Deck 6: Civil Rights

Question 1

What was Reconstruction?

A)the struggle for newly freed slaves to gain the right to vote,especially in the South
B)the gradual elimination of both Black Codes and Jim Crow laws
C)the refusal of Southern states to abide by the Fourteenth Amendment until forced to do so by the Supreme Court
D)the period after the Civil War when efforts were made to deliver the war's hard-won gains to blacks
E)the period between the passage of the Fourteenth Amendment and the enactment of the Civil Rights Act of 1964

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The Fourteenth Amendment attempted to guarantee which of the following to former slaves?

A)forty acres of farmland and a mule
B)free university education
C)economic equality with whites
D)citizenship rights
E)debt forgiveness

Answer 2

D

Question 3

How did the early phase of the movement for women's equality end?

A)with the beginning of the fight for suffrage
B)with the Supreme Court upholding limiting the military draft to men
C)with prohibition of sex discrimination in hiring and firing as well as sexual harassment on the job.
D)with the Nineteenth Amendmente.when the Supreme Court overturned many gender-based state laws

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The Reverend Martin Luther King Jr.insisted that civil disobedience aimed at ending discrimination in the South should be conducted __________.

A)in accordance with the law
B)nonviolently
C)secretly
D)anonymously
E)with all deliberative speed

Question 5

What precipitated the Montgomery Bus Boycott?

A)the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr.'s "I Have A Dream" speech
B)the Greensboro,N.C.,lunch counter sit-in
C)the arrest of Rosa Parks in Montgomery,Ala.
D)the Supreme Court's decision in Plessy v.Ferguson
E)the assassination of the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr.

Question 6

Who had to pay poll taxes?

A)winning candidates
B)losing candidates
C)county clerks
D)voters
E)nonvoters

Question 7

What did Jim Crow laws mandate?

A)voting rights
B)racial segregation
C)poll taxes
D)grandfather clauses
E)black codes

Question 8

The Fifteenth Amendment guarantees citizens the right to vote regardless of __________.

A)race
B)gender
C)age
D)property ownership
E)involvement in insurrection

Question 9

Rosa Parks was arrested for challenging which of the following?

A)poll taxes
B)grandfather clauses
C)Jim Crow laws
D)slavery
E)integration

Question 10

Which amendment to the Constitution guarantees all American women the right to vote?

A)Twentieth
B)Nineteenth
C)Twenty-seventh
D)Eighteenth
E)Tenth

Question 11

The provision of the Fourteenth Amendment that prohibits any state from denying "any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws" is known as the __________ clause.

A)due process
B)jurisdiction
C)grandfather
D)equal protection
E)privileges and immunities

Question 12

What did Harry Truman accomplish in 1948 with Executive Order 9981?

A)internment of Japanese Americans
B)gender equality in employment
C)desegregation of the military
D)integration of Little Rock Central High School
E)affirmative action in university admissions

Question 13

Referring to the text and Table 6.1,what did the Supreme Court determine was unconstitutional in Brown v.Board of Education?

A)integrated schools
B)poll taxes
C)segregation of schools
D)unequal school funding
E)school bussing

Question 14

What is the current legal status of American Indian tribes?

A)They are sovereign nations.
B)They have a status similar to states.
C)They have a status similar to counties.
D)They have a status similar to towns or townships.
E)They have a status similar to incorporated businesses.

Question 15

When did women win the guaranteed right to vote?

A)when the Constitution was adopted
B)during the Civil War
C)immediately after the Civil War
D)at the same time that black males won the right to vote
E)decades after black males won the right to vote

Question 16

In Regents of the University of California v.Bakke (1978),the Supreme Court determined that __________ were unconstitutional.

A)poll taxes
B)grandfather clauses
C)all forms of affirmative action
D)Jim Crow laws
E)racial quotas

Question 17

The civil rights movement pushed for racial equality.At what point had the United States been through a civil rights revolution?

A)at the end of the Civil War
B)at the end of Reconstruction
C)by the early 1900s
D)by the end of the 1960s
E)after passage of the Equal Rights Amendment

Question 18

Women were guaranteed the right to vote by __________.

A)Korematsu v.United States
B)Reed v.Reed
C)the Nineteenth Amendment
D)the 1964 Civil Rights Act
E)the 1965 Voting Rights Act

Question 19

Which of these does the Civil Rights Act of 1964 ban?

