Deck 11: Social Learning and Memory: Observing, Interacting, and Reenacting

Question 1

Payton observed his father raking up leaves in the front yard.Payton proceeded to get a rake and rake up leaves just like his father did.This is an example of:

A)perspective taking.
B)stimulus matching.
C)emulation.
D)true imitation.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Perspective taking is an ability that:

A)requires visual feedback.
B)occurs in most mammals and birds.
C)occurs only for relatively complex behaviors.
D)is possessed by few species other than humans.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Studies of copying in humans and chimpanzees have shown that _____ copy the details of actions modeled by an adult human.

A)chimpanzees and human children
B)chimpanzees but not human children
C)human children but not chimpanzees
D)neither human children nor chimpanzees

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which of the following is an example of social learning?

A)A chimpanzee copies the hand motions made by its trainer.
B)A cat learns through trial and error to escape from a puzzle box.
C)A rat learns the correct route through a maze by being rewarded with food on reaching the end.
D)A dog learns to salivate in response to a bell after the bell is repeatedly followed by food.

Question 5

In Bandura's Bobo doll study,Bandura believed that the children were learning the aggressive acts:

A)after being rewarded for their behavior.
B)when they were imitating the model.
C)while they were observing the model.
D)right before they observed the model.

Question 6

Copying that involves reproducing motor acts is called:

A)true imitation.
B)emulation.
C)social conformity.
D)perspective taking.

Question 7

Which of the following is true regarding contagion?

A)It usually involves motor acts that have been learned.
B)The actions that result from contagion are usually different from the observed actions.
C)The copied reaction is an unconditioned response.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 8

Mia saw a movie with her friend,and observed her friend crying during the sad parts.When Mia went to another movie with her parents the following weekend,she began to cry during the sad parts.This is an example of:

A)observational conditioning.
B)stimulus enhancement.
C)social conformity.
D)contagion.

Question 9

Which of the following is an example of a task that would be required in a two-action test?

A)A pigeon has to first turn in a circle and then peck at a light to obtain access to food.
B)Two pigeons have to peck at the same light for either of them to obtain access to food.
C)Two dolphins are taught to swim to a trainer for a fish reward,one by swimming through a tunnel and the other by swimming in a wiggly path.
D)Two apes are trained to retrieve a toy using a stick.One is rewarded with a banana,and the other is rewarded with an orange.

Question 10

In a nursery,if one baby starts crying,there is a tendency for the other babies to also start crying.This is an example of:

A)observational conditioning.
B)stimulus enhancement.
C)vocal learning.
D)contagion.

Question 11

The inborn tendency to react emotionally to stimuli that indicate emotion in other members of one's species is called:

A)observational conditioning.
B)stimulus enhancement.
C)imitation.
D)contagion.

Question 12

Direction of one organism's attention towards specific objects,events,or locations within an environment as a result of another organism's action is called:

A)observational conditioning.
B)stimulus enhancement.
C)imitation.
D)contagion.

Question 13

Studies of copying in humans and chimpanzees have shown that _____ are more likely to emulate a model's behavior than are _____ .

A)human adults;chimpanzees
B)human children;human adults
C)human children;chimpanzees
D)chimpanzees;human children

Question 14

When chimpanzees were trained to copy a behavior whenever a researcher said "Do this!" the chimpanzees could:

A)only copy behaviors that they were already familiar with.
B)copy one or two new behaviors.
C)copy many new behaviors.
D)not copy any behaviors.

Question 15

The two-action test involves training two animals to perform:

A)the same action,leading to the same outcome.
B)two different actions,leading to two different outcomes.
C)the same action,leading to two different outcomes.
D)two different actions,leading to the same outcome.

Question 16

In Bandura's Bobo doll study,it was found that:

A)aggressive behavior transferred to other contexts.
B)for girls,aggression was more common when they observed a female model than a male model.
C)only the children who were first provoked showed aggression towards the Bobo doll.
D)the attack styles of the children who behaved aggressively were different from the attack styles of the models they observed.

