Deck 22: Being Organized and Steady

Question 1

Which of the following will happen as a result of the decrease in concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood at the end of the scenario?

A) Jane's rate of breathing will continue to increase.
B) The signal from the chemoreceptors will stop being sent.
C) The medulla will send more frequent impulses to the diaphragm and rib muscles.
D) The signal from the chemoreceptors will be sent more strongly.
E) The diaphragm and rib muscles will contract more forcefully. Once the controlled condition has returned to within normal range, the receptors will no longer continue to send their signal.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The stimulus in this scenario is

A) the increase in carbon dioxide concentration in Jane's blood while she is holding her breath.
B) the impulses sent to the medulla oblongata.
C) the more frequent inhalations and exhalations.
D) the decrease in carbon dioxide concentration as she breathes more forcefully.
E) Jane diving into the swimming pool. The stimulus is whatever has deviated from within the normal range.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The medulla oblongata acts as the _____ in this example of negative feedback.

A) sensor
B) stimulus
C) control center
D) effect
E) response to the stimulus

Answer 3

C
Explanation: The control center, usually part of the brain, receives input from the sensor and sends output to the effector.

Question 4

The respiratory system would respond to a change in

A) oxygen levels only.
B) blood sugar levels.
C) the body's fluid levels.
D) oxygen and carbon dioxide levels.
E) body temperature. The respiratory system brings oxygen into the body and rids the body of carbon dioxide. Therefore, it responds to changes in the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood. The other stimuli listed are responded to by other systems.

Question 5

If the lymphatic system did not function correctly,

A) fluids would collect within body tissue.
B) oxygen would not reach all the cells of the body.
C) urea would build up in the liver.
D) nutrients would not reach the liver.
E) carbon dioxide would not reach the lungs. The lymphatic system collects fluids from the tissues and returns it to the blood. If it were not functioning properly, fluid would pool in the tissues and swelling would result. The other answers correspond to the functions of other systems.

Question 6

Environmental air temperature can fluctuate many degrees during the course of a day. A human's body temperature

A) can also fluctuate many degrees.
B) is lowered by shivering.
C) must be maintained within a range of a few degrees.
D) is not maintained internally but fluctuates with the air temperature.
E) is raised by sweating and dilation of blood vessels in the skin. Body temperature regulation is the primary example used to explain both homeostasis and negative feedback loops. It, along with certain other characteristics, is maintained within a narrow range.

Question 7

The digestive, respiratory, and urinary systems are similar in that they all help maintain

A) fluid level in the blood.
B) constant temperature in the body.
C) balance of substances in the blood.
D) oxygen levels in the blood.
E) control of the other body systems. The only answer that applies to all three systems is balance of substances in the blood. The digestive system influences nutrient levels; the respiratory system maintains oxygen and carbon dioxide levels; the urinary system rids the blood of wastes.

Question 8

The ability of epithelial tissue to constantly divide

A) is a disadvantage in areas of the body where tissue undergoes a lot of wear and tear, such as the digestive tract.
B) makes epithelial tissue more likely to become cancerous than other tissues.
C) results in an inability to replace damaged tissue.
D) makes it similar to nervous tissue.
E) makes it an unsuitable tissue type for the outer layer of skin. The ability of epithelial tissue to continually divide is a disadvantage in that it makes these tissues more susceptible to cancer. However, it is an advantage in areas of high wear and tear, such as the lining of the digestive tract and the skin.

Question 9

Which of the following is not a characteristic of squamous epithelium?

A) lining or covering tissue
B) cube-shaped cells
C) flattened cells
D) adhere to one another
E) may be found in multiple layers Squamous epithelium is composed of flat, tile-like cells and may occur in multiple layers as in the epidermis of the skin. As with all epithelial cells, it either lines cavities or covers surfaces and cells are attached to neighboring cells, forming an effective barrier.

Question 10

Which of the following is not true about epithelial tissue?

A) covers body surfaces
B) generally one cell layer thick
C) stores energy
D) allows for gas exchange in the lungs
E) contains cube-shaped cells Epithelial tissues cover body surfaces and line cavities; it comes in three variations of shape: squamous, cuboidal, and columnar. Epithelial tissue generally forms one layer of cells, which allows for easy gas exchange and diffusion of materials.

Question 11

Skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle are similar in that they are both

A) under voluntary control.
B) under involuntary control.
C) made of highly branched cells.
D) striated.
E) made of long parallel cells.

Question 12

The _____ system is the only system in which there are different organs in males and females.

