Deck 5: The Dynamic Cell

Question 1

Identify which of the following statements is not true.

A) ATP is formed when energy is released during cell respiration.
B) When ATP becomes ADP + P, the amount of energy released is enough for a biological purpose.
C) ATP is comprised of a sugar, base, and two phosphate groups.
D) ATP contains the energy form used for cellular work.
E) ADP is low in potential energy.

Answer 1

C
Explanation: The continual breakdown and regeneration of ATP is known as the ATP cycle. ATP stores energy before it is used in a reaction that requires energy. Then ATP is rebuilt by the synthesis of ADP + P using the energy released from cell respiration.

Question 2

Which is an example of potential energy rather than kinetic energy?

A) an apple made up of energy-rich macromolecules
B) a firefly using light flashes to attract a mate
C) a skier at the bottom of the hill instead of the top of the hill
D) a pile of leaves that have been burnt
E) a candle giving off light

Answer 2

A
Explanation: An apple has stored chemical energy that is capable of being converted into kinetic energy.

Question 3

Which of the following terms best describes entropy?

A) order
B) disorder
C) potential energy
D) kinetic energy
E) energy conversions

Answer 3

B
Explanation: Every energy transformation leads to an increase in the amount of disorganization or disorder called entropy.

Question 4

The figure below represents a metabolic pathway. What happens if Enzyme₂ is defective and nonfunctional?

A) Product Z would increase in amount.
B) Substrate Y would not be metabolized.
C) Substrate X would not be metabolized.
D) Substrate X would increase in amount.
E) Substrate X is destroyed.

Question 5

What prevents a plant cell from bursting in a hypotonic solution?

A) plasma membrane
B) transport proteins, which help pump the excess water out of the cell
C) the presence of a cell wall
D) water moving out of the cell
E) the presence of chloroplasts

Question 6

ATP releases energy when

A) a ribose is added.
B) adenine is removed.
C) a phosphate is removed.
D) deoxyribose is added.
E) sunlight strikes it.

Question 7

In what function do the embedded membrane proteins at "c" serve?

A) simple diffusion
B) facilitated and active transport
C) support for the membrane
D) phagocytosis
E) osmosis

Question 8

The figure below demonstrates which key concept regarding cell activities?

A) coupled reactions
B) the first law of thermodynamics
C) enzyme inhibition
D) receptor-mediated endocytosis
E) active transport

Question 9

Which of the following is best associated with a coupled reaction?

A) ATP consumes energy from another metabolic reaction.
B) ADP often transfers a phosphate to the reactant.
C) The metabolic reaction requires energy from ATP.
D) ATP gains a phosphate group.
E) ADP is used up in the metabolic reaction.

Question 10

Which of the following is not a mechanism used to move materials in and out of the cell?

A) osmosis
B) facilitated diffusion
C) active transport
D) feedback inhibition
E) phagocytosis

Question 11

Considering the ATP cycle, which of the following would have the most potential energy to perform work for cell activities?

A) ATP
B) ADP
C) adenosine
D) AMP
E) H⁺ ions

Question 12

When a car burns gasoline, much of the energy is released in the form of heat. Which of the following best describes this process in relation to the first law of thermodynamics?

A) Energy is conserved.
B) Energy can be changed from one form to another.
C) Energy is often destroyed.
D) All energy comes from the sun.
E) Energy is always used up in reactions.

Question 13

Simple diffusion of molecules occurs

A) from an area of lesser concentration to an area of greater concentration.
B) in nonliving systems as well as living systems.
C) across plasma membranes only through transport proteins.
D) until those molecules are more highly concentrated on one side of the plasma membrane.
E) only in molecules that are in a gaseous state.

Question 14

Which of the following shows the flow of energy at the cellular level through the biosphere?

A) solar energy - mitochondria - chloroplast
B) chloroplast - solar energy - mitochondria
C) solar energy - chloroplast - mitochondria
D) mitochondria - solar energy - chloroplast
E) chloroplast - mitochondria - solar energy

Question 15

The part of the enzyme into which the substrate fits is called the

A) feedback site.
B) active site.
C) substrate location.
D) inhibitor.
E) solute.

Question 16

Energy of activation

A) is the energy required for molecules to react with each other.
B) requires the use of enzymes.
C) allows for feedback inhibition.
D) acts on the products of metabolic reactions.
E) is a measure of the amount of solar radiation striking a leaf surface.

Question 17

What process typically regulates the enzymes involved in metabolic reactions?

A) substrate inhibition
B) entropy capture
C) ATP blockage
D) feedback inhibition
E) temperature levels

Question 18

Molecules move from greater to lesser concentration through a transport protein in

A) simple diffusion.
B) facilitated diffusion.
C) pinocytosis.
D) active transport.
E) phagocytosis.

