Deck 7: Episodic and Semantic Memory: Memory for Facts and Events

Question 1

According to Tulving and other researchers,the ability to maintain episodic memories requires the ability to:

A)remember how to escape an unpleasant situation,such as avoiding shock.
B)remember spatial layout,such as in a maze.
C)express knowledge in a nonverbal way.
D)perform "mental time-travel" to relive and review past experiences.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

You know that cows produce milk.If this knowledge has grown out of your repeated experiences observing cows being milked,this would suggest that:

A)episodic memory grows out of semantic memory.
B)semantic memory grows out of episodic memory.
C)episodic memories are learned in a single exposure.
D)semantic memories are learned in a single exposure.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following demonstrates Tulving's idea about when episodic and semantic memories develop?

A)You must go on a picnic before you can learn what a picnic is.
B)You must know what a picnic is before you can remember going on one.
C)You learn what a picnic is at the same time as you experience going on a picnic.
D)You can remember going on a picnic without having to know what a picnic is.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following is false regarding semantic memory?

A)It can be communicated in a format other than that in which it was acquired.
B)It is consciously accessible.
C)It is tagged with spatial and temporal context.
D)It can be strengthened with repetition.

Question 5

Which of the following is true regarding episodic memory?

A)It can be communicated in a format other than that in which it was acquired.
B)It involves memories for factual,rather than autobiographical,information.
C)It is independent of spatial and temporal context.
D)Several exposures to the information are necessary in order for it to be learned.

Question 6

If you were shown a picture of your graduation taken from a different vantage point from where you were seated,you would likely still be able to recognize the scene.This demonstrates that memories:

A)are consciously accessible.
B)are tagged with spatial and temporal context.
C)can be communicated flexibly.
D)can be acquired in a single exposure.

Question 7

Which of the following is an example of an episodic memory?

A)remembering the details of your first date
B)remembering how to tie your shoes
C)knowing that birds fly
D)knowing the name of your state capitol

Question 8

According to Endel Tulving,which type of memory stores facts and general world knowledge?

A)episodic memory
B)semantic memory
C)implicit memory
D)nondeclarative memory

Question 9

H.M.could learn to read mirror-reversed text.This is an example of:

A)implicit memory.
B)explicit memory.
C)declarative memory.
D)metamemory.

Question 10

Episodic memories are _____ memories,and semantic memories are ____memories .

A)declarative;nondeclarative
B)nondeclarative;declarative
C)nondeclarative;nondeclarative
D)declarative;declarative

Question 11

Which of the following explains the relationship between episodic and semantic memory?

A)Episodic memory grows out of semantic memory.
B)Semantic memory grows out of episodic memory.
C)Episodic and semantic memories are interdependent.
D)All of the answers are plausible explanations.

Question 12

According to Endel Tulving,which type of memory stores specific autobiographical events?

A)episodic memory
B)semantic memory
C)implicit memory
D)nondeclarative memory

Question 13

If you have recently attended several parties,you may have a hard time remembering the details of the events that occurred at any one particular party.Your difficulty demonstrates that a(n)_______ can be ______ by exposure to similar information.

A)semantic memory;weakened
B)semantic memory;strengthened
C)episodic memory;weakened
D)episodic memory;strengthened

Question 14

One difference between episodic and semantic memory is that episodic memory ______,while semantic memory _______.

A)is part of declarative memory;is part of nondeclarative memory
B)does not have autobiographical content;has autobiographical content
C)is acquired in a single exposure;usually requires several exposures
D)is part of explicit memory;is part of implicit memory

Question 15

The types of memories that are NOT always consciously accessible and are difficult to verbalize are called:

A)episodic memories.
B)explicit memories.
C)declarative memories.
D)nondeclarative memories.

Question 16

Which of the following is an example of semantic memory?

A)I remember eating chicken last night for dinner.
B)I remember learning how to ride a bicycle.
C)I remember seeing the word "giraffe" in Chapter 7.
D)I know that lemons have a sour taste.

