Deck 7: Energy for Cells

Question 1

Energy is released from ATP when

A) adenine bonds to an additional phosphate group forming AQP.
B) ATP bonds to oxygen forcing the Adenine (A) off.
C) ATP is exposed to sunlight which forces the phosphate groups off.
D) a phosphate group is removed from ATP yielding ADP + P + energy.
E) ATP bonds to carbon dioxide forcing a phosphate to be removed.

Answer 1

D
Explanation: Substrate level ATP synthesis produces ATP when an enzyme transfers an energized phosphate group onto ADP. The removal of that energized phosphate group from ADP can be used to release the energy back out to do cellular work.

Question 2

When glucose is broken down to CO₂ and H₂O, __________ energy is released and converted into __________.

A) chemical potential; ATP
B) photosynthetic; ATP
C) solar; NADH
D) NADH; ATP
E) chemical potential; NADH

Answer 2

A
Explanation: The energy stored in chemical bonds is known as chemical potential energy. When the bonds are broken that energy is released. In cellular respiration, the energy stored in the bonds of glucose are broken, and the energy is harnessed to make ATP.

Question 3

What organelle is used during the process of cellular respiration?

A) cytoplasm
B) mitochondria
C) chloroplast
D) ribosomes
E) cell membrane

Answer 3

B
Explanation: Mitochondria break down food to release the chemical energy in the food molecules. Oxygen is consumed while carbon dioxide and water are released as by-products through this process called cellular respiration.

Question 4

In the energy payoff phase of glycolysis, both ATP and NADH are formed. What purpose do each of these molecules serve in the cell?

A) ATP acts as a way to break up glucose to form pyruvate, while NADH serves as an electron acceptor.
B) ATP acts as a power source for the citric acid cycle, while NADH serves as energy to run the cell.
C) ATP acts as a power source for performing cellular work, while NADH serves as an electron carrier to allow for greater ATP production.
D) ATP acts as an electron acceptor, while NADH serves as a way to break up glucose to form pyruvate.
E) ATP acts as a power source for performing cellular work, while NADH acts as a power source for photosynthesis.

Question 5

Why is it necessary for ATP to be used in the energy-investment phase of glycolysis?

A) Adding the phosphate to the glucose molecule allows the later reactions that take place in the energy payoff phase to occur.
B) Adding the phosphate to the glucose molecule breaks it into pyruvate.
C) There is no purpose to adding the phosphate to the glucose; it just happens that way.
D) When ATP is broken into adenosine, triglycerides, and phosphate, it supplies energy to produce more ATP later in oxidative phosphorylation.
E) The energy released when ATP becomes ADP is harnessed and used to pump hydrogen ions across the mitochondrial membrane.

Question 6

Which of the following is an incorrect match of process to location?

A) citric acid cycle - matrix of mitochondria
B) glycolysis - cytoplasm
C) ATP production in the electron transport chain - cristae of mitochondria
D) preparatory reaction - matrix of mitochondria
E) preparatory reaction - cristae of mitochondria

Question 7

Cellular respiration is the opposite of what other cellular process?

A) fermentation
B) cell division
C) hydrolysis
D) photosynthesis
E) dehydration synthesis

Question 8

The processes of glycolysis that break down glucose to pyruvate involve

A) the removal of electrons and hydrogen from glucose, and the addition of phosphate to ADP.
B) the removal of phosphate from glucose and the addition of that phosphate to ATP.
C) the removal of NAD from glucose and the addition of phosphate to ADP.
D) the removal of NAD from ATP and the addition of phosphate to ADP.
E) the removal of electrons from ATP and the addition of phosphate to glucose.

Question 9

On the cellular level what process uses oxygen to break food down, producing ATP?

A) photosynthesis
B) oxidation/reduction reactions
C) cellular respiration
D) mitosis
E) meiosis

Question 10

Cellular respiration uses oxygen to convert the chemical energy stored in organic molecules into ________.

A) energy in other organic molecules
B) energy in ATP
C) energy in carbon dioxide
D) water
E) pyruvate

Question 11

What molecule most directly provides the energy you need for your muscles to contract?

A) glucose
B) ATP
C) NADH
D) ADP
E) oxygen

Question 12

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in cellular respiration?