Question 19

Simple diffusion across a plasma membrane is called passive transport because it

A) requires transport proteins.
B) requires energy from the cell.
C) does not require energy from the cell.
D) does not require control by the nucleus.
E) moves molecules from low to high concentration.

Question 20

The opposite of a turgid plant cell is a

A) hypertonic plant cell.
B) osmotic plant cell.
C) isotonic plant cell.
D) plasmolyzed plant cell.
E) ruptured plant cell.

Question 21

Which of these words does not belong with the rest as it relates to concentration gradient?

A) osmosis
B) diffusion
C) passive transport
D) active transport
E) facilitated diffusion

Question 22

When neurons release their neurotransmitters, they release them by secretory vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane thereby emptying their contents into an area that can stimulate some response. What type of cellular transport is occurring as the vesicle forms and then surfaces on the cell's plasma membrane?

A) active transport
B) diffusion
C) exocytosis
D) pinocytosis
E) osmosis

Question 23

What is the biological risk of using salt on icy roads in parts of the country that have a cold winter season?

A) The salt has the risk of leeching into the ground and creating a hypertonic environment for plant cells.
B) Plant root cells will grow in excess to try to reach fresh water.
C) Plant cells will take on excess water from the melted ice and become turgid.
D) Salt is in limited supply in the ecosystem and this type of overuse will make it even more so.
E) The deer in these areas have the danger of consuming too much of it as they forage for food.

Question 24

Pickles are often preserved in a 20-30% salt solution called brine. How does this method prevent contamination by microorganisms?

A) Bacteria can't survive in a hypertonic solution because they lose water.
B) Bacteria can't survive in hypotonic solutions because of the added pressure of the water they take in.
C) Bacteria cells are unable to digest the salt, thus killing the cells by starvation.
D) The high-salt concentration increases the pH of the environment, making it unfavorable for bacteria to live there.
E) The high-salt concentration creates an isotonic environment that the bacteria cannot live in.

Question 25

In the setup shown in the figure below, which process allows the water to move across the membrane?

A) osmosis
B) active transport
C) phagocytosis
D) facilitated diffusion
E) passive transport

Question 26

The figure below reflects how these two cells would respond in an) ________ environment.

A) hypotonic
B) isotonic
C) hypertonic
D) diffuse
E) ionic

Question 27

When a potted houseplant is wilting, the addition of water quickly changes the look of the plant. This can be accounted for by which of the following statements?

A) The water creates a hypertonic environment causing the cells to lose water.
B) The water creates a hypotonic environment causing cells to lose water.
C) The water creates a hypertonic environment causing the cells to gain water.
D) The water creates a hypotonic environment causing the cells to gain water.
E) The water creates an isotonic environment that allows for the cells to neither gain nor lose water.

Question 28

Intestinal cells absorb glucose via facilitated diffusion. What would happen if all the mitochondria within these intestinal cells were destroyed?

A) Glucose absorption would increase.
B) Glucose absorption would decrease.
C) Glucose absorption would stop.
D) Glucose absorption would not be affected.
E) Glucose absorption would be slow at first and then increase.

Question 29

Which one of the following molecules is able to move across the cell membrane by simple diffusion?

A) DNA
B) hemoglobin
C) carbon dioxide
D) glucose
E) starch

Question 30

Which of the following enables a cell to pick up and concentrate a specific type of molecule?

A) passive transport
B) receptor-mediated endocytosis
C) osmosis
D) exocytosis
E) facilitated diffusion

Question 31

Which of the following is not an example of osmosis?

A) Salting meat serves as a preservative.
B) Vegetables placed in fresh water firm up.
C) Sugar in coffee dissolves.
D) Strawberries placed in sugar become syrupy.
E) Eating salty popcorn makes people's lips dry.

Question 32

Probable factors that affect the passage of materials across cell membranes include all of the following except

A) concentration.
B) size.
C) color.
D) time.
E) charge.

Question 33

A white blood cell surrounds and engulfs a worn-out red blood cell, forming a vesicle around the red blood cell. This process is called

A) active transport.
B) phagocytosis.
C) exocytosis.
D) pinocytosis.
E) facilitated diffusion.

Question 34

When a cell is in a solution where the concentration of the solute is the same in the cell as in the solution, the solution is called

A) isotonic.
B) hypertonic.
C) hypotonic.
D) osmotonic.
E) saturated.

Question 35

In the following figure, which cell exhibits the condition of plant cells that have been placed in a hypertonic environment?