Question 17

Tulving proposed that:

A)episodic memory grows out of semantic memory.
B)semantic memory grows out of episodic memory.
C)episodic and semantic memories arise at the same time.
D)whether episodic or semantic memory comes first depends on the age at which the memory is acquired.

Question 18

Which of the following statements demonstrates that some memories are accessible to conscious recollection?

A)"I am able to describe what my new house looks like,even if I've never described it before."
B)"I know that I have the knowledge that the Earth is round."
C)"Amnesiacs are able to learn a new skill without realizing they have learned it."
D)"I can read even though I can't remember learning this skill."

Question 19

If you can remember what happened on your first day of school,you are using your:

A)episodic memory.
B)semantic memory.
C)implicit memory.
D)nondeclarative memory.

Question 20

The famous patient known as H.M.:

A)continued to have severe and frequent epileptic seizures after his surgery.
B)suffered from severe anterograde amnesia.
C)lost several IQ points.
D)was able to recognize only those researchers who have been working with him for many years.

Question 21

According to the phenomenon of transfer-appropriate processing,if you encode a list of words by thinking about whether they rhyme with other words,you will recall the list best if the test requires you to recognize words that:

A)start with the same letter as the words you learned.
B)rhyme with the words you learned.
C)are synonyms for the words you learned.
D)are antonyms for the words you learned.

Question 22

Which of the following is true regarding depth of processing?

A)It has been criticized for being too vague.
B)There seems to be no difference in brain activity for tasks requiring different amounts of processing.
C)It suggests that rote memorization is the best way to remember something.
D)It suggests that you should study in the same classroom in which you will be tested.

Question 23

The memory test that involves generating information from memory is called ______,while the memory test that involves picking the correct answer from a list of possible options is called ________.

A)free recall;cued recall
B)free recall;recognition
C)recognition;free recall
D)recognition;cued recall

Question 24

In a 1972 study,Bransford and Johnson read an abstract passage aloud to participants,who then had to recall as much information as possible.Some participants were also shown a picture that was described by the passage,either before or after they heard the passage read.Which group remembered the MOST information?

A)people who saw the picture after hearing the passage
B)people who saw the picture before hearing the passage
C)people who did not see any picture
D)people who drew their own picture while the passage was being read

Question 25

Godden and Baddeley (1975)found that,the divers who remembered the most were the ones who:

A)learned and were tested in different environments.
B)learned and were tested in the same environment.
C)learned underwater.
D)were tested underwater.

Question 26

What did Davachi et al.find when they used fMRI to examine brain activity during a levels of processing task?

A)Brain activation did not differ for tasks that involved different levels of processing.
B)There was differential brain activation for tasks that involved different levels of processing.
C)Brain activation depended more on how often the participants rehearsed the material than on how deeply it was processed.
D)The results were inconclusive.

Question 27

Mere exposure to visual details on coins:

A)increased memory for the details.
B)decreased memory for the details.
C)had no impact on memory for the details.
D)increased the perceived value of the coins.

Question 28

Which of the following demonstrates that nonhuman animals may possess episodic memory?

A)Gorillas can learn to name fruits by using cards with pictures of the fruits on them.
B)Gorillas can remember which fruit they ate yesterday,and who gave it to them.
C)Rats can learn that pressing a bar produces a food reward.
D)Rats can learn that pressing a bar will prevent them from receiving an electric shock.

Question 29

Which of the following states that retrieval is MORE likely if the cues available at recall are similar to those that were available at encoding?

A)Consolidation
B)depth of processing
C)transfer-appropriate processing
D)proactive interference

Question 30

According to the findings of Bransford and Johnson regarding the effects of context on memory,you will remember material from your course lectures best if you:

A)study it immediately after the lecture.
B)draw pictures of the lecture material.
C)read the assigned chapter before attending the lecture.
D)process the material at a deep level.