A)poll taxes and grandfather clauses
B)discrimination in public accommodations
C)integration in public transportation
D)discrimination based on sexual orientation
E)nonviolent direct action

Question 20

The Thirteenth Amendment bans slavery.When was it passed?

A)when the South seceded from the Union
B)during the Civil War
C)immediately after the Civil War
D)immediately after Reconstruction
E)during the civil rights movement

Question 21

Which of the following people or organizations was most willing to use violence?

A)Martin Luther King,Jr.
B)Southern Christian Leadership Conference
C)Rosa Parks
D)Malcolm X
E)those engaged in lunch counter sit-ins

Question 22

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was designed to overturn which of the following?

A)integration
B)Jim Crow laws
C)nonviolent direct action
D)the Fifteenth Amendment
E)Reconstruction

Question 23

Of the following people,who could serve in the military under the "Don't Ask,Don't Tell" policy?

A)all gays and lesbians
B)gays but not lesbians
C)lesbians but not gays
D)only those who were straight
E)closeted gays and lesbians

Question 24

Which of the following weakened the Civil Rights Act of 1875?

A)the Civil Rights Cases
B)Brown v.Board of Education
C)Adarand v.Pena
D)the Civil Rights Act of 1964
E)the Voting Rights Act of 1965

Question 25

The Matthew Shepard Act (2009)was an expansion of the __________.

A)Family and Medical Leave Act
B)Defense of Marriage Act
C)ban on gays in the military
D)federal hate crimes statute
E)Higher Education Act

Question 26

What is the source of de facto segregation and discrimination?

A)practice
B)law
C)the Constitution
D)Congress
E)affirmative action

Question 27

Which of the following best describes how slavery was treated in the Constitution at the time of ratification?

A)The Constitution prohibited slavery.
B)The Constitution explicitly condoned and taxed slavery.
C)The Constitution did not mention slavery,but contained provisions relating to slavery.
D)The Constitution prohibited slavery in the North and condoned slavery in the South.
E)The Constitution counted the votes of slaves as only three-fifths that of free citizens.

Question 28

If a group of people were systematically discriminated against in the past,which of the following would constitute an affirmative action policy designed as a remedy to help the members of this group overcome the legacy of discrimination?

A)a hiring policy that favors those with relatives working in government
B)a college admissions policy that gives preferential treatment to members of the group
C)a color-blind job application process to give members of this group an equal chance
D)a policy that gives extra weight to votes cast by members of the group
E)requiring all applicants for government jobs to have at least two years of prior experience

Question 29

According to the Supreme Court's decisions in the Civil Rights Cases (1883),in which of the following areas could Congress prohibit discrimination against African Americans?

A)theaters
B)hotels
C)railroads
D)private homes
E)courthouses

Question 30

What was the basis for the Supreme Court's decision in Plessy v.Ferguson (1896)that upheld the constitutionality of a state law requiring segregated railroad facilities?

A)Former slaves are not entitled to full citizenship rights because they did not immigrate to the United States willingly.
B)Former slaves are not entitled to full citizenship rights because they were considered property under the law.
C)The Constitution does not prohibit segregation; it only mandates equal protection under the law.
D)Railroad transportation involves interstate commerce,which is regulated by Congress; there is no provision in federal law that prohibits segregation.
E)Each state has the right to interpret the Constitution as it sees fit,as long as the interpretation is "reasonable and without malice."

Question 31

In the South after Reconstruction,what did the Democratic Party use to prevent African Americans from having a meaningful impact on the outcome of elections?

A)Jim Crow laws
B)whites-only primaries
C)majority-minority districts
D)de facto segregation/discrimination
E)affirmative action

Question 32

What provision of the Fourteenth Amendment serves as a cornerstone of our understanding of civil rights?

A)the all men are created equal clause
B)the equal protection clause
C)the privileges and immunities clause
D)the Equal Rights Amendment
E)the grandfather clause

Question 33

Which of the following was a factor that stalled the drive for the Equal Rights Amendment?

A)Liberals opposed the conservative views propounded by the major women's rights organizations.
B)African Americans were never intended to have full citizenship rights.
C)Foreign-language ballots discourage efforts to learn English.
D)Equality of results is more important than equality of actions.
E)Division among women over what the amendment would and would not accomplish.

Question 34

To what extent were the civil rights of African Americans protected after the Civil War?