A) a
B) b
C) c
D) Both a & b
E) Both b & c

Question 36

In the setup shown in the figure below, which of the following statements would describe what would be observed after 12 hours of time have elapsed?

A) The level of the solution in the tube would rise because there are now more dissolved solutes present in the beaker than in the tube.
B) The level of the solution in the tube would lower because the glucose and salt would move into the tube.
C) The level of the solution in the tube would rise because there are now more dissolved solutes in the tube than the beaker.
D) The level of the solution would not change as the membrane prohibits any exchange between the tube and the beaker.
E) The level of solution in the tube would see no change because the solute levels are equal on both sides.

Question 37

If blood cells are placed in a hypertonic solution, the cells will

A) shrink due to water loss by the cell.
B) be unaffected since they have a cell membrane to separate them from the solution.
C) swell due to diffusion.
D) burst due to active transport.
E) shrink due to the loss of solutes from the blood cell.

Question 38

The concentration of calcium in a cell is 3%. The concentration of calcium in the surrounding fluid is 1%. How could the cell obtain more calcium?

A) passive transport
B) diffusion
C) active transport
D) osmosis
E) pinocytosis

Question 39

Which of the following is an example of osmosis?

A) Glucose is transported from our blood stream across cell membranes and into the cytoplasm.
B) Sodium is pumped across a cell to increase its concentration on one side of the cell membrane.
C) The fragrance from a broken bottle of perfume travels throughout the department store.
D) A bacterium in the blood stream is engulfed by a white blood cell.
E) Cells in our kidneys reabsorb water to reduce the amount of water lost in our urine.

Question 40

In the setup shown in the figure below, which of the following statements would describe the conditions observed after 12 hours of time have elapsed?

A) The beaker contents will be hypertonic to the tube contents.
B) The tube contents will be hypertonic to the beaker contents.
C) The beaker and tube contents are isotonic to each other.
D) The beaker contents will be hypotonic to the tube contents.
E) The beaker contents and the tube contents will not have changed at all.

Question 41

Which energy association is correct?

A) Kinetic energy is energy of motion.
B) Water stored behind a dam is an example of kinetic energy.
C) Energy in the chemical bonds of a molecule is kinetic energy.
D) Potential energy must be used immediately or it is lost.
E) Light energy is a form of chemical energy.

Question 42

ATP is a good source of energy for a cell because

A) it is able to be used in only one type of reaction.
B) its breakdown is coupled with energy-requiring reactions.
C) it provides excess energy for cellular reactions.
D) it is not reusable.
E) it takes no energy to make it.

Question 43

Which of the types of cellular activities listed below would not use ATP?

A) active transport
B) muscular contraction
C) flagella movement
D) passive transport
E) protein synthesis

Question 44

Which statement most accurately describes the second law of thermodynamics?

A) Energy cannot be changed from one form to another without a loss of usable energy.
B) One usable form of energy can be completely converted into another usable form.
C) Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be changed from one form to another.
D) Energy cannot be created or destroyed.
E) Energy cannot be transformed.

Question 45

Once the substrate moves into the active site of the enzyme,

A) the enzyme breaks the substrate into three products.
B) the two molecules fuse together to form the product.
C) the enzyme alters in shape to more closely fit the substrate.
D) the substrate alters shape to more closely fit the active site.
E) the substrate and enzyme both alter shape to fit together.

Question 46

Enzymes are able to speed up the rate of a reaction by

A) transferring electrons from one substance to another.
B) binding substrates to a membrane.
C) producing more enzymes.
D) lowering the energy needed for the reaction to proceed.
E) producing more substrates.

Question 47

Which of the following statements describes the correct flow of energy conversions through living systems?

A) Chloroplasts convert solar energy to the chemical energy of nutrient molecules.
B) Mitochondria convert ATP molecules into glucose.
C) Chloroplasts produce CO₂ and H₂O during photosynthesis.
D) Mitochondria capture solar energy and convert it to oxygen.
E) Chloroplasts burn glucose into ATP molecules during cell respiration.

Question 48

The second law of thermodynamics states that all energy transformations result in more disordered energy. How does this relate to energy transformation in a living organism?

A) The energy taken in as food is eventually converted into kinetic energy.
B) The energy taken in as food is eventually converted into heat energy.
C) The energy taken in as kinetic energy is eventually converted into heat energy.
D) The energy taken in as heat energy is eventually converted into kinetic energy.
E) No energy in a living organism can undergo more than one transformation.

Question 49

The second law of thermodynamics states that all energy transformations result in more disordered energy. How can photosynthesis take more disordered carbon dioxide and water and convert them into glucose, which is more ordered?

