Deck 10: B: Lifespan Development

Question 1

One advantage to using a longitudinal design over a cross-sectional design is that longitudinal designs

A)are typically cheaper to perform.
B)are less likely to be affected by attrition.
C)avoid the problems associated with cohort effects.
D)require less time to perform.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

A__________ period refers to the optimal time period when the normal development of a particular skill must take place.

A)maturation
B)initiation
C)sensitive
D)fast-mapping

Answer 2

C

Question 3

A friend of yours is pregnant and particularly afraid of her child dying from sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)after he is born.What factor can you tell your friend puts her child at greater risk from dying from SIDS so she can make sure she avoids it?

A)having pets in the house
B)prescription medications
C)vaccines
D)cigarette smoke

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Daniel is interested in studying how children's behaviour changes when they grow up in high-risk environments.He enlists 500 children and their parents to take part in his research,and observes these children once a year for 20 years.Although this research is time-consuming and expensive,it gives very good information about how the children age over time.This type of research is an example of a __________ study.

A)sequential
B)cross-sectional
C)longitudinal
D)continuous

Question 5

In a __________design,one group of participants is followed and assessed as the group ages.

A)cohort
B)longitudinal
C)behaviour genetics
D)cross-sectional

Question 6

In a cross-sectional study,subjects from the same generation are referred to as

A)an age cohort.
B)an experimental subject group.
C)a control group.
D)a clique.

Question 7

__________ studies collect data from the same individuals over a period of time to track age-related changes.

A)Cross-sectional
B)Continual
C)Contiguous
D)Longitudinal

Question 8

The germinal stage

A)occurs during the first two weeks after fertilization.
B)occurs from 2 to 8 weeks after fertilization.
C)occurs from approximately 8 weeks after fertilization to birth.
D)occurs from 7 to 10 weeks after fertilization.

Question 9

Marisa is at a point in her pregnancy when the blastocyst is moving down to her uterus,and the placenta begins to form.Which stage of prenatal development is Marisa currently experiencing?

A)fetal
B)embryonic
C)placental
D)germinal

Question 10

Xiao is gathering research on the number of daily calories people typically consume at various ages.He gathers data about the number of calories eaten by 25 people at each of the following ages: 10,20,30,40,50,60,and 70 years.What type of research design is Xiao using?

A)continuous
B)cross-sectional
C)sequential
D)longitudinal

Question 11

Which of the following types of changes are of interest to a developmental psychologist?

A)biological changes
B)biological and cognitive changes
C)cognitive and psychosocial changes
D)biological,cognitive,and psychosocial changes

Question 12

__________ studies observe different individuals at different ages at a single point in time.

A)Longitudinal
B)Cross-longitudinal
C)Sequential
D)Cross-sectional

Question 13

Which of the following is true about longitudinal studies?

A)The potential for cohort effects makes them difficult to interpret.
B)They are generally cheaper than cross-sectional studies.
C)They typically only take a few weeks to perform.
D)They are more likely to suffer from attrition than cross-sectional studies.

Question 14

Developmental changes during childhood tend to occur

A)in cross-sections.
B)in stages.
C)gradually or continuously.
D)longitudinally.

Question 15

Charmaine is interested in going to graduate school to gain expertise in the ways in which people experience physical,cognitive,social,and emotional changes over the course of their lives.The type of program that Charmaine should be applying to is __________ psychology.

A)developmental
B)child
C)social
D)ecological

Question 16

Psychologists refer to abrupt developmental changes as occurring ______________.In contrast,they refer to slower,more gradual changes as being _________________.

A)continuously;in stages.
B)in stages;continuous
C)normal;abnormal
D)abnormal;normal

Question 17

A(n)__________ refers to a group of people who lived during the same time period.

A)cohort
B)constituency
C)peer group
D)age cluster

Question 18

Suppose a child were raised by abusive parents who kept her locked in a basement,completely separated from human contact,for the first 7 years of her life.When she was finally rescued,case workers found that it was very difficult to teach her how to communicate.This would be because the child was not exposed to language during the _____________.