A) reproductive
B) integumentary
C) muscular
D) cardiovascular
E) digestive The reproductive system is the only system in the body in which males and females have different organs. Different sex cells are produced along with different hormones. The male reproductive system must deliver sperm into the female's reproductive tract, and the female's reproductive system must support the development of the embryo, fetus, and newborn.

Question 13

Which of the following would be most likely to occur if the sweat glands failed to be activated in response to an increased body temperature as shown in the figure?

A) The body temperature would continue to increase.
B) The body temperature would decrease.
C) The signal to the control center that the set point had exceeded would stop being sent.
D) The signal from the control center to the blood vessels and sweat glands would stop being sent.
E) The blood vessels would constrict. Body temperature regulation is the primary example used to explain both homeostasis and negative feedback loops. If an effect does not occur, then the stimulus will continue to increase as will the rest of the functioning loop.

Question 14

If blood sugar levels drop below normal, the _____ system is primarily responsible for returning levels to normal.

A) digestive
B) urinary
C) reproductive
D) lymphatic
E) skeletal The digestive system is responsible for bringing nutrients into the body and processing them. The liver, part of the digestive system, stores glucose and releases it when blood sugar levels begin to drop.

Question 15

Which of the following is an incorrect match?

A) columnar epithelium - forms outer layers of skin
B) squamous epithelium - lines blood vessels
C) pseudostratified epithelium - lines the trachea
D) cuboidal epithelium - lines kidney tubules
E) transitional epithelium - lines the bladder The shape and number of layers of epithelial cells match their function. Single layers allow for quicker diffusion, while multiple layers are more protective.

Question 16

Columnar cells with small projections called microvilli that line the intestine are a type of

A) muscle tissue.
B) epithelial tissue.
C) connective tissue.
D) squamous tissue.
E) nervous tissue. Cell shape is one of the characteristics used to name epithelial tissues. Microvilli are processes of the cell membrane which increase the surface area of the columnar cells for digestion and absorption.

Question 17

List the levels of organization of the body from simple to complex.
1) organ system
2) organism
3) tissue
4) organ
5) cell

A) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
B) 2, 4, 1, 3, 5
C) 5, 2, 4, 1, 3
D) 2, 4, 5, 1, 3
E) 5, 3, 4, 1, 2

Question 18

The nervous system and endocrine system control the body's functions by

A) maintaining a constant level of nerve impulses.
B) sending out messages by nerve impulse and hormones.
C) responding only to the internal environment.
D) stimulating the body's reproductive organs.
E) maintaining a constant level of hormones in the blood. The endocrine system and the nervous system are the control systems of the body, both responding to the internal and external stimuli. The nervous system sends messages through nerve impulses, and the endocrine system through hormones.

Question 19

Which of the following lists the levels of biological organization in order from simplest to most complex?

A) cell, cardiac muscle, heart, cardiovascular system, human
B) cardiac muscle, cell, human, heart, cardiovascular system
C) human, heart, cardiovascular system, cardiac muscle, cell
D) cell, heart, human, cardiovascular system, cardiac muscle
E) heart, human, cell, cardiac muscle, cardiovascular system The simplest level of organization of living things is the cell. Tissues are composed of cells, organs are composed of tissues, and organ systems are composed of organs.

Question 20

If your body is dehydrated, the control center in the brain will stimulate the release of a hormone which causes the reabsorption of water into the blood during urine formation. When the control center senses that enough water is reabsorbed, it will stop the release of the hormone. This is an example of

A) a negative feedback mechanism.
B) a positive feedback mechanism.
C) response to external stimuli.
D) lack of control over homeostasis.
E) a combination of negative and positive feedback. This is an example of a negative feedback mechanism because the change from normal is lessened and the loop shuts itself off.

Question 21

Within a negative feedback loop,

A) the effector causes a response.
B) the sensor sends data to the control center.
C) the control center detects a change in the internal environment.
D) the sensor causes an effector to return conditions to normal.
E) the stimulus sends data to the control center. Within a negative feedback loop, the sensor detects the stimulus and sends a signal to the control center. The control center sends a signal, which then reverses the stimulus.

Question 22

Which of the following is a function of the blood?

A) stores fat
B) moves the body
C) transports nutrients
D) lines body cavities
E) produces mucus Blood is a liquid connective tissue. Nutrients and waste products are transported in the plasma, and red blood cells carry oxygen.

