Question 1

Which of the following orders is the correct one for the level of scientific scrutiny of a research study (from highest to lowest scrutiny)?&#10;A)journal article, convention paper, book&#10;B)book, convention paper, journal article&#10;C)convention paper, book, journal article&#10;D)newspaper, convention paper, book&#10;E)none has the correct order&#10;

Accepted Answer

Journal articles typically undergo rigorous peer review, convention papers are reviewed but less rigorously, and books often undergo the least scientific scrutiny.

Question 2

Which of the following words typically has no place in a statistical report?&#10;A)significant&#10;B)insignificant&#10;C)nonsignificant&#10;

Accepted Answer

In statistical reports, "insignificant" is typically avoided because it can be misleading. Instead, "nonsignificant" is used to indicate that results do not show statistical significance.

Question 3

When the experimenter evaluates the outcome of a study without knowing which participants were in the experimental and control groups and the participants are also unaware, then the experiment is said to be

A)retrospective
B)archival
C)retroblind
D)archivally blind
E)double blind

double blind

Accepted Answer

A double-blind study is one in which neither the participants nor the experimenters know who is receiving a particular treatment. This method is used to prevent bias in research results.

Question 4

An experimenter defines &#34;consumer assertion&#34; as the total number of products that a consumer has returned for his or her money back in a 1-year period.This definition in statistics is&#10;A)a confounding variable&#10;B)a definitional periodicity&#10;C)an operational definition&#10;D)a continuous but discrete definition&#10;E)measurement &#34;error&#34;&#10;

Accepted Answer

An operational definition specifies the measurement procedures used to measure a variable, allowing it to be tested and measured. In this case, "consumer assertion" is defined in terms of the observable and measurable activity of returning products for a refund within a specific time frame, fitting the criteria of an operational definition.

Question 5

A study linked a high blood pressure medicine to an increased risk of heart attacks.How many of the 70 published defenders of the medicine had financial ties to the manufacturer of the drug?&#10;A)24&#10;B)47&#10;C)51&#10;D)67&#10;E)all of them&#10;

Accepted Answer

67 of the 70 published defenders of the medicine had financial ties to the manufacturer of the drug.

Question 6

In a study of autistic children being taught facilitated communication, what percentage of the autistic kids could answer the questions correctly without any help from the facilitators after their training?

A)0%
B)25%
C)55%
D)92.6%

Accepted Answer

Studies on facilitated communication have shown that when proper controls are implemented to ensure the facilitator cannot influence the responses, the success rate of autistic children answering correctly without help drops significantly, often to 0%. This suggests that the facilitator, not the child, is the source of the correct answers in many cases.

Question 7

Who wrote that &#34;not [ever] being wrong&#34; was even worse than being wrong in science?&#10;A)Nightingale&#10;B)Pauli&#10;C)Prusiner&#10;D)Abelson&#10;

Accepted Answer

Pauli is known for his Pauli exclusion principle, which states that no two electrons in an atom can have the same set of quantum numbers. He also said that "not [ever] being wrong" was even worse than being wrong in science, because it meant that you were not learning anything.

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT a role of the statistician according to Abelson?&#10;A)curious detective&#10;B)honest attorney&#10;C)good storyteller&#10;D)moral advocate&#10;

Accepted Answer

According to Abelson, the roles of a statistician include being a curious detective, an honest attorney, and a good storyteller, but not specifically a moral advocate. These roles emphasize the importance of inquiry, integrity, and communication in statistical work, rather than advocating for a moral or ethical position.

Question 9

Which of the following results in an abuse of statistical power?&#10;A)too large a sample&#10;B)too small a sample&#10;C)a nonrandom sample&#10;D)a correlative experimental design&#10;E)all of the above&#10;

Accepted Answer

A too large sample can lead to an abuse of statistical power, as it may detect trivial effects that are not practically significant, leading to misleading conclusions.