A)sensitive period
B)sensorimotor stage
C)preconventional stage
D)concrete operational stage

Question 19

A researcher performs a cross-sectional study comparing the video-game playing ability of 20-year-olds to 60-year-olds.The results indicate that the 20-year-olds learned to play a new game much faster than the 60-year-olds.However,the researchers are uncertain whether this indicates that the 20-year-olds' ability will decrease over time,or whether the 60-year-olds had more difficulty because they grew up before there were video games.What issue is this an example of?

A)cohort effects
B)attrition
C)sampling bias
D)scaffolding effects

Question 20

Times when certain internal and external influences have a major impact on development are called _______________.

A)fetal periods
B)sensitive periods
C)germinal periods
D)latency periods

Question 21

Greta's child has facial deformities,learning difficulties,and delayed growth.If these defects can be traced to a teratogen used by Greta when she was pregnant,which was she most likely abusing?

A)nicotine
B)cocaine
C)marijuana
D)alcohol

Question 22

According to your textbook,which of the following is true of children who survive a preterm birth before 29 weeks' gestational age?

A)Over 95% experience severe cognitive impairments into adulthood.
B)Over 95% experience some lasting impairment,but it is typically mild.
C)Over 50% show no cognitive impairments at all.
D)Preterm birth affects physical,but not cognitive development.

Question 23

The involuntary muscular reactions to specific types of stimulation seen in newborns are referred to as ___________.

A)tremors
B)reflexes
C)ticks
D)spasms

Question 24

The heart and nervous system begin to form when the developing child is categorized as a(n)________.

A)fetus
B)zygote
C)embryo
D)blastocyst

Question 25

Which of the following is not a known symptom of fetal alcohol syndrome?

A)facial malformations
B)respiratory difficulties
C)deficits in mental functioning
D)growth problems

Question 26

Which of the following is the correct order for the phases of prenatal development?

A)germinal,embryonic,fetal
B)germinal,fetal,embryonic
C)fetal,germinal,embryonic
D)fetal,embryonic,germinal

Question 27

Elizabeth is nursing her newborn daughter and holds the baby up to her breast.When she strokes her baby's cheek,the child turns her head toward the breast and finds her mother's nipple.This is a demonstration of the __________ reflex.

A)rooting
B)suckling
C)Moro
D)grasping

Question 28

One important advantage of the kangaroo care intervention for preterm infants is that it

A)has a 95% success rate for infants born between 20 and 25 weeks.
B)can easily be used in developing countries.
C)limits physical contact with the infant.
D)makes use of the most technologically advanced treatments available.

Question 29

By seven to eight months of gestation,not only can infants hear,but they also seem to be actively listening.According to your textbook,which of the following is one of the ways researchers know this?

A)Infants still in the womb kick their feet along with the beat of external music.
B)Some young children report having been aware of conversations while they were still in the womb.
C)Infants show a preference for stories read aloud to them prior to birth.
D)Infants show knowledge of vocabulary words they heard while still in the womb.

Question 30

The Moro reflex is most likely to be produced when

A)someone lightly stokes the baby's cheek.
B)the baby loses support of his or her head.
C)the baby smells his mother's breast milk.
D)the baby's palm is pressed.

Question 31

Which of the following is true of the original research that suggested a relationship between the MMR vaccine and the development of autism?

A)It has been retracted by the journal that published it.
B)It won Andrew Wake the 1999 Nobel Prize for Medicine.
C)It has been successfully replicated several times.
D)While the original study has problems,the scientific community still supports the connection between vaccines and autism.

Question 32

Which of the following is a key component to the Newborn Individualized Developmental Care and Assessment Program (NIDCAP)for preterm infants?