A) glycolysis→preparatory reaction→citric acid cycle→electron transport chain
B) Krebs cycle→electron transport→glycolysis→preparatory reaction
C) glycolysis→Krebs cycle→electron transport chain
D) Krebs cycle→glycolysis→electron transport chain→preparatory reaction
E) glycolysis→electron transport chain→preparatory reaction

Question 13

The energy source that drives the production of ATP in oxidative phosphorylation is

A) the removal of electrons and hydrogen from glucose.
B) the removal of a phosphate group from a substrate that is then added to ADP.
C) the capture of solar energy that donates electrons.
D) the breakdown of glucose to pyruvate.

Question 14

Glucose is a six-carbon molecule. How is it changed as it moves through glycolysis?

A) Electrons and hydrogen are removed, and the molecule rearranged to form two three-carbon molecules.
B) ATP is added, and the molecule rearranged to form three two-carbon molecules.
C) Electrons and hydrogen are removed, and the molecule rearranged to form three two-carbon molecules.
D) Electrons and hydrogen are removed, and the molecule rearranged to form three ATP molecules.
E) ATP is added, and the molecule rearranged to form two three-carbon molecules.

Question 15

The energy released from glucose by the process of cellular respiration is in the form of _____.

A) ATP only
B) ATP and heat
C) heat only
D) ATP and NADH
E) chemical and heat energy

Question 16

What is oxidation?

A) addition of H atoms to form molecules
B) removal of H atoms to form new molecules
C) the addition of ATP to a molecule
D) the production of ATP by the use of carbon dioxide
E) oxygen production

Question 17

What type(s) of organisms does cellular respiration occur in?

A) autotrophs
B) heterotrophs
C) decomposers
D) producers
E) All answers given are correct.

Question 18

The production of ATP in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle occurs through

A) the removal of electrons and hydrogen from glucose.
B) the removal of a phosphate group from a substrate that is then added to ADP.
C) the capture of solar energy that donates electrons.
D) the breakdown of glucose to pyruvate.

Question 19

ATP is invested in glycolysis to ________.

A) produce acetyl-CoA
B) break glucose into two molecules
C) add a phosphate group to glucose
D) join glucose molecules together
E) release carbon dioxide

Question 20

In Fig. 7.1, part Y represents what part of a mitochondrion?

A) outer mitochondrial membrane
B) cristae
C) mitochondrial matrix
D) intermembrane space
E) thylakoids

Question 21

If three molecules of glucose went through glycolysis and into the citric acid cycle, how many times would the preparatory reaction occur?

A) one
B) two
C) four
D) six
E) twelve

Question 22

Which of the following is not a product of cellular respiration?

A) oxygen
B) water
C) carbon dioxide
D) ATP
E) ADP

Question 23

When you exhale what two stages of cellular respiration produce the carbon dioxide you are breathing out?

A) preparatory reaction and citric acid cycle
B) preparatory reaction and electron transport chain
C) citric acid cycle and electron transport chain
D) glycolysis and preparatory reaction
E) glycolysis and citric acid cycle

Question 24

What happened to the hamburger you had for lunch?

A) All of the carbohydrates were converted to ATP, while the fats and proteins were used to make molecules for the cell.
B) Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins may be converted to ATP or used to make molecules for the cells.
C) Carbohydrates and fats are converted to ATP, while proteins are used to make molecules for the cell.
D) All of the fats and proteins were converted to ATP, while the carbohydrates were used to make molecules for the cell.
E) All of the proteins were converted to ATP, while the fats and carbohydrates were used to make molecules for the cell.

Question 25

As electrons are passed down the electron transport chain, the energy released is used immediately to ________.

A) form ATP
B) concentrate H⁺ in the intermembrane space
C) move phosphate groups to ATP synthase
D) release CO₂ to the matrix
E) concentrate H⁺ in the cytoplasm of the cell

Question 26

A product of glycolysis is ______

A) ethyl alcohol
B) lactic acid
C) pyruvate
D) oxygen
E) acetyl CoA

Question 27

As a result of glycolysis there is a NET gain of _______ ATPs.

A) 0
B) 2
C) 4
D) 36
E) 12

Question 28

Where in the cell does glycolysis occur?

A) cytoplasm
B) mitochondrion
C) matrix of mitochondrion
D) cristae of mitochondrion

Question 29

The energy of the electrons passing along the electron transport chain is used to produce ____.

A) lactic acid
B) citric acid
C) alcohol
D) ADP
E) ATP

Question 30

The product of the preparatory reaction is ________.

