Deck 24: The Maintenance Systems

Question 1

Which of the following statements does not apply to edema?

A) It can lead to heart failure.
B) It is the retention of water and salts.
C) It is an imbalance in the ionic composition of body fluids.
D) It can result from kidney failure.
E) It results in kidney stones if uncorrected.

Answer 1

E
Explanation: Reduced kidney function results in an accumulation of tissue fluid known as edema. Not only do nitrogenous wastes accumulate, but the ion and water balance of the body is upset. Too many ions in the tissue fluids results in too much water, thus edema. The consequences can be serious, leading to loss of consciousness and heart failure. Hemodialysis and kidney transplants are the most common treatments.

Question 2

Most carbon dioxide is carried in the blood

A) as bicarbonate ion formed from carbonic acid in the plasma.
B) causing the pH to increase.
C) within the plasma.
D) bonded with hemoglobin.
E) bonded with oxygen.

Answer 2

A
Explanation: Carbon dioxide is transported from the tissues to the lungs and released out during exhalation. Carbon dioxide dissolves in the water in the plasma forming carbonic acid. The carbonic acid then forms bicarbonate ion and hydrogen ion.

Question 3

Hair within the nose and cilia lining the respiratory tract

A) moisten the air before it enters the lungs.
B) prevent particles from entering the lungs.
C) help oxygen move into the lungs.
D) help carbon dioxide leave the lungs.
E) help carbon dioxide move into the lungs.

Answer 3

B
Explanation: Hair within the nose traps particles before they move farther into the respiratory tract. The cilia lining various parts or the tract move mucus, which has trapped inhaled particles toward the pharynx. This action prevents the particles from entering the lungs.

Question 4

Increasing the size of the thoracic cavity through contraction of the diaphragm and rib muscles causes

A) an inhalation.
B) an exhalation.
C) coughing.
D) positive pressure in the lungs.
E) swallowing.

Question 5

The nephron of mammals and Malpighian tubules of insects are both involved in water and salt balance. They are also similar in that they are both

A) involved in elimination of nitrogenous wastes.
B) involved in the elimination of digestive wastes.
C) attached to the digestive system.
D) attached to the respiratory system.
E) found in the kidneys.

Question 6

The mechanism by which oxygen moves into capillaries from alveoli is

A) active transport.
B) facilitated transport.
C) diffusion.
D) osmosis.
E) secondary active transport.

Question 7

Emphysema occurs when the walls of the alveoli are destroyed, reducing surface area for gas exchange. This condition impacts the

A) upper respiratory system more than the lower.
B) upper respiratory system as much as the lower.
C) sinuses.
D) lower respiratory system more than the upper.
E) trachea only.

Question 8

The functional unit of the lungs where gas exchange occurs is the

A) alveolus.
B) bronchiole.
C) sinus.
D) glottis.
E) trachea.

Question 9

Which of the following events will cause problems with the body's ability to exchange gasses between the blood and tissue fluid?

A) an increase in the blood pH due to smoking
B) getting into a car accident and bruising your ribs on the steering wheel
C) getting a piece of meat lodged within your windpipe and not being able to breathe
D) being congested due to a sinus infection
E) playing football and getting the wind knocked out of you

Question 10

A genetic defect causes the distal tubules of nephrons to malfunction. Which of the following may not occur during urine formation?

A) reabsorption of water and glucose
B) secretion of larger molecules which may be toxic
C) secretion of urea
D) reabsorption of amino acids
E) reabsorption of hydrogen ion

Question 11

Which of the following is an incorrect match?

A) larynx - contains vocal cords
B) pharynx - connects nasal and oral cavities to larynx
C) sinuses - remove dust particles from the air
D) glottis - opening to the larynx
E) epiglottis - covers the glottis

Question 12

Each red blood cell contains about 250 million hemoglobin molecules and so can carry at least one billion molecules of oxygen.

Question 13

In which structure does urine formation begin?

A) collecting duct
B) proximal tubule
C) nephron loop
D) nephron capsule
E) distal tubule

Question 14

Ammonia helps maintain the optimal pH of urine.

Question 15

It is important for sodium and chloride ions to be reabsorbed in the nephron so that

A) urea can be secreted.
B) some water will be reabsorbed through osmosis.
C) some glucose reabsorption will occur.
D) needed amino acids will be reabsorbed.
E) the pH of the blood is maintained.

Question 16

The figure shown represents urine formation. What specific process is occurring at #2?

A) secretion
B) filtration
C) reabsorption
D) excretion
E) urination

Question 17

During respiration in fish, what percentage of dissolved oxygen is absorbed?

A) 100%
B) 95-99%
C) 80-90%
D) 70-80%
E) 60-70%

Question 18

Which of the following is the correct path urine follows from internal structures to outside the body?

A) renal cortex - urethra - urinary bladder - ureter
B) urinary bladder - renal pelvis - ureter - urethra
C) renal pelvis - ureter - urinary bladder - urethra
D) ureter - renal pelvis - urinary bladder - urethra
E) ureter - urinary bladder - renal pelvis - urethra

Question 19

The figure shown represents urine formation. Substances which move from the blood into the filtrate at #3 include

A) glucose.
B) amino acids.
C) sodium ions.
D) chloride ions.
E) hydrogen ions.