Question 23

Movement of body parts directly requires the

A) muscular system and skeletal system.
B) nervous system and endocrine system.
C) skeletal system and digestive system.
D) muscular system and cardiovascular system.
E) endocrine system and nervous system. The nervous system is involved in the stimulation and control of movement, but it is the muscular system along with the skeletal system that actually moves the body. Muscles are attached to bones by tendons and generate force causing the bones to move relative to each other.

Question 24

Which of the following best describes skin?

A) pseudostratified columnar epithelium
B) columnar epithelium
C) stratified epithelium
D) transitional epithelium
E) cuboidal epithelium Skin is composed of multiple layers of squamous epithelium, thus considered stratified. The cells change in composition as they move outward from the deepest layer.

Question 25

_____ carry signals to the cell body of a neuron, while _____ carry signals away from the cell body.

A) Neuroglia; dendrites
B) Axons; dendrites
C) Intercalated disks; neuroglia
D) Dendrites; axons
E) dendrites; neuroglia The neuron is the functional cell of nervous tissue, producing the characteristic nervous impulse. The processes leading to the cell body are the dendrites and the process leading away is the axon. Neuroglia are the supportive cells of nervous tissue.

Question 26

Which body system produces red blood cells?

A) cardiovascular
B) lymphatic
C) skeletal
D) muscular
E) endocrine

Question 27

The urinary system and respiratory system both participate in homeostasis by removing metabolic waste.

Question 28

A group of similar cells and the surrounding materials that work together to perform a specific function are

A) organelles.
B) tissues.
C) molecules.
D) organs.
E) organ systems.

Question 29

Mucus-producing glands of simple columnar and pseudostratified columnar epithelium are called

A) mucus cells.
B) areolar cells.
C) apocrine cells.
D) goblet cells.
E) fibroblasts. Secretion is a primary function of epithelial tissue. Common in certain epithelial tissues are goblet cells, or single-celled, mucous-producing glands.

Question 30

Ligaments are made up of loose fibrous connective tissue.

Question 31

Collagen fibers and elastic fibers are produced by

A) squamous epithelium.
B) neuroglia.
C) fibroblasts.
D) platelets.
E) adipose. These fiber types are characteristic of connective tissue and are part of the matrix. They are produced by a type of cell called a fibroblast.

Question 32

Blood is classified as connective tissue because of its fluid matrix called plasma.

Question 33

Which body system and its organs are incorrectly matched?

A) digestive - mouth, stomach, intestines
B) lymphatic - thymus, vessels, nodes
C) endocrine - mouth, lungs, pituitary
D) reproductive - ovaries, testes, uterus
E) cardiovascular - heart, blood, blood vessels The endocrine system contains hormone-producing glands such as the pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands. The mouth is usually considered part of the digestive system and the lungs are part of the respiratory system.

Question 34

Homeostasis maintains various levels within a narrow range only if environmental conditions do not fluctuate much.

Question 35

What is the distinctive characteristic of connective tissue?

A) flat, interconnected cells
B) presence of a matrix
C) presence of axons
D) contractile ability
E) being hard and mineralized

Question 36

What system removes waste products from the blood and maintains water balance?

A) cardiovascular
B) urinary
C) respiratory
D) lymphatic
E) skeletal The urinary system filters blood, removing waste products and producing urine in the process. The urinary system also helps maintain the water balance of the body by producing more or less concentrated urine.

Question 37

Glands are often composed of muscle tissue.

Question 38

Which body system is needed for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide?

A) respiratory
B) integumentary
C) digestive
D) urinary
E) muscular

Question 39

To enter the body, substances have to pass through connective tissue cells to reach the tissues beneath.

Question 40

White blood cells are different from red blood cells in that white blood cells

A) have nuclei.
B) carry oxygen.
C) contain hemoglobin.
D) are actually cell fragments.
E) are the most plentiful type of cell in blood. White blood cells are less plentiful than red blood cells and are involved in fighting infections. Unlike red blood cells, they have nuclei, and unlike platelets, they are whole cells.

Question 41

The tissue in sample one can be identified as

A) cuboidal epithelium.
B) skeletal muscle.
C) bone.
D) pseudostratified epithelium.
E) squamous epithelium. Cells in epithelial tissue are tightly packed together. The cube shape of the cells classifies them as cuboidal epithelium.

Question 42

In the figure shown here, the tissue indicated by "3"

A) lends strength to and supports the joint.
B) cushions the bones of the joint.
C) attaches muscle to the bones.
D) provides a smooth surface on the ends of bones.
E) causes the movement of the joint. The tissue indicated by "3" is adipose tissue. Adipose cells have very little matrix but are filled with triglycerides. In addition to their function in the storage of fat as a long-term energy source, adipose tissue acts to insulate and cushion parts of the body.