Question 31

If you run into your professor in the grocery store,you may be less likely to recognize her than when you see her in your regular classroom.This demonstrates the phenomenon of:

A)transfer-appropriate processing.
B)proactive interference.
C)retroactive interference.
D)source amnesia.

Question 32

According to the depth of processing idea,which of the following would lead to the best memory for a word?

A)deciding whether the word contains the letter "e"
B)deciding how the word would sound when pronounced backwards
C)deciding whether the word rhymes with another word
D)deciding whether the word makes sense in a sentence

Question 33

When the BBC played an announcement 25 times a day for several weeks,listeners' memories for the announcement ______,demonstrating that mere exposure to information ____.

A)improved;does not improve memory
B)did not improve;improves memory
C)improved;improves memory
D)did not improve;does not improve memory

Question 34

Which of the following states that the more deeply you analyze information,the more likely you are to encode the information in memory and subsequently remember it later?

A)transfer-appropriate processing
B)cryptomnesia
C)depth of processing
D)consolidation period

Question 35

In a 1972 study,Bransford and Johnson read an abstract passage aloud to participants,who then had to recall as much information as possible.Some participants were also shown a picture that was described by the passage,either before or after they heard the passage read.The results of this study demonstrated that memory is better when the information:

A)can be interpreted in the context of things one already knows.
B)is presented multiple times.
C)is presented as a verbal description rather than as a picture.
D)is presented as a picture rather than as a verbal description.

Question 36

Evidence suggests that nonhuman animals probably have:

A)episodic but not semantic memory.
B)semantic but not episodic memory.
C)semantic and episodic memory.
D)neither semantic nor episodic memory.

Question 37

According to Tulving,animals cannot maintain episodic memories because animals:

A)are usually unable to remember where food is located.
B)cannot learn how to avoid electric shock.
C)do not have a sense of self.
D)have a keen sense of the passage of time.

Question 38

Which type of exam question is the best example of a free recall question?

A)essay question
B)multiple-choice question
C)fill-in-the-blank question
D)matching question

Question 39

Many students consider multiple-choice exams to be easier than essay exams.This is because multiple-choice test items:

A)contain more memory cues than essay exams.
B)contain fewer memory cues than essay exams.
C)involve free recall rather than recognition.
D)involve free recall rather than cued recall.

Question 40

The phenomenon of transfer-appropriate processing suggests that:

A)deep processing is always the best way to remember things.
B)deep processing will work only if the test requires attention to physical attributes of the stimuli.
C)shallow processing is always the best way to remember things.
D)the best way to remember something will depend on the type of test that is used.

Question 41

When you remember information but cannot remember where you learned it,this is known as:

A)retroactive interference.
B)proactive interference.
C)misattribution
D)source amnesia.

Question 42

The time period during which new memories are vulnerable and easily lost is called a(n)______ period.

A)interference
B)electroconvulsive
C)consolidation
D)forgetting

Question 43

Suppose you buy a new remote control for your television,and you are having a hard time remembering where the buttons are because they are arranged differently than they were on your old remote control.This is an example of:

A)retroactive interference.
B)proactive interference.
C)source amnesia.
D)false memory.

Question 44

Which of the following is an example of source amnesia?

A)having difficulty remembering information for your history class because you are also trying to study for your English class
B)remembering burning your hand on a hot stove as a child,when this never actually happened
C)your old phone number interfering with you remembering your new one
D)thinking you remember playing in a particular park as a young child,but actually only remembering the pictures your parents took of you playing in that park

Question 45

In several studies,participants were given a list of related words to learn,such as DREAM,AWAKE,REST,TIRED.When later asked if they recognized the "theme" word (e.g. ,SLEEP),which had never been presented,it was found that they:

A)often falsely recognized the theme word.
B)usually correctly rejected the theme word.
C)falsely recognized the theme word but failed to recognize the studied words.
D)falsely recognized novel,unrelated words.