Question 17

In observational learning,it is difficult to predict what an organism will learn because:

A)learning occurs during copying but not during observation.
B)it is not always possible to determine what the organism perceives from the model.
C)the behavior can often be explained by instrumental conditioning rather than by observational learning.
D)it is hard to determine whether feedback is being provided to the observer.

Question 18

One-year-old Callie observed her mother eating green beans by poking them with a fork and bringing them to her mouth.Callie picked up a fork,used her fingers to balance some beans on the fork,and brought them to her mouth.This is an example of:

A)perspective taking.
B)stimulus matching.
C)emulation.
D)true imitation.

Question 19

When an individual learns an emotional response after observing it in others,this is known as:

A)observational conditioning.
B)stimulus enhancement.
C)imitation.
D)contagion.

Question 20

Zachary's dog Buddy,like many dogs,enjoys chasing the little red spot of light from a laser pointer when Zachary moves the light around the carpet.Zachary's new puppy Zoe observed Buddy chasing the light,which drew her attention to the light,and she began chasing it just like Buddy did.This is an example of:

A)observational conditioning.
B)stimulus enhancement.
C)social conformity.
D)contagion.

Question 21

Watching the TV show Teletubbies is MOST likely to lead to imitation by child viewers if the:

A)environment in which the Teletubbies live is simple and colorful.
B)Teletubbies occasionally behave aggressively rather than cooperatively.
C)Teletubbies speak using a normal adult voice.
D)children perceive the Teletubbies as being similar to themselves.

Question 22

Which of the following is true regarding vocal learning in songbirds?

A)Baby birds raised without contact with their own species still learn their own song.
B)If young birds are exposed to both the songs of their own species and the songs of a different species,they will readily learn both species' songs.
C)The songs that birds sing are genetically predetermined.
D)The songs that birds sing can show differences in dialect.

Question 23

The tendency to adopt the behavior of the group is known as:

A)observational conditioning.
B)social conformity.
C)emulation.
D)perspective taking.

Question 24

Studies of social transmission of food preferences in rats have shown that:

A)rats are more likely to eat a novel food if they smell the food on another rat's breath after observing the other rat eating the food.
B)a novel food can become a preferred food if a rat observes another rat eating the food,even if the observer rat never smells the food.
C)food preferences that are learned through observation are not passed down to subsequent generations.
D)rats can learn to eat,but not to avoid,novel foods by observing another rat eating the food.

Question 25

When copying involves generating stimuli that can be directly compared with the originally observed stimuli,it is called:

A)true imitation.
B)stimulus matching.
C)emulation.
D)perspective taking.

Question 26

The ability to be good at singing karaoke seems to depend on having:

A)good vocal imitation abilities.
B)a near-perfect memory of what the original song sounds like.
C)practiced a lot in the past.
D)many friends who are good at singing karaoke.

Question 27

According to the template model of song learning,a songbird performs stimulus matching during the:

A)first stage.
B)second stage.
C)third stage.
D)all three stages.

Question 28

According to modern social learning theory,in order for a teenaged boy to learn to do his homework,he must:

A)observe someone else being rewarded for doing homework.
B)observe someone else being rewarded for doing homework,and be rewarded himself for imitating that behavior.
C)be rewarded for doing his homework without having observed anyone else doing homework.
D)observe someone else being rewarded for doing homework,be rewarded himself for imitating that behavior,and be able to take the perspective of the person he observed doing homework.

Question 29

Which of the following is true regarding violent entertainment and aggressive behavior?

A)The rate of homicides increased after TV was introduced,even in countries where TV was banned.
B)Level of arousal does not seem to play a role in the likelihood of a person behaving aggressively.
C)Children who play violent video games behave more aggressively than children who play nonviolent video games.
D)Children who watch the same violent TV show multiple times are more likely to behave aggressively than children who watch that same show only once.

Question 30

Research suggests that viewing violence on TV:

A)can increase the likelihood that a child will behave aggressively immediately after viewing a violent TV show.
B)can lead to positive outcomes when people imitate nonviolent "heroes" in otherwise-violent TV shows.
C)is much more likely to lead to aggression than is reading about violence or seeing violence in a play.
D)can decrease a person's arousal level such that the person behaves less aggressively.