A) Living things do not obey the laws of thermodynamics.
B) This is an illusion; it only appears that glucose is more ordered.
C) Photosynthesis is an exception to the second law of thermodynamics.
D) Solar energy is being added to the reaction to create glucose.
E) Plants are able to harness entropy and use it to carry out photosynthesis.

Question 50

Both starch and cellulose are made by stringing together many glucose molecules, but starch is easily digested by humans, while cellulose is indigestible. The starch polysaccharide has every bond occurring below the sugar rings while the bonds in cellulose alternate between one bond above the ring and the next below the ring. How can you explain humans'inability to digest cellulose?

A) The enzyme that breaks down starch can only fit the specific bond configuration of bonds below the ring.
B) Humans do not eat cellulose.
C) The acidic molecules found in stomach acid cannot act on the bonds that are above the sugar rings in cellulose.
D) The alternating bonds make the cellulose molecule too large and bulky to enter cells for digestion.
E) Cellular respiration is only capable of breaking down specific bonds.

Question 51

Which of the areas shown in the figure below indicates the presence of an enzyme in the movement of reactant over to product?

A) a
B) b
C) c
D) d
E) Both a & d

Question 52

Enzymes are named based on the substrate that they bind. This is possible because

A) enzymes all have the same shape.
B) an enzyme binds one specific substrate.
C) enzymes are used up in the reaction.
D) an enzyme is only associated with one metabolic pathway.
E) enzymes speed up the rate of a reaction.

Question 53

Why do metabolic pathways require tens to hundreds of different enzymes?

A) The enzymes are used up after one reaction and the molecules have to undergo multiple rearrangements.
B) The enzyme is deformed by the interaction with the substrate and needs a period of time to return to its
Original reactive form, so many enzymes are needed to keep the pathway going.
C) Each enzyme has a specific substrate and produces a specific product.
D) Multiple enzymes are not required for the pathway, but having them speed up the production of the final product.
E) The enzymes are attached to a membrane and cannot move to the location of the new intermediate, so

Question 54

A patient who is admitted to the hospital shares that she has been taking a series of "water pills" to help her lose weight. Her skin and mucous membranes are dry, and she is complaining of a headache. The physician on call asks for an IV treatment to be promptly administered. Based on the information given, what would likely be the type of IV solution given to this patient?

A) hypotonic
B) isotonic
C) osmotic
D) hypertonic
E) saturated

Question 55

The second law of thermodynamics states that all energy transformations result in more disordered energy. How do living organisms, which depend on the conversion of potential energy to kinetic energy to fuel their activities, continue to live?

A) They must constantly take in chemical potential energy for fuel and excrete waste.
B) Living things do not obey the laws of thermodynamics.
C) They must constantly take in chemical potential energy for fuel.
D) They excrete the disordered molecules and lose the disordered energy as heat.
E) They take the disordered molecules and heat energy and use them to create new fuel.

Question 56

Which of the following is not a type of potential energy?

A) the energy in a glucose molecule
B) the energy contained in a rock sitting at the top of a cliff
C) the energy of a ball rolling down a hill
D) the energy contained in a hamburger
E) the energy of a diver standing on a diving board

Question 57

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the first law of thermodynamics?

A) Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but it can be changed from one form to another.
B) One usable form of energy cannot be completely converted into another usable form.
C) One usable form of energy can be completely converted into another usable form.
D) Energy cannot be created or destroyed.
E) Energy cannot be transformed.

Question 58

The changing of an enzyme's shape as the substrate binds to the active site is called the

A) substrate binding theory.
B) induced fit model.
C) metabolic pathway.
D) energy of activation.
E) enzyme binding theory.

Question 59

Where within the cell is ATP produced?

A) mitochondria
B) cytoplasm
C) nucleus
D) endoplasmic reticulum
E) Golgi body

Question 60

Which of the following is a byproduct of photosynthesis that is used during cellular respiration?

A) oxygen
B) NADH
C) carbon dioxide
D) ATP
E) FADH₂

Question 61

Which form of passive transport allows small molecules, such as oxygen, to cross the cell membrane?

A) diffusion
B) osmosis
C) plasmolysis
D) phagocytosis
E) pinocytosis

Question 62

Because it is a passive process, which membrane transport process can continue whether the cell is alive or dead?

A) diffusion
B) sodium/potassium pump
C) pinocytosis
D) phagocytosis
E) exocytosis

Question 63

Less energy is needed to bring about a reaction when an enzyme is present.

Question 64

In feedback inhibition of a metabolic pathway, where does the inhibitor bind?

A) to the enzyme of the first reaction
B) to the substrate of the first reaction
C) to the product of the first reaction
D) to the enzyme of the last reaction
E) to a substrate or the product of the last reaction