Question 46

In the directed forgetting task,participants can typically:

A)forget all of the information they are instructed to.
B)forget much of the information they are instructed to forget.
C)recall less of the information they are instructed to remember.
D)recall all of the information they are instructed to forget.

Question 47

Remembering an event that never actually happened is known as:

A)false memory.
B)source amnesia.
C)cryptomnesia.
D)interference.

Question 48

Suppose you meet two new people at a party.You have trouble remembering the name of the first person you met because the name of the second person keeps coming to mind instead.This is an example of:

A)retroactive interference.
B)proactive interference.
C)source amnesia.
D)false memory.

Question 49

Strategies for making information more memorable and easier to recall are known as:

A)declarative cues.
B)transient cues.
C)mnemonics.
D)Ribot gradients.

Question 50

When Loftus tried to implant false memories of being lost in a shopping mall,she found that:

A)nearly everyone formed a false memory.
B)nobody formed a false memory.
C)about 25% of people formed a false memory.
D)most people formed a false memory of a hot-air balloon ride instead of being lost in a mall.

Question 51

The research on how quickly we forget after having learned something has shown that:

A)material is forgotten at a fairly constant rate.
B)forgetting is most rapid during the first few days after learning.
C)forgetting is slow during the first few days after learning,and gradually increases over time.
D)forgetting is rapid during the first few days after learning,then slows down,and eventually increases again.

Question 52

People who have extraordinary memory abilities:

A)are also better at remembering everyday things such as where they left their keys.
B)do not use mnemonics to help them remember things.
C)have a larger hippocampus than people with ordinary memories.
D)show similar brain anatomy to people with ordinary memories.

Question 53

When you remember information but mistakenly associate it with an incorrect source,this is known as:

A)retroactive interference.
B)proactive interference.
C)misattribution.
D)source amnesia.

Question 54

When two memories overlap in content,the strength of either or both memories may be reduced.This is known as:

A)interference.
B)false memory.
C)source amnesia.
D)consolidation.

Question 55

Electroconvulsive shock:

A)is not used on humans.
B)disrupts memory if given soon after learning.
C)has been shown to be ineffective for treating depression.
D)improves memory if given an hour or more after learning.

Question 56

Proactive interference is when:

A)you remember a fact but attribute it to the wrong source.
B)you remember something that never happened.
C)old information disrupts new learning.
D)new information disrupts old learning.

Question 57

Students sometimes inadvertently plagiarize when they read something in a textbook but later think the idea is their own,forgetting that they read it in the textbook.This is known as:

A)retroactive interference.
B)proactive interference.
C)false memory.
D)cryptomnesia.

Question 58

In the directed forgetting task,participants are asked to:

A)encode information at different levels.
B)try to recall a childhood event that they had forgotten about.
C)recall a list of words that are related to a "theme" word.
D)try to forget something they've learned.

Question 59

In general,the research on false memory has shown that false memories can be created in:

A)the laboratory,but not in the real world.
B)the real world,but not in the laboratory.
C)both the real world and the laboratory.
D)neither the real world nor the laboratory.

Question 60

To create a memorable yet secure password,you should:

A)make your password relatively short.
B)create a password that is not meaningful to you.
C)write your password on a piece of paper.
D)write a hint or cue on a piece of paper.

Question 61

Which theory states that the medial temporal lobe structures are needed initially for encoding and retrieval,but their role diminishes over time?

A)multiple memory trace theory
B)standard consolidation theory
C)depth-of-processing theory
D)Korsakoff's theory

Question 62

Retrograde amnesia involves:

A)forgetting one's identity.
B)difficulty learning new material after sustaining a head injury.
C)the loss of memories for events that occurred before a head injury.
D)problems remembering one's childhood but no trouble remembering recent events.

Question 63

When I hear the word "piano",which part of my brain helps me to link the word with a visual image of a piano,the sound of a piano,and other knowledge I have about pianos?

