned stimulus
C) unconditioned response
D) conditioned response

Question 34

In Pavlov's original studies, ____ is treated as the unconditioned stimulus.

A) the meat
B) salivation
C) the buzzer
D) digestion

Question 35

Freddie used to feed her cat canned cat food. Now every time Freddie uses the can opener, her cat gets very excited and starts meowing. In this example, the neutral stimulus is ____.

A) cat food
B) the cat's excitement
C) the sound of the can opener
D) the cat

Question 36

The neutral stimulus in Pavlov's original studies was ____.

A) the meat
B) salivation
C) digestion
D) the buzzer

Question 37

Yanna used to date a man who wore a lime-scented aftershave. Yanna was very attracted to this man, and now when she smells the scent of lime, she finds herself feeling slightly aroused. In this example, the man Yanna used to date is the ____.

A) US
B) CS
C) UR
D) CR

Question 38

When a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus, ____ has occurred.

A) classical conditioning
B) spontaneous recovery
C) operant conditioning
D) latent learning

Question 39

A neutral stimulus is defined as one that ____.

A) does not naturally elicit a particular unconditioned response
B) neither punishes nor rewards
C) is elicited by the conditioned stimulus
D) is not influenced by other stimuli

Question 40

All examples of classical conditioning begin with a preexisting relationship between the ____.

A) unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus
B) conditioned stimulus and the neutral stimulus
C) unconditioned stimulus and the unconditioned response
D) conditioned stimulus and a conditioned response

Question 41

Dr. Trujillo is conducting studies on classical conditioning and experimenting on the effect of placing the neutral stimulus either before or after the unconditioned stimulus. She is investigating the element of ____.

A) stimulus discrimination
B) habituation
C) contiguity
D) instrumentality

Question 42

Ashley learned to fear clowns after being startled at the age of three by the sudden appearance of a particularly loud and colorful clown. Later, she began to fear anyone in a costume and mask. This would be an example of ____.

A) operant conditioning
B) stimulus generalization
C) stimulus discrimination
D) counterconditioning

Question 43

Pavlov's original experiment was an example of ____.

A) forward conditioning
B) simultaneous conditioning
C) backward conditioning
D) over the hill conditioning

Question 44

A ____ was considered the neutral stimulus in Watson's studies with "Little Albert."

A) loud noise
B) white rat
C) bee
D) bee sting

Question 45

Two very important factors that influence the strength of classical conditioning are ____.

A) validity and reliability
B) contiguity and contingency
C) congeniality and conviviality
D) spontaneity and flexibility

Question 46

When stimulus generalization occurs, ____.

A) the stimulus begins to cause a wide variety of responses
B) the elicitation of a response to the original neutral stimulus becomes extinct
C) a stimulus that has not been directly associated with the unconditioned stimulus begins to cause the conditioned response
D) spontaneous recovery of the original stimulus is no longer possible

Question 47

Vera wants to classically condition her dog to associate the sight of his leash with going outside. To do this, she must keep in mind that to get the strongest conditioning possible, she will have to ____.

A) show the dog the leash at least 25 minutes before the walk begins
B) show the dog the leash immediately before the walk begins
C) hide the leash from the dog until after the walk has begun
D) give the dog a treat before the walk begins and then show the dog the leash after the walk begins

Question 48

Which type of response would not be a result of classical conditioning?

A) Physiological responses
B) Voluntary responses
C) Emotional responses
D) Salivation responses

Question 49

Which response can be classically conditioned in humans?

A) Feeling fear
B) Studying hard
C) Playing the piano
D) Obeying rules

Question 50

Which type of response cannot be classically conditioned in humans?

A) Becoming nauseous when smelling garlic
B) Feeling happy when you smell cinnamon
C) Experiencing increased heart rate when it is storming outside
D) Quitting your job because it does not pay enough

Question 51

Where would the placement of a neutral stimulus most likely yield the strongest classical conditioning outcome?

A) A neutral stimulus that is occasionally presented several minutes after an unconditioned stimulus
B) A neutral stimulus that is occasionally presented immediately after an unconditioned stimulus
C) A neutral stimulus that is consistently presented several minutes before an unconditioned stimulus
D) A neutral stimulus that is consistently presented immediately before an unconditioned stimulus

Question 52

John B. Watson was successful in conditioning ____ in "Little Albert."

A) fear
B) hunger
C) excitement
D) anger

Question 53

Juan feels nauseous every time he eats pizza because one time he ate pizza just before coming down with a stomach virus. Juan's nausea is most likely due to ____.

A) habituation
B) taste aversion
C) operant conditioning
D) social learning

Question 54

After Little Albert was conditioned to fear a white rat, he began to fear several other furry things. This is an example of ____.

A) spontaneous recovery
B) stimulus generalization
C) stimulus discrimination
D) latent learning

Question 55

When advertisers use well known, attractive people to sell their products, the attractive people are being used as a(n) ____.

A) neutral stimulus
B) unconditioned stimulus
C) conditioned stimulus
D) conditioned response

Question 56

Jennifer normally experiences a flood of romantic feelings whenever she smells a particular cologne because it reminds her of her boyfriend. Thankfully, when her younger brother wears a different cologne, she does not experience the same feelings. This is an example of ____.

A) stimulus generalization
B) the orienting reflex
C) operant conditioning
D) stimulus discrimination

Question 57

Dr. Trujillo is conducting studies on classical conditioning and experimenting on the effect of sometimes presenting the unconditioned stimulus without the neutral stimulus. She is investigating the element of ____.

