Deck 46: Contemporary Research on Personality

Question 1

Shauna's parental philosophy is to accept and love her children regardless of their behavioral,emotional,and academic problems.According to Carl Rogers,Shauna is giving her children

A) self-transcendence.
B) unconditional positive regard.
C) the reality principle.
D) self-actualization.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Humanistic psychologists were especially interested in assessing an individual's

A) traits.
B) self-concept.
C) extraversion.
D) ideals.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Self-actualized people,as described by Maslow,are especially likely to

A) demonstrate a reactive temperament.
B) be open and spontaneous.
C) avoid political disagreements.
D) enjoy many unusually close friendships.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Professor Yon-lu tells his class that he believes that psychologists should ask people to report their own experiences and feelings instead of conducting objective laboratory experiments.Professor Yon-lu is a

A) behaviorist.
B) psychodynamic psychologist.
C) trait theorist.
D) humanistic psychologist.

Question 5

Self-actualized people,as described by Maslow,are LEAST likely to

A) have heritable traits.
B) report peak experiences.
C) be self-centered in their needs.
D) have a strong sense of identity.

Question 6

Which personality theories emphasize the importance of people's capacity for self-determination and self-realization?

A) psychoanalytic
B) social-cognitive
C) humanistic
D) trait

Question 7

After getting lost in a forest,Andrea became so hungry and thirsty that she became preoccupied with finding something to eat and drink.She was most clearly focused on satisfying ________ needs in Maslow's pyramid-shaped hierarchy of needs.

A) self-actualization
B) self-transcendence
C) base-level
D) midlevel

Question 8

Maslow studied healthy creative people to investigate

A) self-actualization.
B) extraversion.
C) the person-situation controversy.
D) unconditional positive regard.

Question 9

According to Maslow,the desire to fulfill one's potential is the motivation for

A) agreeableness.
B) self-actualization.
C) self-esteem.
D) unconditional positive regard.

Question 10

According to Maslow,the top-level needs that arise after all other needs have been met include the needs for self-actualization and

A) self-esteem.
B) self-transcendence.
C) self-awareness.
D) social acceptance.

Question 11

According to Carl Rogers,people nurture our growth by being genuine,accepting,and

A) conscientious.
B) consistent.
C) extraverted.
D) empathic.

Question 12

Lamont has frequently been rebellious,inconsiderate,and self-centered,yet the pastor of his local church has always accepted and respected him.The pastor's attitude toward Lamont is most explicitly recommended by

A) Hans and Sybil Eysenck.
B) Carl Rogers.
C) Isabel Briggs Myers.
D) Walter Mischel.

Question 13

Roberta has a secure sense of her own identity and is strongly motivated to develop her unique talents and interests so as to achieve her full potential.According to Abraham Maslow,Roberta exemplifies

A) unconditional positive regard.
B) selflessness.
C) a self-actualizing person.
D) extraversion.

Question 14

Who proposed that we are motivated by a hierarchy of needs?

A) Hans Eysenck
B) Walter Mischel
C) Abraham Maslow
D) Carl Rogers

Question 15

Carl Rogers emphasized that a positive self-concept is promoted by

A) self-transcendence.
B) unconditional positive regard.
C) extraversion.
D) factor analysis.

Question 16

Steven tends to be self-aware and self-accepting.He is open and spontaneous,loving and caring,and not heavily influenced by the opinions of others.According to Maslow,Steven has the characteristics of those who have reached

A) self-actualization.
B) self-transcendence.
C) unconditional positive regard.
D) individualism.

Question 17

Carl Rogers suggested that those who fall far short of their ideal self experience

A) individualism.
B) a negative self-concept.
C) self-transcendence.
D) introversion.

Question 18

Morris is hostile,aggressive,and socially destructive.According to Carl Rogers,this behavior pattern is most likely to result from

A) a growth-inhibiting environment.
B) self-transcendence.
C) inborn personality traits.
D) unconditional positive regard.

Question 19

Catherine has a nice apartment in a gated community and has finances to provide for her basic physiological needs.She currently is in a happy romantic relationship and seems to have high self-esteem.She is also expected to graduate from college next semester and has been offered a position at her ideal location.According to Maslow,Catherine is now ready to seek

A) self-actualization.
B) self-transcendence.
C) unconditional positive regard.
D) individualism.

Question 20

Dr.Lopez is a therapist who shares and mirrors his clients' feelings and reflects their meanings so that they can understand their problems.Dr.Lopez is utilizing ________ in his practice.