A)exposing the infants to specific patterns of visual and auditory stimuli to promote brain development
B)placing infants into a simulated womb,complete with placenta and amniotic fluid
C)recreating the birthing experience at what would have been 37 weeks of gestation if the infant had been carried to full term
D)minimizing exposure to light and sounds that can over-stimulate the developing brain

Question 33

Which ability may take up to 2 months after birth to develop?

A)discriminating odours
B)seeing objects less than a foot away
C)voluntary motor movements
D)discriminating between different colours

Question 34

While the chance of survival for infants born at 25 weeks is about 50%,the probability for survival is 95% by ________ weeks of gestation.

A)26
B)30
C)37
D)40

Question 35

The rooting reflex refers to a newborn's tendency to

A)stand up and attempt to walk when placed on its knees.
B)open the mouth to seek food when touched on the cheek.
C)cry when approached by unfamiliar people.
D)close the eyes when startled by loud noises.

Question 36

Tameeka is at a point in her pregnancy during which the major organs and structures of her baby are first developing.Which period of prenatal development is Tameeka currently experiencing?

A)fetal
B)embryonic
C)placental
D)germinal

Question 37

The placenta is

A)the tube through which a developing baby receives nourishment.
B)the technical name for the "belly button."
C)a specialized organ that provides nourishment and filters away waste products from the developing baby.
D)the name for the developing organism until it is 8 weeks old.

Question 38

Which of the following terms is used to describe any substance,such as a drug,chemical,or virus,that can bring about a birth defect?

A)teratogen
B)critical period
C)carcinogen
D)biohazard

Question 39

What are some of the common consequences to a child whose mother smoked while pregnant?

A)increased birth weight and lethargy
B)lower birth weight and premature birth
C)severe hearing loss and heart defects
D)severely deformed limbs and muscle spasms

Question 40

Which of the following describes the embryonic period?

A)the period during which the blastocyst moves down to the uterus and begins to implant in the lining
B)the period during which the major organs and structures of the organism first develop
C)the period during which the zygote is formed
D)the period during which the skeletal,organ,and nervous systems become more developed and specialized

Question 41

Which of the following increases the ability of an infant's brain to function?

A)the creation of new synaptic connections
B)the removal of synaptic connections
C)both the creation and the removal of synaptic connections
D)neither the creation nor removal of synaptic connections

Question 42

Object __________ is a cognitive skill that refers to the fact that an object continues to exist when it is no longer perceived (seen,heard,etc).

A)solidity
B)stability
C)continuity
D)permanence

Question 43

In Piaget's theory,the process of absorbing new information into existing cognitive structures is called __________.

A)operations
B)assimilation
C)conservation
D)accommodation

Question 44

Cross-cultural studies show that children raised in different environments mature at slightly different rates.According to your textbook,these differences are likely due to differences in

A)when infants begin practising motor skills.
B)the genes they inherited from their parents.
C)educational systems.
D)nutrition.

Question 45

The creation of new synaptic connections between neurons is called ___________________,whereas the removal of weak connections is called _______________.

A)myelination;conservation
B)conservation;myelination
C)synaptogenesis;synaptic pruning
D)synaptic pruning;synaptogenesis

Question 46

The major developmental milestone of the _______________ stage is the achievement of object permanence.

A)preoperational
B)sensorimotor
C)concrete operational
D)formal operational

Question 47

Which of the following is the correct order of stages in Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

A)formal operational,concrete operational,preoperational,sensory motor
B)preoperational,concrete operational,formal operational,sensorimotor
C)sensorimotor,preoperational,formal operational,concrete operational
D)sensorimotor,preoperational,concrete operational,formal operational

Question 48

Jean Piaget is best known for his pioneering work in the area of ________ development.

A)social
B)cognitive
C)psychosocial
D)identity

Question 49

According to Piaget,knowledge accumulates and is modified by which two processes?