A)Their civil rights increased in the immediate aftermath of the Civil War and have continued to increase steadily ever since.
B)There were no attempts to protect the civil rights of African Americans until Reconstruction ended.
C)The civil rights of southern African Americans were considerably greater than their northern counterparts.
D)It was two decades after the Civil War before African Americans had civil rights that were comparable to those of whites.
E)White backlash against the success that blacks enjoyed during Reconstruction took firm root after it ended in 1877.

Question 35

Which of the following is an accurate statement about the "Don't Ask,Don't Tell" policy?

A)Barack Obama initiated the policy as a goodwill gesture to the gay and lesbian community.
B)It prevented gays and lesbians from serving in the military.
C)It required gay and lesbian soldiers to keep quiet about their sexual orientation.
D)It prevented the military from discharging gay and lesbian soldiers.
E)It prohibited gay and heterosexual soldiers from discussing their sexual activity.

Question 36

What was the Supreme Court's rationale in the Civil Rights Cases (1883)for why Congress could not prohibit discrimination in public accommodations?

A)Congress cannot regulate public accommodations because they involve interstate commerce.
B)Congress cannot regulate public accommodations because they tend to be owned by private individuals.
C)Congress cannot regulate public accommodations because it lacks the authority to spend money without the permission of the states.
D)Congress cannot prohibit discrimination because doing so violates the First Amendment right to freedom of speech.
E)Congress cannot prohibit discrimination because there was insufficient evidence that discrimination exists.

Question 37

What strategy did the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)use most effectively to advance civil rights for African Americans?

A)boycotts
B)protests
C)litigation
D)nonviolent direct action
E)marches and rallies

Question 38

Which of the following accommodations would an employer most likely have to make to be in compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act?

A)hiring a disabled person instead of an equally qualified person without a disability
B)providing better medical insurance for employees who have a disability
C)lowering expectations for the quality of work performed by employees with disabilities
D)ensuring that employees who use a wheelchair have jobs that shield them from public contact
E)installing a ramp and other physical accommodations for someone who uses a wheelchair

Question 39

Under the Court's review standards,a law that classifies people according to __________ will be given strict scrutiny by the Supreme Court to determine its constitutionality.

A)race
B)age
C)disability
D)gender
E)sexual orientation

Question 40

Referring to the box "Are All Forms of Discrimination the Same?" choose the statement that most accurately reflects regional differences in U.S.opinion about same-sex marriage.

A)Public support for same-sex marriage is about the same now as it was at the end of the twentieth century.
B)The Midwest shows the most growth in the percentage of the public in support of same-sex marriage from 1988 to 2010.
C)Legalization of same-sex marriage is not more common where public opinion is most favorable.
D)Geography does not predict public opinion on same-sex marriage as it did with interracial marriage.
E)The South lags behind all other regions in support for same-sex marriage.

Question 41

Which of the following arguments would most likely be made by an opponent of affirmative action policies?

A)Affirmative action helps to compensate for past discrimination.
B)Discrimination is a natural part of the human experience.
C)Affirmative action discriminates on the basis of race.
D)Diversity helps Americans better understand each other.
E)Unaddressed past discrimination causes perpetual inequality.

Question 42

Which of the following is an example of de jure segregation?

A)Jim Crow laws
B)the tendency for churches to be racially homogeneous
C)the small number of African American senators
D)sequestering the jury in order to ensure a fair trial
E)Title IX legislation

Question 43

How has the Equal Rights Amendment affected women's civil rights?

A)It has ensured that men and women are treated equally in the workplace.
B)It has ensured that the courts evaluate gender discrimination using the strict scrutiny test.
C)It has eliminated gender discrimination in the military.
D)It solidified the civil rights women had earlier won through legal victories.
E)It has had little effect because it was not formally adopted.

Question 44

How are the Fourteenth Amendment and the Civil Rights Act of 1964 similar?

A)They both were enacted quickly and easily.
B)They both passed the strict scrutiny test administered by the Supreme Court.
C)They were both based on Congress's power to regulate interstate commerce.
D)They both sought equal rights for women.
E)They both sought equal rights for African Americans.

Question 45

What conclusion can be reached from an examination of Figure 6.1?

A)Racial re-segregation has increased in the past couple of decades.
B)A majority of students attend schools with ninety percent minority enrollment.
C)Most African American students attend schools with ninety percent minority enrollment.
D)American Indians are most likely to attend schools with a ninety percent minority enrollment.
E)Affirmative action policies have increased the representation of minority students in predominately white schools.

Question 46

Which of the following affirmative action programs would be a clear violation of the Supreme Court's decision in Regents of the University of California v.Bakke (1978)?