A) individualism
B) denial
C) empathy
D) self-transcendence

Question 21

Omar,who is extraverted,hates being alone,enjoys loud music,and dislikes reading quietly.According to trait theorists,this cluster of behaviors is called a

A) human need.
B) self-concept.
C) factor.
D) dimension.

Question 22

A behavior trait refers to a pattern of behavior that is

A) unconsciously motivated.
B) difficult to observe.
C) stable over time.
D) unlearned.

Question 23

Which theorists have been criticized for underestimating the human capacity for evil?

A) trait theorists
B) humanistic theorists
C) psychoanalytic theorists
D) social-cognitive theorists

Question 24

Dr.Smith is a humanistic psychologist who believes that standardized assessments of personality are depersonalizing.She is most likely to use which of the following to understand the person's unique experiences.

A) interviews
B) intimate conversations
C) both interviews and intimate conversations
D) neither interviews nor intimate conversations

Question 25

Uma is completing a questionnaire about what she would like to be and what she currently is.As she completes the items,she realizes that she has already completed most of the main goals she set for herself.Carl Rogers would say that the ratings of her ideal and actual self are ________ and that she has a ________ self-concept.

A) successively close;positive
B) successively different;positive
C) successively close;negative
D) successively different;negative

Question 26

Amanda is consistently optimistic,talkative,and impulsive.Each of these characteristics most clearly represents

A) a conscious motive.
B) the need for self-esteem.
C) a peak experience.
D) a trait.

Question 27

Which personality theorists have most clearly been credited with encouraging the popular belief that a positive self-concept is the key to happiness and success?

A) psychodynamic theorists
B) social-cognitive theorists
C) humanistic theorists
D) trait theorists

Question 28

To assess personal growth during therapy,Carl Rogers looked for

A) higher ratings of the person's ideal self.
B) higher ratings of the person's actual self.
C) successively different ratings of the actual and ideal selves.
D) successively closer ratings of the actual and ideal selves.

Question 29

To identify a relatively small number of the most basic personality traits,trait theorists have used

A) projective tests.
B) written communications.
C) the MMPI.
D) factor analysis.

Question 30

________ laid the groundwork for positive psychology.

A) Humanistic psychology
B) Trait theorists
C) Behaviorism
D) Sigmund Freud

Question 31

Sigmund Freud explained personality in terms of unconscious motivations,whereas ________ described personality in terms of enduring traits.

A) Gordon Allport
B) Carl Rogers
C) Abraham Maslow
D) B.F.Skinner

Question 32

Which personality theorists have been criticized the most for encouraging individual selfishness and self-indulgence?

A) trait theorists
B) social-cognitive theorists
C) psychodynamic theorists
D) humanistic theorists

Question 33

Humanistic psychology has influenced all of the following except

A) counseling
B) education
C) child raising
D) marital relationships

Question 34

Rogers' and Maslow's emphasis on developing human strengths laid the groundwork for today's

A) positive psychology.
B) Big Five.
C) empiricism.
D) cognitive neuroscience.

Question 35

Some modern personality researchers believe our identity may be helpfully revealed using ________,which involves collecting a rich narrative detailing our unique life history.

A) psychoanalysis
B) schemas
C) the life story approach
D) the Thematic Apperception Test

Question 36

Which instrument has been used for counseling and work-team development to help identify individuals' personality types?

A) the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire
B) the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
C) the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
D) the Person-Situation Questionnaire

Question 37

Which of the following tests characteristically describes personality in complimentary terms?

A) the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire
B) Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
C) MMPI
D) the Big Five Questionnaire

Question 38

According to trait theorists,factors

A) are personality elements that involve the unconscious and childhood experiences.
B) are heavily influenced by the environment,making personality unstable.
C) are clusters of behavior tendencies that occur together.
D) are unstable dimensions of personality.

Question 39

An interest in describing and classifying the many ways in which individuals may differ from one another is most characteristic of ________ theories.

A) social-cognitive
B) trait
C) humanistic
D) psychodynamic

Question 40

In assessing a client's personal growth,Carl Rogers measured the correspondence between

A) introversion and extraversion.
B) the ideal self and the actual self.
C) the client's values and the therapist's values.
D) unconditional positive regard and self-actualization.

Question 41

Jason is typically restless,anxious,and easily irritated.In terms of the Eysencks' basic factors he would most clearly be classified as

A) defensive.
B) introverted.
C) narcissistic.
D) emotionally unstable.