Question 20

In hemodialysis, wastes normally collected by the kidney

A) diffuse through artificial or natural semipermeable membranes.
B) are pumped through a series of filters.
C) are diluted by adding dialysate from bags attached to the abdomen.
D) are actively transported through natural membranes in the abdomen.
E) are diluted by a transfusion of blood lower in wastes.

Question 21

You are at your cousin's high school graduation party. The only thing good to drink is lemonade. You end up staying at the party for a long time, drinking four large glasses of lemonade. What would you expect to happen to your urine production?

A) You will produce an increased amount of dilute urine.
B) You will produce an increased amount of concentrated urine.
C) You will produce a decreased amount of concentrated urine.
D) You will produce a decreased amount of dilute urine.
E) You will produce a typical amount of urine; the lemonade will not have any noticeable impact on your urine production.

Question 22

In reference to fish respiration,

A) gills are thick lobes of tissue with little blood supply.
B) gills are used to rid the body of nitrogenous wastes similar to the kidneys in humans.
C) about 80-90% of dissolved oxygen in the water is absorbed by the skin.
D) blood flows through the gills in the same direction that water flows over them.
E) gases are exchanged between the lamellae of the gills and the water.

Question 23

Which organisms use Malpighian tubules to excrete uric acid?

A) insects
B) humans
C) birds
D) fish
E) None of these.

Question 24

In order for the body to stay in homeostasis, it must maintain the water-salt balance. Which system is responsible for maintaining this feature?

A) urinary system
B) digestive system
C) respiratory system
D) cardiovascular system
E) integumentary system

Question 25

Excretion of nitrogenous wastes, such as urea and uric acid
2. Maintenance of the water-salt balance of the blood
3. Maintenance of the acid-base balance of the blood

Question 26

In the figure shown here, the structure indicated by the letter "E"

A) carries urine to the urinary bladder.
B) carries urine to the outside of the body.
C) returns filtered blood to the systemic circulation.
D) further alters the composition of the urine formed by the nephrons.
E) empties urine from the renal medulla.

Question 27

Which of the following is the correct pathway of air into the lungs to the site of gas exchange?

A) nasal cavity - pharynx - larynx - trachea - bronchi - bronchioles - alveoli
B) bronchi - pharynx - larynx - trachea - nasal cavity - bronchioles - alveoli
C) bronchi - pharynx - trachea - nasal cavity - bronchioles - alveoli - larynx
D) nasal cavity - alveoli - bronchioles - bronchi - trachea - larynx - pharynx
E) pharynx - trachea - nasal cavity - bronchioles - alveoli - larynx - bronchi

Question 28

Muscular dystrophy affects the functioning of skeletal muscle. As this disease advances, it can impair the contraction of the diaphragm and the muscles of the rib cage. What effect will this have on the ability of people with this disease to carry out gas exchange?

A) It will decrease their ability to exchange air into and out of the lungs, decreasing gas exchange.
B) It will have no effect on their ability to carry out gas exchange.
C) It will cause a buildup of mucus in their respiratory tract, decreasing gas exchange.
D) It will lower the surface area for gas exchange, decreasing gas exchange.
E) It will decrease the ability to exhale but the ability to inhale will be unaffected.

Question 29

The tracheal system of insects

A) helps remove metabolic wastes from their bodies.
B) makes a respiratory pigment in their hemolymph unnecessary.
C) relies on the expansion and contraction of the body wall to move air into and out of the system.
D) is limited to the posterior end of the body.
E) digests food and distributes nutrients to the body.

Question 30

Which event occurs during inspiration but not expiration?

A) The rib cage moves out and up.
B) The diaphragm relaxes and moves up.
C) Pressure in the lungs increases.
D) Air is pushed out of the lungs.
E) The rib cage moves down and inward.

Question 31

In the figure shown here, "E" represents

A) external respiration- the exchange of gases between the body tissues and the blood.
B) external respiration- the exchange of gases between the blood and the air in the lungs.
C) internal respiration- the exchange of gases between the body tissues and the blood.
D) internal respiration- the exchange of gases between the blood and the air in the lungs.
E) external respiration- the exchange of gases between the air in the lungs and the outside.

Question 32

In the figure shown here, the letter "A" represents

A) a renal pyramid.
B) the cortex.
C) a column.
D) a renal pelvis.
E) a nephron.

Question 33

In the figure shown here, the area represented by letter "D" is

A) where blood is filtered to form urine.
B) the area where urine formed by nephrons is collected.
C) where arterial blood is brought into the kidneys.
D) the renal cortex.
E) the renal medulla.

Question 34

At the area labeled "A" in the figure shown here,

A) O₂ and CO₂ enter the lungs.
B) O₂ and CO₂ leave the lungs.
C) O₂ enters the lungs and CO₂ leaves the lungs.
D) CO₂ enters the lungs and CO₂ leaves the lungs.
E) nutrients move into the body and CO₂ leaves the body.