A)considering race as a factor in university admissions decisions
B)considering how an applicant would contribute to the diversity of the university
C)considering applicants' academic and extracurricular achievements
D)admitting some minority applicants with lower academic achievement than some rejected white applicants
E)setting aside a certain percentage of admissions slots for African American students

Question 47

If you thought you were getting an inferior public education because of your ethnicity,which part of the Constitution would you rely on most heavily to justify your case?

A)the First Amendment
B)the Thirteenth Amendment
C)the Fourteenth Amendment
D)the Nineteenth Amendment
E)the Equal Rights Amendment

Question 48

How do the rational basis standard and "intermediate scrutiny" differ?

A)The rational basis standard requires an important governmental objective for classification; intermediate scrutiny requires the classification to be necessary.
B)The rational basis standard applies only to racial classifications; intermediate scrutiny applies to gender and sexual orientation classifications.
C)Intermediate scrutiny is applied to a broader array of classifications than the rational basis standard.
D)It is easier for the government to demonstrate a rational basis for a law than to meet the requirements of intermediate scrutiny.
E)Those who dislike a law will have an easier time getting it overturned if the Supreme Court applies intermediate scrutiny instead of the rational basis standard.

Question 49

What is the status of affirmative action in college admissions after the Supreme Court decisions in the two cases involving the University of Michigan,Gratz v.Bollinger (2003)and Grutter v.Bollinger (2003)?

A)Affirmative action policies are generally permissible,but they cannot involve race-based quotas or numerical point systems.
B)Affirmative action policies are assumed to be unconstitutional unless the university can demonstrate the need to promote racial tolerance.
C)Affirmative action policies are assumed to be constitutional unless an applicant can demonstrate that race affected the admissions decision.
D)Affirmative action policies must ensure that all racial and ethnic groups are represented in accordance with the population of the nation as a whole.
E)All forms of affirmative action are unconstitutional because they unfairly favor some people over others based on the color of their skin.

Question 50

How are retrospective evaluations of the Supreme Court decisions involving the Japanese internment in Korematsu v.United States (1944)and segregated railroad facilities in Plessy v.Ferguson (1896)similar?

A)Both decisions are widely viewed as upholding important constitutional principles.
B)Both decisions are widely viewed as positive turning points in the history of American jurisprudence.
C)Both decisions are widely viewed as a misuse of "strict scrutiny."
D)Both decisions are widely viewed as important early victories in the struggle for civil rights.
E)Both decisions are widely viewed as troubling missed opportunities for the Supreme Court to protect civil rights.

Question 51

Which of the following strategies for expanding civil rights would the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr.have been most likely to support?

A)sabotaging the electricity supply to the homes of segregationist leaders
B)intimidating elderly whites to discourage them from supporting Jim Crow laws
C)boycotting stores that enforced segregationist policies
D)boycotting elections to underscore the problem of African American disenfranchisement
E)vandalizing government buildings that housed segregationist politicians

Question 52

What was the rationale for why Jim Crow laws were initially considered not to conflict with the equal protection clause?

A)Since Jim Crow laws mandated segregation and said nothing about equality,the equal protection clause was thought to be irrelevant.
B)Jim Crow laws were important for maintaining social order,a prerequisite for racial equality.
C)Jim Crow laws helped African Americans to overcome inequality by building character through overcoming adversity.
D)The equal protection clause applied only to the actions of the federal government.
E)The equal protection clause referred only to social equality,not legal or political equality.

Question 53

Why did Congress pass the Voting Rights Act of 1965?

A)in order to facilitate the prosecution of those who had restricted the voting rights of African Americans
B)because it was clear that the South had no intention of living up to the spirit of the Fifteenth Amendment
C)because Congress was afraid the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr.would lead a boycott of white businesses if the legislation was not passed
D)to prevent the race riots from spreading from African American neighborhoods into traditionally white neighborhoods
E)the Supreme Court had determined that only the national government could regulate elections

Question 54

Which of the following situations would most likely be a violation of Title IX?

A)an election jurisdiction that does not provide bilingual ballots when there is a large bilingual community
B)a legal prohibition on hiring women for positions that are known to be hazardous to women's reproductive health
C)a college that spends significantly more on sports programs for men than for women
D)job applications that are not made accessible to the blind
E)an employer who systematically pays women less than men for doing comparable work

Question 55

Why did southern states enact poll taxes?