A) contingency
B) habituation
C) contiguity
D) instrumentality

Question 58

Classical conditioning is generally strongest when the neutral stimulus is presented ____ the unconditioned stimulus by a few ____.

A) before; seconds
B) after; minutes
C) before; minutes
D) after; seconds

Question 59

Television ads that use beautiful images to sell products are a good example of ____.

A) counter-conditioning
B) operant conditioning
C) aversive conditioning
D) classical conditioning

Question 60

Little Albert learned to associate a ____.

A) white rat with a loud noise
B) white rat with fear
C) loud noise with fear
D) loud noise with a hammer

Question 61

Ashley grew up fearing clowns because of an incident early in her life. Although it took several years before the fear disappeared completely, she can now enjoy the entertainment that clowns offer. Her fear of clowns has undergone ____.

A) dismissal
B) dishabituation
C) extinction
D) stimulus generalization

Question 62

Psychologists have taught children to like healthful vegetables by pairing new vegetable flavors with the flavor of sugar to produce liking. Specifically, they are using ____.

A) stimulus discrimination
B) habituation
C) extinction
D) classical conditioning

Question 63

Aversion therapy that uses disulfiram to treat alcoholism is based on the principle of ____.

A) classical conditioning
B) operant conditioning
C) social learning
D) observational conditioning

Question 64

Taste aversions provide an "exception to the rule" in classical conditioning because they ____.

A) seem to require the neutral stimulus to immediately precede the unconditioned stimulus
B) can result from a single pairing of the neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus
C) result in learning that is usually very temporary
D) appear to only occur within humans

Question 65

Stimulus discrimination should lead to ____.

A) fewer varieties of a stimulus that cause a conditioned response
B) more varieties of a stimulus that cause a conditioned response
C) fewer varieties of responses from a conditioned stimulus
D) more varieties of responses from a conditioned stimulus

Question 66

While on vacation, Juana eats bologna and then suffers an attack of car sickness. Now, when Juana even thinks of bologna, she feels sick to her stomach. How can Juana get to the point where she can once again eat bologna without feeling sick?

A) She can never again eat bologna without feeling sick.
B) She should eat a bologna sandwich right before she rides the rollercoaster at the local amusement park.
C) She should resume eating bologna in situations where she is not likely to get sick.
D) She should continue to avoid bologna and eventually she will start liking it again.

Question 67

Susanna has been classically conditioned to feel anxiety every time she walks through the anti-theft security devices at a local store because in the past she has set off the alarm many times when clerks failed to demagnetize her purchases. Susanna has the best chance of eliminating her classically conditioned anxiety by ____.

A) never going to that store again
B) setting off the alarm as many times as she can so that she gets used to it
C) demanding that the store compensate her for her anxiety
D) repeatedly walking through the devices without setting off the alarm

Question 68

If you have developed an extreme negative reaction to chicken because it was associated with a case of the flu in your childhood, you have a ____.

A) observationally conditioned taste sensation
B) classically conditioned taste aversion
C) operantly conditioned taste response
D) operantly conditioned nausea aversion

Question 69

If Little Albert had developed a fear of large white rats, but not of small white rats, psychologists would label that an example of ____.

A) extinction
B) counter-conditioning
C) stimulus generalization
D) stimulus discrimination

Question 70

When treating alcoholism with aversion therapy, the drug called disulfiram is used as the ____.

A) conditioned stimulus
B) unconditioned response
C) unconditioned stimulus
D) neutral stimulus

Question 71

The genetic tendency to learn certain responses very easily is called ____.

A) acquisition
B) physiological cognition
C) biological conditioning
D) biological preparedness

Question 72

In nonhuman animals, a taste aversion that is learned following a 10-hour gap between the neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus would ____.

A) be very unusual
B) be impossible
C) be typical
D) technically not be a result of classical conditioning

Question 73

When disulfiram is used to treat alcoholism through aversion therapy, the neutral stimulus in this classical conditioning example is ____.

A) disulfiram
B) nausea
C) the drug
D) alcohol

Question 74

In classical conditioning, extinction occurs when the ____.

A) neutral stimulus is presented without the conditioned stimulus
B) unconditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned response
C) conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus
D) conditioned stimulus is presented without the conditioned response

Question 75

Tad's ex-girlfriend used to wear a rose-scented perfume. Since their bitter breakup, Tad has found that he feels angry whenever he smells this rose-scented perfume. In order for Tad to get to the point where smelling this perfume will no longer make him feel angry, he should ______.

A) avoid contact with his ex-girlfriend for at least six months
B) frequently go to the local perfume counter and smell the rose-scented perfume
C) focus on how angry he is at his ex-girlfriend
D) find a new girlfriend

Question 76

Compared to other classically conditioned responses, taste aversions are unique in that ____.

A) the time interval between the US and the UR can be very long
B) the time interval between the US and the NS is quite short
C) they often occur after only a single pairing of the NS and the US
D) an above average number of pairings are needed

Question 77

When a classically conditioned response is no longer exhibited, ____.

A) acquisition has occurred
B) the conditioned stimulus goes back to being a neutral stimulus
C) spontaneous recovery has occurred
D) the relationship between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus has been broken

Question 78

When a conditioned stimulus no longer produces a conditioned response, ____ has occurred.

A) acquisition
B) extinction
C) stimulus generalization
D) punishment

Question 79

The phase of classical conditioning during which the conditioned response is developing is often referred to as ____.

A) extinction
B) acquisition
C) counter conditioning
D) spontaneous recovery

Question 80

Aversion therapy to treat alcoholism is ____.

A) one of the most successful techniques developed for this problem
B) only modestly successful
C) successful only if the drinker has been drinking for many years
D) not successful at all