A)diencephalon
B)basal forebrain
C)association cortex
D)sensory cortex

Question 64

A person who can recognize an object by sight or verbal description but not by touch has:

A)auditory agnosia.
B)tactile agnosia.
C)associative visual agnosia..
D)functional amnesia.

Question 65

The hippocampus:

A)is most active when people recall a word along with where they learned it.
B)may be important for distinguishing a real memory from a false memory.
C)does not seem to be important for episodic memory.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 66

Electroconvulsive therapy has been shown to:

A)disrupt older memories the most.
B)disrupt recently-acquired memories the most.
C)disrupt all memories about equally.
D)have no effect on memory.

Question 67

Duncan (1949)demonstrated that _______ has an impact on rats' memory that depending on the time it is administered after training.

A)electroconvulsive shock
B)narcotics
C)magnetic resonance imaging
D)transfer-appropriate processing

Question 68

According to standard consolidation theory,patients with brain damage that is limited to the hippocampus should have _____anterograde amnesia and _____ retrograde amnesia.

A)a lot of;a lot of
B)very little;very little
C)a lot of;very little
D)very little;a lot of

Question 69

The part of the brain involved in coordinating information within and across sensory modalities is the:

A)diencephalon.
B)basal forebrain.
C)association cortex.
D)sensory cortex.

Question 70

Joe just suffered a head injury in a motorcycle accident.According to the Ribot gradient,Joe will probably:

A)lose all memories of events that occurred during the hours leading up to the accident.
B)remember almost everything that happened during the accident.
C)lose all memories of the accident itself.
D)have good memory for events leading up to the accident,and poorer memory for earlier events.

Question 71

The case of Beth,the child whose hippocampus did not develop fully due to problems associated with her birth,demonstrated that the hippocampus seems to be:

A)necessary for the formation of episodic but not for semantic memories.
B)necessary for the formation of semantic but not or episodic memories.
C)necessary for the formation of both episodic and semantic memories.
D)unnecessary for the formation of episodic and semantic memories.

Question 72

The results of studies using the subsequent memory paradigm have demonstrated that the medial temporal lobes are MOST active during _____ of information.

A)encoding
B)retention
C)consolidation
D)retrieval

Question 73

Lesions of the hippocampal region have been shown to disrupt an organism's ability to:

A)remember where food is stored in a radial arm maze.
B)locate food that the organism previously stored.
C)recall a list of words.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 74

Patients such as H.M.and E.P.:

A)could not learn new skills.
B)had retrograde but not anterograde amnesia.
C)would repeat the same stories over and over.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 75

A person who has anterograde amnesia has difficulty with:

A)recognizing common objects.
B)understanding the meaning of spoken words.
C)naming living things.
D)learning new information.

Question 76

The existence of different types of agnosia suggests that:

A)semantic knowledge is stored mainly in parts of the brainstem.
B)each category of semantic knowledge is stored in a particular neuron.
C)specific categories of semantic knowledge are distributed broadly across the brain.
D)specific categories of semantic knowledge are stored in unique places in the brain.

Question 77

Which theory is supported by studies that show that hippocampal activity is highest for recent memory and decreases as memories get older?

A)multiple-memory trace theory
B)standard consolidation theory
C)depth-of-processing theory
D)Korsakoff's theory

Question 78

Research on memory consolidation suggests that when we retrieve an old memory:

A)we cannot update it even if we have newer information.
B)it will become harder to remember in the future.
C)it is maintained exactly as it was when it was encoded and stored.
D)we can modify it by integrating new information into it.

Question 79

Which theory is supported by the finding that some people can have retrograde memory loss extending all the way back to their childhood?

A)multiple-memory trace theory
B)standard consolidation theory
C)depth-of-processing theory
D)Korsakoff's theory

Question 80

A disruption of the ability to process a particular kind of information,such as difficulty recognizing an object by sight but not by touch,is known as:

A)retrograde amnesia.
B)functional amnesia.
C)anterograde amnesia..
D)agnosia.