Deck 20: Political and Cultural Responses to a Rapidly Changing World

Question 1

Positivism was

A)the idea that positive thinking made life better.
B)an economic philosophy calling for a positive trade balance.
C)a new mathematical theory.
D)the idea that human progress is inevitable.
E)the idea that modern technology is a positive thing.

Answer 1

the idea that human progress is inevitable.

Question 2

Why did the historian Joseph Ernest Renan face opposition?

A)He argued that the Scriptures should be studied like any other historical document.
B)He argued that France and French culture were neither unique nor great.
C)He argued that the French Revolution was a mistake.
D)He argued that France should emulate British politics.
E)He argued that religion was the "opium of the masses."

Answer 2

He argued that the Scriptures should be studied like any other historical document.

Question 3

One of Friedrich Nietzsche's most famous quotes is,

A)"God is dead … and we have killed him."
B)"God does not play dice."
C)"Modern life is an iron cage."
D)"Women's rights are … a mad,wicked folly."
E)"Show me an angel and I will paint one."

Answer 3

"God is dead … and we have killed him."

Question 4

Auguste Comte (1798-1857)believed that society could be studied using

A)art.
B)science.
C)literature.
D)anthropology.
E)psychology.

Question 5

Impressionism was an artistic style that

A)emphasized feelings.
B)emphasized form over matter.
C)depicted natural scenes of the countryside with humans incorporated in the picture.
D)wanted to "impress" the viewer with bold colors.
E)wanted to "impress" critics with new forms.

Question 6

What were the Barbizon painters?

A)a group that painted formal portraits
B)a group that painted village life
C)a group that painted religious scenes
D)a group that painted imaginary scenes
E)a group that painted city life

Question 7

Just before the First World War,the largest and best-organized socialist party in Europe was

A)the British Labor Party.
B)the French Radical Party.
C)the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party.
D)the Italian Socialist Party.
E)the German Social Democratic Party.

Question 8

Émile Durkheim attributed the rise in crime and other modern problems to

A)the high consumption of alcohol.
B)the use of drugs.
C)increased poverty.
D)the women's movement.
E)urbanization and the decrease of religious practices.

Question 9

What were some of the paternalistic policies utilized by late-nineteenth-century industrialists to maintain worker loyalty?

A)They provided free food for all workers.
B)They reminded them that the factory owners were like the patriarchs of the Bible.
C)They encouraged workers to save money by matching sums,and started funds for insurance and pension plans.
D)They required mandatory church attendance.
E)They employed only married men in the factory.

Question 10

The avant-garde were

A)artists who created in the old,pre-1789 tradition.
B)artists working in the "positivist" tradition.
C)artists who saw themselves in the forefront of a new era.
D)women artists.
E)artists who were inspired by women.

Question 11

During the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries,socialists were divided into two groups,

A)according to nationality.
B)according to gender.
C)according to occupation.
D)Marxist socialists and reform socialists.
E)Christian socialists and social democrats.

Question 12

Two opposing views of anarchism (one violent,the other peaceful)were championed by

A)Guesde and Millerand.
B)Millerand and Jures.
C)Jures and Guesde.
D)Bakunin and Kropotkin.
E)Bakunin and Millerand.

Question 13

Late-nineteenth-century writer Émile Zola shocked critics because

A)he used explicit language.
B)he described sexual acts in detail.
C)he attacked the established order.
D)he was pro-monarchist during a republican era.
E)he realistically depicted working-class life.

Question 14

Which European country was the first to offer workers health and accident insurance?

A)Germany
B)Great Britain
C)Austria-Hungary
D)France
E)Italy

Question 15

What was the main reason the British Poor Law did not work?

A)It was underfunded.
B)People who enrolled were treated like prisoners.
C)It worked on a volunteer basis.
D)It was allowed to expire after fifty years.
E)Most people did not know about it.

Question 16

The irony about the painter Claude Monet was

A)that he did not sell a painting in his lifetime.
B)that he was not trained as a painter.
C)that he was color blind.
D)that he started painting scenes from city life,but ended his life painting exclusively scenes from his garden.
E)that people confused him with the painter Édouard Manet.

Question 17

What is the piece of evidence historians have been able to use to come to the conclusion that alcoholism was prevalent in France during the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries?

A)police reports of drunken and disorderly conduct arrests
B)court reports of drunken and disorderly conduct convictions
C)reports and letters from foreigners visiting the country
D)the high number of establishments licensed to sell alcohol (one per fifty-four people)
E)complaints from women's groups

Question 18

A series of laws between 1897-1911 attempted to help the poor in Great Britain.The result was

A)a great and unqualified success.
B)a total failure.
C)that about one-third of the British poor still did not receive any assistance.
D)that most laws were not enforced.
E)that the laws were not effective for a variety of reasons.

Question 19

In response to the rise of unionization and socialism,Pope Leo XIII authored the encyclical Rerum Novarum (1891),which

A)proclaimed that the pope was infallible.
B)declared socialism a sin.
C)recognized that workers had some legitimate complaints.
D)advised people to turn to the Church for solace.
E)declared that the Church had no place in politics.

Question 20

In the late-nineteenth century,women started demanding the right to vote.In Britain,the scope of the issue was highlighted by

A)women demonstrating in the streets.
B)a woman throwing herself in front of the king's horse.
C)violent actions by women.
D)the number of men who supported women's causes.
E)a petition (signed by more than 250,000 people)calling for reforms.

Question 21

Filippo Tommaso Marinetti was an Italian

A)expressionist.
B)impressionist.
C)cubist.
D)futurist.
E)realist.

Question 22

The Rite of Spring was

A)a best-selling book by Zola.
B)a famous impressionist painting.
C)the title of a women's rights journal.
D)an avant-garde ballet by Sergey Diaghilev.
E)the official name of the "arts and crafts" movement.

Question 23

According to thinkers like Émile Durkheim and Gustave Le Bon,what were the negative effects of modern life on both society and the individual?

Question 24

The writer Guillaume Apollinaire was notorious for

A)writing obscene books.
B)writing French works in German.
C)writing reviews of books that did not exist.
D)offending the Catholic Church.
E)offending the French Republic.

Question 25

In Britain,the "arts and crafts" movement

A)was a reaction to new abstract art.
B)was a reaction to French style.
C)was a reaction to mass production.
D)was an attempt to train unemployed cabinet makers.
E)was a charity project.

Question 26

Which sorts of workers joined trade unions in the late-nineteenth century,and what were the goals and strategies of those unions?

Question 27

How did Pablo Picasso explain his work?

A)"I paint people as I see them."
B)"I paint objects as I think them,not as I see them."
C)"I let my fingers do the painting without thinking."
D)"I'm inspired by God … or the devil."
E)"Art is the destruction of self."