Question 31

What is the MOST extensively studied form of vocal learning?

A)speech learning in human infants
B)vocalizations in dolphins
C)song learning in birds
D)speech learning in chimpanzees

Question 32

If we wanted to encourage 8-year-old Tina to read,who would be the best person to serve as a model?

A)another 8-year-old girl
B)an 8-year-old boy
C)a teenaged girl
D)a teenaged boy

Question 33

Which of the following is true?

A)No mammals other than humans can imitate vocalizations as well as birds can.
B)There are a lot of mammals that are good at imitating vocalizations.
C)Humans do not begin to imitate vocalizations until they are about 8 months old.
D)Animals that do not naturally imitate vocalizations can learn the skill.

Question 34

The only mammals other than humans that can learn to sing a song by hearing it are:

A)chimpanzees.
B)dolphins.
C)gorillas.
D)whales.

Question 35

John's friends don't smoke,but many of John's favorite movie stars do smoke.John has decided to take up smoking.His behavior demonstrates that people are more likely to copy models:

A)who are similar to themselves.
B)whom they admire.
C)when the outcome is desirable.
D)when they have stored a memory of the model performing the behavior.

Question 36

Which of the following is true?

A)All animals that can vocalize can learn to do it by using vocal imitation.
B)All animals that can vocalize can learn vocally to some extent.
C)All animals can learn vocally.
D)All animals that vocally learn must be able to vocally imitate.

Question 37

Imagine you are attending a very fancy dinner for the first time.You learn which utensils to use for each course of the meal by watching which utensils the other guests use.This demonstrates:

A)observational conditioning.
B)stimulus enhancement.
C)social transmission of information.
D)contagion.

Question 38

It was observed that some birds in England were learning to puncture the tops of milk bottles to get the cream.One explanation was that the birds' attention was being drawn to the milk bottles by other birds that had discovered this "trick." Which phenomenon does this explanation demonstrate?

A)observational conditioning
B)contagion
C)imitation
D)stimulus enhancement

Question 39

According to the template model of song learning,the first phase of song learning in songbirds involves:

A)memorizing songs.
B)practicing songs.
C)comparing a bird's own songs to memories of songs it has heard in the past.
D)learning when it is appropriate to sing.

Question 40

The process in which an observer learns something new through experiences with others is called:

A)observational conditioning.
B)stimulus enhancement.
C)social transmission of information.
D)contagion.

Question 41

Which of the following is true regarding the brains of individuals with autism?

A)They show more overall activity-related circulation of blood within the temporal lobes.
B)Cortical activation patterns are normal.
C)This hippocampus is normal in size.
D)Many brain areas are abnormal in size.

Question 42

In Bandura and colleagues' Bobo doll study (1961),it was found that children were more likely to behave aggressively if:

A)they had been rewarded for behaving aggressively.
B)they first observed an adult behaving aggressively.
C)there were other children in the room with them.
D)they were explicitly told to behave aggressively.

Question 43

When observer rats were exposed to a novel food odor on a demonstrator rat's breath,and then had their hippocampus lesioned,what happened to the lesioned rats' preferences for the novel food?

A)Their preference was reduced the most if the lesion occurred 30 days after their being exposed to the odor.
B)Their preference was reduced the most if the lesion occurred 1 day after their being exposed to the odor.
C)Their preference was enhanced the most if the lesion occurred 30 days after their being exposed to the odor.
D)Their preference was enhanced the most if the lesion occurred 1 day after their being exposed to the odor.

Question 44

Studies of social transmission of food preferences in rats have shown that hippocampal lesions result in:

A)anterograde amnesia but not retrograde amnesia.
B)anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia.
C)retrograde amnesia that is worse for older memories than for newly acquired memories.
D)retrograde amnesia that is worse for newly acquired memories than for older memories.