A)sensation and motion
B)egocentrism and theory of mind
C)conservation and object permanence
D)assimilation and accommodation

Question 50

In a study discussed in your textbook,researchers surveyed mothers from different cultures about when they expected their newborns to develop specific motor skills such as walking.In cultures where the mothers expected their children to reach these milestones earlier,

A)their children actually matured slower than average.
B)their children matured at the same rate as all of the children in the study.
C)their children reached the milestones at an earlier age than the children from other cultures.
D)the parents showed extreme anxiety if their child developed more slowly than they had expected.

Question 51

Which stage of cognitive development is characterized by understanding of symbols,pretend play,and mastery of the concept of conservation?

A)formal operational
B)preoperational
C)concrete operational
D)sensorimotor

Question 52

Miss Johnson gave Mark and Tia equal-sized lumps of clay.Tia immediately rolled hers into a long shape.Mark cried and complained that Tia had received more clay.Mark's behaviour represents

A)an inability to accommodate.
B)an inability to conserve.
C)difficulty with formal operational tasks.
D)an inability to assimilate.

Question 53

Janis sees a bat flying over the lake and says,"Birdie"! Her mother says,"That flies like a bird,Janis,but that is a bat." Janis begins pointing saying,"Bat! Bat! Bat!" Piaget would say that this is an example of ____________.

A)accommodation
B)preoperational thought
C)assimilation
D)egocentric thinking

Question 54

If an expectant mother wants to avoid her child being born with cognitive deficits,what should she avoid during pregnancy?

A)taking thalidomide
B)flying in an airplane
C)consuming alcohol
D)red meat

Question 55

When her older brother hides behind the sofa,Carmella looks behind the sofa to find him.Carmella has developed ______________.

A)object permanence
B)equilibration
C)conservation
D)assimilation

Question 56

Kisha understands her world by grasping,sucking,and physically handling objects in her path.Kisha is in Piaget's ________ stage of development.

A)sensorimotor
B)preoperational
C)concrete operational
D)formal operational

Question 57

The study of changes in memory,thought,and reasoning processes that occur throughout the lifespan is called _____________.

A)mind development
B)biodevelopment
C)child psychology
D)cognitive development

Question 58

In Piaget's theory,the process of modifying existing cognitive structures in response to experience and new information is called _______________.

A)operations
B)accommodation
C)conservation
D)assimilation

Question 59

Alice is sitting at the table with her son Nikko.She takes his tall glass of milk and pours exactly half of it into a shorter wider glass.Then she says,"Honey,which glass has more milk?" Nikko immediately points to the taller glass.Nikko has not yet mastered Piaget's skill of _____________.

A)centration
B)egocentrism
C)object permanence
D)conservation

Question 60

The loss of weak nerve cell connections in the brain is known as ____________.

A)synaptogenesis
B)neuronal loss
C)conservation
D)synaptic pruning

Question 61

Which of the following theories of attachment was effectively discredited by the work of Harry Harlow?

A)Babies become attached to adults who are pleasant to touch.
B)Babies become attached to adults who provide them with nourishment.
C)Babies become attached to adults who smile at them.
D)Babies become attached to adults who talk in quiet voices.

Question 62

The emotional bond that a newborn baby shares with his or her caregiver(s)is called ____________.

A)maternal love
B)temperament
C)affective link
D)attachment

Question 63

Which of the following children is most likely to be upset when her father leaves the room?

A)Ilsa,who has an insecure-resistant attachment to her father
B)Nola,who has a secure attachment to her father
C)Denia,who has a disorganized attachment to her father
D)Lakesha,who has an insecure-avoidant attachment to her father

Question 64

Asking students to predict how the course of history may have changed if the first U.S.president were a woman would likely motivate students in which of Piaget's stages to answer thoroughly?

A)sensorimotor
B)preoperational
C)concrete operational
D)formal operational

Question 65

According to Piaget,egocentrism and a lack of conservation ability are both qualities that are seen in the ________ stage of development.