Question 42

Over the last few years,Mr.Helmus has been obsessed with bizarre thoughts and has become increasingly agitated and socially withdrawn.Which of the following would be most helpful for assessing the nature and severity of his symptoms?

A) the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
B) the Eysenck Personality Inventory
C) an MRI
D) the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

Question 43

Compared with personality differences among humans,personality differences among dogs are ________ evident and ________ consistently judged by researchers.

A) more;less
B) less;more
C) more;more
D) just as;just as

Question 44

Evidence of the impact of biology on personality traits includes the fact that

A) extraverts seek stimulation because their normal brain arousal is relatively low.
B) extraverts seek stimulation because their normal brain arousal is relatively high.
C) introverts seek stimulation because their normal brain arousal is relatively low.
D) introverts seek stimulation because their normal brain arousal is relatively high.

Question 45

Which of the following is a basic personality factor assessed by the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire?

A) thinking-feeling
B) real self-ideal self
C) extraversion-introversion
D) sensation-intuition

Question 46

The Big Five is the term currently used to refer to basic

A) statistical procedures.
B) personality theories.
C) trait dimensions.
D) sensory modalities.

Question 47

To assess your standing on each of the Big Five factors,psychologists would be most likely to use a

A) needs hierarchy.
B) projective test.
C) personality inventory.
D) self-esteem scale.

Question 48

Trait theorists would be most likely to highlight the impact of our biologically inherited ________ on personality.

A) self-esteem
B) empathy
C) individualism
D) temperament

Question 49

The "Big Five" trait dimensions are

A) introverted/neurotic,extraverted/neurotic,introverted/stable,extraverted/stable,and openness.
B) introversion,extraversion,neuroticism,stability,and reciprocal.
C) neuroticism,extraversion,openness to experience,agreeableness,and conscientiousness.
D) extraversion/introversion,reciprocal,openness,stability,and neuroticism.

Question 50

Which tests were empirically derived?

A) MBTI and MMPI
B) Rorschach inkblot test and MBTI
C) MMPI and Binet's Scale
D) Eysenck personality questionnaire and MBTI

Question 51

Which of the following statements would most likely appear on a lie scale?

A) "I often feel self-conscious around strangers."
B) "I get too much attention from my parents."
C) "I enjoy doing my school homework by myself."
D) "I've never told even a little white lie."

Question 52

To say that a test was empirically derived means that

A) it was created by selecting from a pool of items those that discriminate between groups.
B) it contains longer questions,covering a wide range of feelings and behaviors..
C) it is used to assess selected personality traits.
D) it identifies clusters of test items that tap basic trait components.

Question 53

People who typically remain quiet because they constantly fear that others will evaluate them negatively most clearly demonstrate

A) introversion.
B) agreeableness.
C) shyness.
D) self-transcendence.

Question 54

Psychologists assess a wide range of emotional and behavioral traits by means of

A) unconditional positive regard.
B) projective tests.
C) personality inventories.
D) the spotlight effect.

Question 55

Dominick is withdrawn and very quiet when he is with others because he fears being judged.Dominick's behavior illustrates

A) extraversion.
B) introversion.
C) shyness.
D) agreeableness.

Question 56

People who describe themselves as outgoing may also say they like excitement and practical jokes.This cluster of behavior tendencies that occur together reflects a basic

A) factor.
B) complex.
C) hierarchy of needs.
D) temperament.

Question 57

Merri is a very kind and compassionate person who gives generously to people in need.She most clearly ranks high on the Big Five trait dimension of

A) conscientiousness.
B) agreeableness.
C) openness.
D) extraversion.

Question 58

One reason that Western cultures prize extraversion over introversion is that

A) extraverts tend to earn more money.
B) extraverts seek low levels of stimulation.
C) they do not fear being evaluated negatively.
D) attractive,successful people are presumed to be extraverts.

Question 59

Which basic trait is associated with a tendency to seek low levels of environmental stimulation?

A) narcissism
B) introversion
C) agreeableness
D) conscientiousness

Question 60

Which of the following is true of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory?

A) It is an empirically derived test.
B) It can be administered and scored only by a trained psychologist.
C) It is the most widely used projective test.
D) It was designed to assess the personality traits of normal,psychologically healthy individuals.