Question 45

The findings with frontal lobe patients who exhibit deficits in the ability to imitate suggest that the frontal lobes:

A)are important for visually matching an observed action to the memory of that action.
B)are important for matching a sound produced by someone else to the memory of that sound.
C)play a role in inhibiting imitation.
D)play a role in enhancing imitation.

Question 46

When individuals with Asperger's syndrome are asked to imitate facial expressions,the:

A)imitations begin earlier than in normal individuals.
B)cortical regions where mirror neurons are likely to be found take longer to become active.
C)cortical regions where mirror neurons are likely to be found are activated in a different order than in normal individuals.
D)imitations are completed sooner than in normal individuals.

Question 47

People with Asperger's syndrome:

A)usually do not speak at all.
B)have reduced intellectual abilities.
C)are less likely to speak fluently than are people with autism.
D)have normal intellectual abilities but a reduced capacity for social skills.

Question 48

Autistic children:

A)cannot recognize when they are being imitated.
B)show more impairment of meaningful gestures than meaningless ones.
C)have problems with perspective taking.
D)have more trouble imitating individual actions than sequences of actions.

Question 49

Ella observed her father cleaning up toys by putting them all in a large bin,and then carrying the bin over to the corner.The next time Ella had to clean up her toys,she left the bin in the corner and carried the toys to it one by one.This is an example of:

A)perspective taking.
B)stimulus matching.
C)emulation.
D)true imitation.

Question 50

Repetition of words or phrases immediately after hearing them spoken is known as:

A)echolalia.
B)contagion.
C)emulation.
D)observational conditioning.

Question 51

In humans:

A)there is overlap between the cortical regions activated by performance of an action and by observing that action being performed.
B)researchers have been able to record directly from mirror neurons in the cortex.
C)cortical regions associated with mirror neurons are different from those in monkeys.
D)Reserchers have had difficulty in locating any brain regions that behave as if they contain mirror neurons.

Question 52

Disrupting activity in the lateral magnocellular nucleus of the anterior neostriatum (LMAN)region when a bird hears its song for the first time _____ song learning.

A)enhances
B)impairs
C)prevents
D)has no effect on

Question 53

According to the ____ hypothesis,memories for perceived actions are stored in the cortical regions that map observed actions onto the motor representations of those actions.

A)template
B)visual
C)direct-matching
D)stimulus-matching

Question 54

Which of the following is true regarding people with frontal-lobe damage who exhibit deficits in the ability to imitate?

A)They often lack the motor control necessary to imitate actions.
B)They are less likely to have echolalia.
C)They have a tendency to imitate actions involuntarily.
D)They are completely unable to imitate actions.

Question 55

Which of the following is true regarding mirror neurons?

A)The most common type are those that respond to actions involving the legs and feet.
B)They provide the neural links needed for imitation but not emulation.
C)They respond to the observation of an action performed by a model,but not to the performance of the action by the observer.
D)Some respond most strongly to observation of the outcome,rather than the specific action.

Question 56

In songbirds,what part or parts of the brain control the production of songs?

A)area X
B)the high vocal center (HVC)and the robust nucleus of the archistriatum (RA)
C)the lateral magnocellular nucleus of the anterior neostriatum (LMAN)
D)the frontal cortex

Question 57

Which of the following is a characteristic of autism?

A)reduced intellectual abilities
B)normal social skills
C)normal behavior patterns
D)the need for highly consistent routines

Question 58

Studies of social transmission of food preferences in rats have shown that damage to the neurons in the:

A)basal forebrain that modulate hippocampal activity disrupts their future ability to learn about novel foods from other rats.
B)basal forebrain that modulate hippocampal activity disrupts previously-acquired food preferences.
C)hippocampus that modulate cortical activity disrupts their future ability to learn about novel foods from other rats.
D)hippocampus that modulate cortical activity disrupts previously-acquired food preferences.

Question 59

____ neurons respond during both performance of an action and during visual observations of that same action.

A)Template
B)Mirror
C)Echolalic
D)Modeling

Question 60

Neurons in _____ respond when a bird hears a song and when it produces the song.