A)to raise revenue for the government
B)to ensure that only people who really want to vote would do so
C)to get around the Fifteenth Amendment
D)to enfranchise former slaves
E)because literacy is necessary for democracy to function

Question 56

Which of the following accurately describes a difference between de jure and de facto segregation/discrimination in the United States?

A)De jure segregation/discrimination is now fairly rare; de facto segregation/discrimination is now fairly common.
B)De jure segregation/discrimination is generally constitutional; de facto segregation/discrimination is generally unconstitutional.
C)De jure segregation/discrimination is fairly common now; de facto segregation/discrimination was fairly common during the civil rights movement.
D)De jure segregation/discrimination currently exists by race; de facto segregation/discrimination currently exists by gender.
E)De jure segregation/discrimination is prohibited by the Constitution; de facto segregation/discrimination is prohibited by law.

Question 57

What was the Supreme Court's justification for overturning the separate-but-equal doctrine?

A)The Supreme Court did not have all of the facts when it adopted the separate-but-equal doctrine.
B)The separate-but-equal doctrine was never intended to apply to people.
C)The quality of life for African Americans in the South had deteriorated considerably since the adoption of the separate-but-equal doctrine.
D)The Supreme Court needed to step in because the South had been unwilling to segregate educational facilities as required by Plessy v.Ferguson.
E)Segregated schools stigmatize minority children and are inherently unequal.

Question 58

The Reverend Martin Luther King Jr.championed the use of nonviolent resistance/civil disobedience to advance civil rights.

Question 59

Which is a popular criticism against Arizona's recently enacted immigration law?

A)The law will encourage racial profiling.
B)The law will encourage further illegal immigration.
C)The law is a thinly veiled attempt to implement affirmative action.
D)The law focuses on employers who hire illegal immigrants while ignoring the employees.
E)The law grants amnesty to those who are in the United States illegally.

Question 60

Which of the following laws would be the most likely to draw strict scrutiny from the Supreme Court when determining its constitutionality?

A)Male and female student athletes cannot compete on the same basketball team at the university level.
B)Businesses cannot discriminate against gays and lesbians in hiring and promotion decisions.
C)Those without a college degree are not eligible for upper-level civil service jobs.
D)African Americans and whites must be given equal access to the public school system,including extracurricular activities.
E)Government contracts must be awarded to a contractor who is a racial minority whenever at least 10 percent of the bidders are minority-owned businesses.

Question 61

In Plessy v.Ferguson,the Supreme Court overturned the separate-but-equal doctrine that the Court had established in Brown v.Board of Education.

Question 62

In dealing with discrimination cases,courts allow the federal government to demand the strongest justification from government officials for classifying by sex,next so by race and ethnicity.

Question 63

The admissions office at a public university could likely establish a permissible affirmative action policy that awards minority students by bumping up their SAT score by 100 points.

Question 64

The Supreme Court has prohibited school districts from using race when determining which students will attend which schools.

Question 65

The __________ was enacted in 1990 and is designed to protect the civil rights of disabled Americans.

Question 66

__________ upheld the right of private individuals-but not government-to discriminate in the provision of public accommodations.

Question 67

The __________ Amendment guarantees African Americans the right to vote.

Question 68

Reconstruction was the era of racial healing that followed the civil rights movement.

Question 69

Since the 1950s,the Supreme Court has gradually eliminated virtually all de facto segregation and discrimination in the United States.

Question 70

Even though the Hispanic population is fairly small,they earned their civil rights earlier and more completely than did African Americans.

Question 71

Many states currently use the white primary as a form of affirmative action for electoral politics.

Question 72

Brown v.Board of Education overturned the __________ doctrine.

Question 73

Federal law prohibits housing discrimination on the basis of race.

Question 74

The passage of the Equal Rights Amendment has helped ensure women's equality in the workplace.

Question 75

Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 has expanded educational and sports opportunities for women students.

Question 76

In Strauder v.West Virginia,the Supreme Court established the state action doctrine,which interpreted the Fourteenth Amendment as prohibiting discrimination by state governments,but not by individuals.

Question 77

Jim Crow laws required __________ of African Americans and whites.

Question 78

The unique status that American Indian tribes have,as distinct governments whose members also have U.S.citizenship,has ensured adequate protection of their members.

Question 79

The __________stated that the 180-day clock for filing a pay-bias case starts again with each new paycheck,not just the first one.

Question 80

The Supreme Court overturned the Defense of Marriage Act in 2008.