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a good theory?&#10;A)provable&#10;B)testable hypotheses&#10;C)provocative&#10;D)grandness&#10;E)all of the above&#10;

Accepted Answer

A good theory should be testable through hypotheses, not necessarily provable. It should also be provocative, stimulating further research and discussion, and can vary in scope from narrow to grand. However, being provable is not a characteristic of a good theory, as theories are meant to be tested and refined, not proven once and for all.

Question 11

Which of the following was NOT presented as one of the eight questions of any study or survey?&#10;A)Who was surveyed?&#10;B)Were the participants paid?&#10;C)How many people participated?&#10;D)Did the survey have too many questions or items?&#10;E)Was causation assumed from a correlational study?&#10;

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following was NOT presented...

Question 12

Some patients in a control group will get well because of their belief that they are receiving the real treatment.This phenomenon is known as the&#10;A)experimenter effect&#10;B)placebo effect&#10;C)Hawthorne effect&#10;D)belief effect&#10;E)all of the above&#10;

Accepted Answer

The answer of Some patients in a control group will...

Question 13

True or false: Theories are often proven or disproven in science.&#10;a.true&#10;b.false

Accepted Answer

The answer of True or false: Theories are often proven...

Question 14

A series of studies is used to demonstrate the usefulness of a theory.This process is called&#10;A)replication&#10;B)duplication&#10;C)inferential testing&#10;D)demonstrativeness&#10;

Accepted Answer

The answer of A series of studies is used to...

Question 15

Historically, which is the oldest form of statistics?&#10;A)descriptive&#10;B)inferential&#10;C)parametric&#10;D)nonparametric&#10;

Accepted Answer

The answer of Historically, which is the oldest form of...

Question 16

The word placebo comes from Latin and means&#10;A)untrue&#10;B)fake belief&#10;C)I shall believe&#10;D)placid&#10;

Accepted Answer

The answer of The word placebo comes from Latin and...

Question 17

After a normative study of blood pressure in people older than age 50, the researchers realized that they did not record the people's ages.The lack of knowledge about their ages is considered a potential

A)confounding variable
B)dependent variable
C)independent variable
D)response variable
E)diagnostic variable

Accepted Answer

The answer of After a normative study of blood pressure...

Question 18

Anxiety was measured in a group of anxious elderly patients who were divided into two groups.One group received a new anti-anxiety drug and the other a placebo.The operational definition of the dependent variable is

A)anxiety
B)not specified
C)anxious elderly patients
D)all of the above
E)none of the above

Accepted Answer

The answer of Anxiety was measured in a group of...

Question 19

If we randomly choose names from the phone book, call them, and determine whether they are registered voters, does this process result in a random sample of voters?&#10;&#10;

Accepted Answer

The answer of If we randomly choose names from the...

Question 20

Which of the following is the most important and powerful form of scientific control in an experiment?&#10;A)the design of the experiment&#10;B)the statistical analyses&#10;C)a correlational design&#10;D)a large sample&#10;

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is the most...

Question 21

Which of the following scales requires a rational zero point?&#10;A)ordinal&#10;B)nominal&#10;C)ratio&#10;D)rational&#10;E)interdenominational&#10;

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following scales requires a...

Question 22

For the set of numbers 4, 5, 6, 9, the value of ($\Sigma$x)² would be equal to A)24 B)158 C)576

Accepted Answer

The answer of For the set of numbers 4, 5,...

Question 23

For the set of numbers 2, 3, 5, the value of $\Sigma$x² would be equal to A)38 B)100 C)10

Accepted Answer

The answer of For the set of numbers 2, 3,...

Question 24

For the set of numbers 2, 3, 5, 6, 9, the value of  &#10;would be equal to &#10;A)-94&#10;B)30&#10;C)94&#10;D)125&#10;

Accepted Answer

The answer of For the set of numbers 2, 3,...

Question 25

The capital Greek letter $\Sigma$indicates that the reader should _______ a set of numbers.&#10;A)add&#10;B)subtract&#10;C)multiply&#10;D)divide&#10;E)calculate&#10;

Accepted Answer

The answer of The capital Greek letter $\Sigma$indicates that the...

Deck 1: A Gentle Introduction