A)the high vocal center (HVC)and the robust nucleus of the archistriatum (RA)
B)area X
C)the basal ganglia
D)the frontal cortex

Question 61

Give an example of a behavior that appears to be imitation but can also be explained by contagion.Explain how contagion would give rise to this behavior.

Question 62

People with frontal-lobe damage who exhibit deficits in the ability to imitate:

A)can still imitate an action when instructed to do so.
B)can still imitate an action when they observe someone performing the action.
C)may have problems with inhibiting imitation.
D)usually show deficits in executive-control functions.

Question 63

Stimulus matching refers to:

A)copying the exact actions that are observed.
B)directly comparing a generated stimulus with an observed stimulus.
C)copying the end result of a behavior that is observed.
D)being able to imagine oneself in the place of another person.

Question 64

Give an example of a behavior that appears to be imitation but can also be explained by observational conditioning.Explain how observational conditioning would give rise to this behavior.

Question 65

What has research shown regarding viewing violence in the media and aggression?

A)Viewing violent media has little effect on aggressive behavior.
B)Viewing violent media can reduce aggressive behavior.
C)Viewing violent media can increase aggressive behavior.
D)The results have been mostly inconclusive.

Question 66

Give an example of something you seem to have learned through social (observational)learning.Explain why you think this involves social learning rather than other forms of learning.

Question 67

Give an example of a behavior that involves true imitation and one that involves emulation.

Question 68

According to modern social learning theory,learning occurs as a result of:

A)observation.
B)conditioning.
C)both observation and conditioning.
D)both observation and performance of the behavior.

Question 69

Describe Bandura's studies of modeling.What were the main findings of his research?

Question 70

Why is it difficult to predict how observations will affect future behavior?

Question 71

Tony is excited when he watches his high school football team win the championship.He decides to try out for the team the following year,hoping that he will get to enjoy the same excitement he observes in the players he sees on the team.His behavior demonstrates that people are more likely to copy models:

A)who are similar to themselves.
B)whom they admire.
C)when the outcome is desirable.
D)when they have the motor capabilities to perform the same actions.

Question 72

Which species are the only mammals other than humans that are known to be able to flexibly imitate sounds?

A)dogs
B)birds
C)dolphins
D)whales

Question 73

When one dog starts sniffing the ground for a potential scrap of food,other dogs' attention may be drawn to that part of the ground,and they may copy this sniffing behavior.This is an example of:

A)observational conditioning.
B)stimulus enhancement.
C)social conformity.
D)contagion.

Question 74

In a dog kennel,if one dog starts barking,there is a tendency for the rest of the dogs to also start barking.This is an example of:

A)observational conditioning.
B)stimulus enhancement.
C)vocal learning.
D)contagion.

Question 75

What is the two-action test? How can it be used to demonstrate whether true imitation is occurring?

Question 76

In songbirds,neurons in ________ behave like mirror neurons in monkeys.

A)the robust nucleus of the archistriatum (RA)and the high vocal center (HVC)
B)area X
C)the basal ganglia
D)the lateral magnocellular nucleus of the anterior neostriatum (LMAN)

Question 77

Autistic children:

A)have reduced intellectual abilities.
B)have more trouble imitating individual actions than sequences of actions.
C)cannot recognize when they are being imitated.
D)show more impairment of meaningless gestures than meaningful ones.

Question 78

The third phase of song learning in songbirds involves:

A)memorizing songs.
B)practicing songs.
C)comparing their own songs to memories of songs they have heard in the past.
D)learning when it is appropriate to sing.

Question 79

According to studies of social transmission of food preferences in rats,which brain area(s)seem particularly important for learning of novel food preferences from demonstrator rats?

A)basal forebrain
B)basal forebrain and cortex
C)hippocampus and cortex
D)hippocampus

Question 80

Mirror neurons are neurons that respond:

A)during both performance and visual observation of an action.
B)when an organism performs an action that is the opposite of the observed action.
C)during true imitation but not during emulation.
D)during observational learning in which visual feedback occurs.