A) pyruvate
B) acetyl-CoA
C) glucose
D) water
E) carbon dioxide

Question 31

During hibernation the rate of cellular respiration in a mammal is typically less than half the rate measured when the mammal is not hibernating. This slowed cellular respiration is probably accompanied by which of the following.

A) unchanged pulse rate and reduced body temperature
B) reduced pulse rate and reduced body temperature
C) reduced pulse rate and increased body temperature
D) unchanged pulse rate and increased body temperature
E) unchanged pulse rate and unchanged body temperature

Question 32

The cristae of a mitochondrion are critical ________.

A) in providing a space for glycolysis to occur
B) in creating a space for concentration of H^+.
C) as a site for the electron transport chain
D) both as a site for the electron transport chain and creating a space for concentration of H⁺
E) in providing a place for the Calvin cycle

Question 33

Cellular respiration can be described as the conversion of the energy ________.

A) stored in food to energy stored in ATP.
B) stored in ATP to energy used to do work
C) of sunlight to energy stored in inorganic compounds
D) stored in ATP to energy stored in food.
E) stored in leaves to energy in food

Question 34

The final electron acceptor at the end of the electron transport chain is ___ resulting in formation of ___.

A) phosphate; ATP
B) CoA; acetyl CoA
C) oxygen; water
D) hydrogen; carbon dioxide
E) pyruvate; oxygen

Question 35

The products of fermentation depend on the type of organism carrying out the process. Yeasts are used to produce

A) wine, beer, and bread with lactic acid fermentation.
B) only wine and beer with lactic acid fermentation.
C) wine, beer, and bread with alcohol fermentation.
D) wine and beer with alcohol fermentation and bread with lactic acid fermentation.
E) wine with alcohol fermentation and beer and bread with lactic acid fermentation.

Question 36

Susan suffered from a heart attack. When the doctors tested the heart muscle they found that she had an increased ratio of lactic acid to pyruvic acid in her heart. What does this say about the availability of oxygen in her heart muscle cells?

A) The heart cells must have received too much oxygen.
B) The heart cells had not received adequate oxygen supply.
C) The heart cells had a build up of carbon dioxide, poisoning her cells.
D) The lactic acid built up as a result of cellular respiration occurring at too fast of a rate.
E) The heart cells had too much carbon dioxide build up.

Question 37

Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are similar in that they both produce ________.

A) CO₂
B) NADH
C) ATP
D) NADH and ATP
E) ADP

Question 38

Your friend has been on a diet and loses 15 pounds of fat. After studying cellular respiration how can you explain the weight loss, where did the weight go (how was it lost)?

A) It was released as carbon dioxide and water.
B) It was converted to ATP which weighs much less than fat.
C) It was broken down into amino acids and eliminated from the body.
D) It was converted to urine and eliminated from the body.
E) It was released as oxygen and water.

Question 39

What must pyruvic acid be converted into before it can enter the citric acid cycle?

A) lactic acid
B) ethyl alcohol
C) acetyl CoA
D) citric acid
E) pyruvate

Question 40

The citric acid cycle starts with ________ and yields ___________.

A) lactic acid; carbon dioxide
B) glucose; 32 ATPs
C) scetyl CoA; lactic acid or alcohol
D) scetyl CoA, NAD, FAD, and ADP; dioxide, NADH, FADH₂, and ATP
E) carbon dioxide; oxygen

Question 41

The products of fermentation of bacteria can be used to produce

A) lactose used in making yogurt.
B) lactic acid used in making beer.
C) lactic acid used in making bread.
D) lactose used in making beer.
E) lactose used in making wine.

Question 42

The enzyme that converts pyruvic acid into acetyl CoA requires vitamin B₁, also called thiamine. Vitamin B₁ has to be taken in through the diet of an individual. At what phase would cellular respiration come to a halt without B₁?

A) glycolysis
B) preparatory reaction
C) citric acid cycle
D) electron transport chain

Question 43

You have decided to try to make your own wine by adding yeast to a sweet grape juice. After allowing plenty of time for the yeast to grow, you find that although the sugar levels in the juice are decreased, there is no alcohol in the mixture. What could have been the reason fermentation did not occur?

A) More sugar needs to be added, yeast need a lot of energy before they produce alcohol.
B) Less sugar is needed in the juice, high sugar concentration causes cellular respiration to occur instead of fermentation.
C) Yeast can not ferment grapes, only bacteria can.
D) The mixture needs less oxygen, yeast only produce alcohol in the absence of oxygen.
E) The mixture needs more carbon dioxide.