Question 61

Eric's friends can always count on him to help with any problem.Eric is very trusting and caring with his family and friends.Eric would score high on the Big Five factor of

A) extraversion.
B) agreeableness.
C) conscientiousness.
D) openness.

Question 62

The use of negative-emotion words in blog posts is best predicted by the Big Five trait of

A) extraversion.
B) openness.
C) neuroticism.
D) conscientiousness.

Question 63

Marcus is an employee who always meets deadlines,avoids making mistakes,and meets all the necessary requirements on his projects.With respect to the Big Five,Marcus is high in

A) extraversion.
B) agreeableness.
C) conscientiousness.
D) openness.

Question 64

A highly anxious and insecure personality illustrates the Big Five trait dimension of

A) agreeableness.
B) openness.
C) extraversion.
D) neuroticism.

Question 65

A personality test reveals that Jacqueline is antagonistic,ruthless,and suspicious,whereas Melissa is acquiescent,soft-hearted,and trusting.It appears that Jacqueline and Melissa have scored at opposite ends of the ________ dimension of the Big Five.

A) conscientiousness
B) openness to experience
C) extraversion
D) agreeableness

Question 66

Which Big Five trait is likely to increase somewhat during adulthood?

A) self-transcendence
B) conscientiousness
C) neuroticism
D) empathy

Question 67

Features of ________ have been observed to be common among people from a wide variety of cultures.

A) emotional stability
B) genuineness
C) the Big Five traits
D) unconditional positive regard

Question 68

Brad is reading through his friend's social media posts and notices that the posts seem to provide hints at his friend's personality.He's correct! Thus far,research has found that all of the following can be displayed in written communication except

A) level of extraversion.
B) level of agreeableness.
C) level of self-esteem.
D) level of openness.

Question 69

People who score high on the Big Five trait dimension of ________ tend to use more adjectives in their e-mail communications.

A) neuroticism
B) conscientiousness
C) agreeableness
D) extraversion

Question 70

Those who score high on the Big Five trait of ________ have brains that are wired to experience intense curiosity,imagination,and fantasy.

A) extraversion
B) conscientiousness
C) agreeableness
D) openness

Question 71

The use of personal pronouns in text messaging is best predicted by the Big Five trait of

A) neuroticism.
B) extraversion.
C) agreeableness.
D) openness.

Question 72

Brenda has never cheated on a psychology test,but she often does so on chemistry tests.She recently stole some merchandise from a local store,but she also returned a lost billfold along with $28 to its rightful owner.This pattern of behavior should make psychologists more cautious about emphasizing the consistent impact of ________ on behavior.

A) personality traits
B) unconditional positive regard
C) factor analysis
D) empirically derived tests

Question 73

Arguments as to whether people's behavior is more strongly influenced by temporary external influences or by enduring inner influences best characterize the

A) psychodynamic perspective.
B) the person-situation controversy.
C) introversion-extraversion debate.
D) actual self-ideal self dichotomy.

Question 74

Evidence that our traits persist over time and across different settings is of greatest relevance to

A) positive psychology.
B) self-transcendence.
C) unconditional positive regard.
D) the person-situation controversy.

Question 75

Trait theorists have been criticized for

A) underestimating the potential influence of biological factors on personality development.
B) underestimating the extent to which people differ from one another.
C) overestimating the consistency of behavior from one situation to another.
D) underestimating the value of factor analysis for identifying clusters of related traits.

Question 76

Dr.Lee conducted a study measuring conscientiousness in college students.Her results revealed only a modest relationship between a student being conscientious on one occasion and being similarly conscientious on another occasion.This should make psychologists more cautious about overestimating the impact of ________ on behavior.

A) extraversion
B) personality traits
C) self-esteem
D) environment

Question 77

Which of the following Big Five trait dimensions is most descriptive of an individual who is organized and disciplined in managing his or her work?

A) extraversion
B) agreeableness
C) conscientiousness
D) openness

Question 78

Being sociable and fun-loving is most closely related to the Big Five trait dimension of

A) openness.
B) conscientiousness.
C) extraversion.
D) emotional stability.

Question 79

People's scores on personality tests often fail to predict their behavior in a real-life situation.This should make us more cautious about overemphasizing the impact of ________ on behavior.

A) traits
B) factor analysis
C) unconditional positive regard
D) self-actualization

Question 80

A person who is helpful and trusting most clearly ranks high on the Big Five trait dimension known as

A) extraversion.
B) openness.
C) agreeableness.
D) conscientiousness.