A)preconventional
B)preoperational
C)concrete operations
D)formal operations

Question 66

Harlow's study of infant rhesus monkeys showed that

A)surrogate mothers who were cold to the touch but provided food and water produced the strongest attachment responses.
B)surrogate mothers who were soft to the touch but did not provide food and water produced the strongest attachment responses.
C)early imprinting led to the strongest attachments of monkeys to their surrogate mothers.
D)surrogate mothers who were inconsistent in providing food and water produced the weakest attachment responses.

Question 67

According to Piaget,a child in the _____________ stage of cognitive development should be able to understand many mathematical concepts such as transitivity,but is likely to have difficulty understanding the more abstract ideas found in algebra.

A)formal operational
B)preoperational
C)concrete operational
D)sensorimotor

Question 68

The first time Greta showed a toy panda to her infant son,he appeared very interested and stared at it for a long time.Over time,however,Greta has noticed that her son has become less interested in the toy and only looks at it briefly.This is an example of ___________.

A)conservation
B)object permanence
C)dishabituation
D)habituation

Question 69

Psychologist Mary Ainsworth developed the __________ test in order to assess the different types of attachment that might exist between a child and his or her primary caregiver.

A)theory of mind
B)separation
C)strange situation
D)attachment schema

Question 70

Although not all psychologists agree,research using habituation and dishabituation discussed in your textbook suggests that very young infants might

A)understand the meaning of some simple words.
B)demonstrate object permanence.
C)recognize their parents.
D)have a rudimentary appreciation for numbers.

Question 71

In which stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development do people begin to think logically about abstract concepts?

A)the sensorimotor stage
B)the formal operational stage
C)the concrete operational stage
D)the preoperational stage

Question 72

In Harlow's studies with young monkeys,the monkeys were exposed to a wire mother with a bottle and a cloth mother without a bottle.The young monkeys spent their non-feeding time

A)with the wire mother.
B)with both mothers equally.
C)with the cloth mother.
D)away from both mothers.

Question 73

Whereas Piaget saw cognitive development as a result of individual discovery and a child's interaction with objects,Vygotsky attributed cognitive development to

A)biological changes in the brain.
B)unconscious factors.
C)completing activities in isolation.
D)interaction between a child and skilled people.

Question 74

The core knowledge hypothesis suggests that

A)infants have inborn abilities for understanding some key aspects of their environment.
B)children do not develop true abstract thinking until after puberty.
C)children must first develop an essential set of cognitive skills before they can develop abstract thinking.
D)children learn through a process of accommodation and assimilation.

Question 75

The zone of __________ development refers to the difference between what a child can do alone and what a child can do together with a more competent person.

A)proximal
B)assistive
C)supplemented
D)distal

Question 76

What kind of animals did Harry Harlow and his colleagues use to discredit the most commonly accepted theory of attachment of the time?

A)geese
B)monkeys
C)pigeons
D)rats

Question 77

Some children who were observed in the strange situation scenario did not demonstrate one consistent attachment style,but instead seemed unable to decide how they should react to their mother and to new circumstances.Researchers have labeled this the insecure-__________ attachment style.

A)secure
B)disorganized
C)resistant
D)avoidant

Question 78

Young Pemba is being observed as he plays in a room with his mother.Pemba frequently plays with the toys in the room,but occasionally looks back at his mother to make sure she is there.After a quick smile is exchanged between mother and child,Pemba goes back to playing with the toys.When Pemba's mother leaves the room,he becomes moderately upset,but is easily soothed when she returns.Which type of attachment does Pemba seem to have with his mother?

A)loving
B)secure
C)interdependent
D)developmental

Question 79

During which of Piaget's stages does a child demonstrate the ability to reason about abstract ideas?

A)sensorimotor
B)preoperational
C)concrete operational
D)formal operational

Question 80

According to Piaget,egocentrism involves

A)the perception that others view the world as you do.
B)the perception that others view the world differently than you do.
C)the perception that you might be incorrect in your judgments.
D)the perception that you are better than others.