Question 44

Where do the protons and electrons come from that are used in the electron transport chain?

A) ATP
B) NADH
C) FADH₂
D) ADP
E) NADH and FADH₂

Question 45

Yeast is used to make bread rise by producing ___ during fermentation.

A) oxygen
B) heat
C) oxygen gas
D) glucose
E) CO₂ gas

Question 46

The number of ATP produced during cellular respiration from one glucose molecule is ________.

A) 4
B) 28
C) 20
D) 38

Question 47

A family took their newborn to the doctor. They were worried something was wrong because she seemed to be in constant pain. The baby had large amounts of lactic acid accumulating in his muscles cells. Doctors figured out that the child had a rare disease in which mitochondria are missing from skeletal muscle cells. Which of the following statements explains what they found?

A) The cells had been going through fermentation to produce energy.
B) The muscles required small amounts of sugar to function.
C) The muscles require extremely high levels of oxygen to function.
D) The muscle cells can not split glucose into pyruvic acid.
E) The cells had died as a result of no mitochondria.

Question 48

A new organism is discovered which contains a super enzyme that requires no ATP to split glucose into pyruvate but cannot function if oxygen is present. What is this organism's net production of ATP from one molecule of glucose?

A) 2
B) 4
C) 38
D) 40
E) 42

Question 49

Fermentation occurs if ________.

A) glucose is not present
B) excess ATP is present
C) oxygen is not present
D) carbon dioxide is present
E) carbon dioxide is not present

Question 50

If you were able to stop the process of cellular respiration after the completion of the electron transport chain but prior chemiosmosis, what would you find is true about the pH in the mitochondria?

A) It is lowest in the intermembrane space.
B) It is highest in the intermembrane space.
C) It is the lowest in the mitochondrial matrix.
D) There is no different in pH.
E) It is highest in the mitochondrial matrix.

Question 51

Which process is used to make bread rise?

A) lactic acid fermentation
B) glycolysis
C) alcoholic fermentation
D) the Krebs cycle
E) cellular respiration

Question 52

What would happen if NAD+ were not available for cellular respiration?

A) There would be a slight reduction in the number of ATP formed.
B) There would be a great reduction in the number of ATP formed.
C) There would be no effect on the number of ATP formed.
D) Cellular respiration would not proceed.
E) There would be an increase in ATP produced.

Question 53

The functioning of an electron transport chain is analogous to ________.

A) playing tennis
B) a rock falling from a cliff
C) a person jumping from the top to the bottom of a flight of stairs in one jump
D) a person descending a flight of stairs one step at a time

Question 54

In cellular respiration, most ATP produced directly as a result of ______.

A) fermentation
B) the electron transport chain
C) the citric acid cycle
D) the preparatory stage
E) the Calvin cycle

Question 55

How many molecules of C₂ acetyl group are produced from six molecules of glucose 6 C₆H₁₂O₆ during aerobic respiration?

A) 12
B) 28
C) 6
D) 3
E) 18

Question 56

In animals, lactate forms from fermentation. Lactate ________.

A) can be used to produce additional ATP
B) is toxic and causes muscle to fatigue
C) is stored in the muscle for future energy use
D) converts into carbon dioxide and is released in the blood stream
E) can be used as an energy source in animals

Question 57

Calories are contained in sugars and fats but not in artificial sweeteners like NutraSweet. What are possible reasons that NutraSweet does not contain calories?

A) We lack enzymes to break the bonds.
B) The sweetness is from chemicals other than sugars.
C) The sugars are more easily broken and converted to energy.
D) The calories are lost as heat.
E) We lack enzymes to break the bonds and the sweetness is from chemicals other than sugars.

Question 58

By-products of cellular respiration include _____.

A) FADH₂ and NADH
B) NADH and ATP
C) oxygen and heat
D) carbon dioxide and water
E) carbon dioxide and oxygen

Question 59

Which of the following molecules yields the most ATP from cellular respiration?

A) fat
B) glucose
C) pyruvate
D) FADH₂
E) proteins

Question 60

Which one of the following is the correct sequence of stages in cellular respiration?

A) citric acid cycle, glycolysis, electron transport chain, preparatory stage
B) citric acid cycle, electron transport chain, glycolysis
C) glycolysis, preparatory stage, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain
D) preparatory stage, electron transport chain, citric acid cycle, glycolysis
E) citric acid cycle, electron transport chain, glycolysis, preparatory stage