Question 43

If damaged, which tissue type will not be able to conduct an impulse?

A) nervous
B) epithelial
C) connective
D) muscular
E) columnar Nervous tissue is capable of receiving a stimulus and conducting the impulse to another nervous tissue. If it is damaged, it may lose the ability to receive or conduct impulses.

Question 44

A possible location in the body for the tissues in sample one is the

A) kidneys.
B) intestines.
C) brain.
D) skin.
E) trachea. The likeliest location for cuboidal epithelium in the body is the kidneys. Columnar epithelium is found in the intestines; the brain is composed of nervous tissue; the skin contains squamous epithelium; and pseudostratified epithelium is found in the trachea.

Question 45

The liver is epithelial in origin as shown by what characteristic?

A) its ability to regenerate
B) the matrix formed outside the cells
C) the fibrous tissue which stores glycogen
D) its ability to stretch
E) its ability to generate electrical impulses The ability to regenerate is most characteristic of epithelial tissue.

Question 46

In the figure shown here, "2" represents _____, which moves) into the blood from the digestive tract.

A) nutrients
B) oxygen
C) metabolic wastes
D) carbon dioxide
E) indigestible food particles

Question 47

Which cell type supports and nourishes the neurons?

A) neuroglia
B) axon
C) dendrites
D) epithelial cells
E) platelets In addition to neurons, nervous tissue contains neuroglia, cells that support and nourish neurons. They outnumber neurons nine to one and take up more than half the volume of the brain.

Question 48

In the figure shown here, the tissue indicated by "2" is

A) dense fibrous connective tissue.
B) skeletal muscle.
C) adipose.
D) loose fibrous connective tissue.
E) bone.

Question 49

In the figure shown here, the tissue indicated by "1" is

A) characterized by a mineralized matrix.
B) the primary component of the fetal skeleton.
C) filled with coarse collagen fibers.
D) storing fat.
E) a type of epithelial tissue. The tissue indicated by "1" is hyaline cartilage. This tissue has very fine collagen fibers in a solid, yet flexible matrix. It is found on the ends of long bones as in the figure and is the primary component of the fetal skeleton.

Question 50

The source in the body of sample two is

A) the heart.
B) a skeletal muscle.
C) a tendon or ligament.
D) the stomach.
E) the lungs.

Question 51

Most metabolic wastes leave the body through the production of _____ by the _____.

A) urine; urinary system
B) feces; digestive system
C) carbon dioxide; respiratory system
D) urine; digestive system
E) carbon dioxide; urinary system Metabolic wastes are produced through the chemical reactions which occur in the body, for example, the breakdown of enzymes. In order to maintain homeostasis, these wastes must be removed. The kidneys filter the blood, producing urine. As urine leaves the body, the wastes go with it.

Question 52

Which of the following lists the types of connective tissue from least rigid to most rigid?

A) hyaline cartilage - loose fibrous - bone - blood
B) blood - loose fibrous - hyaline cartilage - bone
C) loose fibrous - blood - bone - hyaline cartilage
D) bone - hyaline cartilage - blood - loose fibrous
E) blood - bone - hyaline cartilage - loose fibrous The matrix of each type of connective tissue determines its characteristics. Blood has a liquid matrix; loose fibrous tissue has a fibrous matrix; cartilage has a solid but flexible matrix; the matrix of bone is mineralized.

Question 53

Which of the following is an incorrect match?

A) adipose tissue - fat storage
B) hyaline cartilage - flexible support
C) dense fibrous connective tissue - protective covering
D) bone - rigid support
E) blood - transport of oxygen

Question 54

The tissue in sample two can be identified as

A) cardiac muscle.
B) skeletal muscle.
C) columnar epithelium.
D) adipose tissue.
E) loose fibrous connective tissue. The dark bands running across the cells are striations which are characteristic of cardiac and skeletal muscle. The branching of the cells indicates that the tissue is cardiac muscle, since skeletal muscle is composed of parallel, unbranched cells.

Question 55

Which of the following is not a characteristic of connective tissue?

A) secretion and absorption
B) protection
C) cushioning and insulation
D) supporting
E) storage The different types of connective tissues have widely varied functions. Skin and bone protect the body's organs; adipose tissue or fat cushions certain organs and insulates the body; loose fibrous connective tissue supports the body; and bone and adipose tissue store minerals and fat, respectively.