Deck 4: The Energy of Life

Question 1

Reduction means:

A)The gain of oxygen by a cell
B)The loss of oxygen from a cell
C)The gain of electrons by a molecule
D)The loss of electrons by a molecule

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one kilogram of water by one degree Celsius is a:

A)Calorie
B)Joule
C)Kilocalorie
D)Measure of density
E)None of these are correct

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which statement is not part of the first law of thermodynamics?

A)The amount of energy in the universe is constant
B)Energy cannot be created or destroyed
C)Energy can be converted to other forms of energy
D)Any energy transformation loses some energy to its surroundings as heat
E)None of these are correct

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Oxidation means:

A)The gain of oxygen by a cell
B)The loss of electrons from a molecule
C)The loss of oxygen by a cell
D)The gain of electrons by a molecule

Question 5

The process of phosphorylation:

A)Releases a phosphate group from one molecule
B)All are correct
C)Adds a phosphate group to a molecule
D)May change the shape of the target molecule
E)May energize the target molecule

Question 6

Oxidation-reduction reactions:

A)Transfer electrons from one molecule to another
B)Are not used by living cells
C)Transfer protons from one molecule to another
D)Reduce the amount of oxygen in the cell
E)Increase the amount of oxygen in the cell

Question 7

Entropy is:

A)Order
B)Complexity
C)Disorder
D)Both order and disorder are correct
E)Both complexity and disorder are correct

Question 8

The chemical formula for glucose is:

A)C₆H₆O₆
B)C₁₂H₆O₁₂
C)C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁
D)C₆H₆O₁₂
E)C₆H₁₂O₆

Question 9

An endergonic reaction is a reaction that:

A)Requires an input of energy
B)That typically builds complex molecules from smaller molecules
C)Releases energy to its surroundings
D)Both releases energy to its surroundings and typically build complex molecules from smaller molecules are correct
E)Both requires an input of energy and typically builds complex molecules from smaller molecules are correct

Question 10

The energy source that powers the process of photosynthesis is:

A)Water
B)Glucose
C)Carbon dioxide
D)Sunlight
E)Oxygen

Question 11

The metabolic rate of individuals is influenced by:

A)Age
B)Weight
C)The amount of thyroxin produced by the thyroid
D)The amount of body fat
E)All are correct

Question 12

Oxidation-reduction reactions:

A)Never occur at the same time
B)Remove electrons from both molecules involved
C)Remove protons from one molecule and join them to another molecule
D)Occur simultaneously
E)Remove oxygen from the cell

Question 13

In which type of metabolic pathway is the product of the last reaction also the starting material of the first?

A)A straight chain
B)A cycle
C)A branched chain
D)This is impossible

Question 14

Which of the following is not an example of kinetic energy?

A)Heat
B)Light
C)Sound
D)The energy in chemical bonds
E)Random molecular movement

Question 15

Coupled reactions:

A)Are reactions in which a exergonic reaction drives an endergonic reaction
B)Are reactions in which a exergonic reaction drives a spontaneous reaction
C)Are reactions in which a endergonic reaction drives an exergonic reaction
D)Are reactions in which a endergonic reaction drives a spontaneous reaction

Question 16

The reactants for photosynthesis are:

A)Water and carbon dioxide
B)Organic compounds
C)Glucose and water
D)Glucose and carbon dioxide
E)Glucose and sunlight

Question 17

At chemical equilibrium:

A)No reactions are occurring in either direction
B)There are no more products being formed
C)There are no more reactants for the cell to utilize
D)The amount of reactants is equal to the amount of products
E)Reaction rates are in balance

Question 18

The breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide and water is:

A)An endergonic reaction in photosynthesis
B)An endergonic reaction in cellular respiration
C)An exergonic reaction in photosynthesis
D)An exergonic reaction in cellular respiration

Question 19

Sucrose is a disaccharide consisting of the monosaccharides:

A)Fructose and glucose
B)Glucose and glucose
C)Galactose and fructose
D)Glucose and galactose

Question 20

An example (examples)of potential energy is (are):

A)Chemical bonds and concentration gradients
B)Light and chemical bonds
C)Concentration gradients
D)Chemical bonds
E)Light

Question 21

Active transport is different from simple diffusion in that active transport:

A)Requires energy
B)Moves molecules against a concentration gradient
C)Requires proteins embedded within the cell membrane
D)Moves molecules from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration
E)All are correct

Question 22

Beriberi is caused by a deficiency of:

A)Vitamin B1
B)Niacin
C)Vitamin C
D)Minerals
E)None are correct

Question 23

Simple diffusion:

A)Requires energy
B)Utilizes proteins to move molecules across a membrane
C)Moves molecules against a concentration gradient
D)Cannot occur without a membrane present
E)Does not require energy

Question 24

An enzyme:

A)Is not catalytic
B)Is not necessary to sustain life in a cell
C)Both A and B are correct
D)Is a protein
E)Both A and C are correct

Question 25

Pellagra is caused by a deficiency of:

A)Vitamin C
B)Vitamin B1
C)Niacin
D)Minerals
E)None are correct

Question 26

Competitive inhibition of enzymes:

A)Occurs when a substance other than the substrate binds at the active site of an enzyme
B)Occurs when a substance binds to an enzyme at a site away from the active site
C)Occurs by denaturation of an enzyme
D)Occurs by blocking the production of an enzyme

Question 27

Enzymes speed chemical reactions by:

A)Lowering the amount of reactants that are needed
B)Maintaining chemical equilibrium
C)Lowering the energy required to start a chemical reaction
D)Raising the temperature of the surroundings
E)Supplying energy to the reaction process

Question 28

Which of the following are examples of kinetic energy?

A)Electrons moving through the electron transport chain, and protons moving through ATPase
B)Electrons in chemical bonds, proton gradient, ATP
C)Electrons moving through electron transport chain, proton gradient
D)Protons moving through ATPase, ATP
E)All are correct

Question 29

Turgor pressure is not:

A)Due to a walled cell being in a hypertonic environment
B)Necessary to keep plants from wilting
C)The force of water against the inside of the cell wall
D)Due to osmosis
E)Due to a walled cell being in a hypotonic environment

Question 30

The region of an enzyme that catalyzes reactions is called:

A)An active site
B)A binding pocket
C)A reaction site
D)A catalyst site
E)An analog

Question 31

Phagocytosis is:

A)An example of exocytosis
B)An example of active transport
C)An example of diffusion
D)An example of endocytosis
E)An example of facilitated diffusion

Question 32

Scurvy is caused by a deficiency of:

A)Niacin
B)Vitamin B1
C)Minerals
D)None are correct
E)Vitamin C

Question 33

The molecule (molecules)that fits into the active site of an enzyme and reacts with the enzyme is:

A)Always a protein
B)An analog
C)Always a carbohydrate
D)A substrate
E)Always broken down by the enzyme

Question 34

If the environment surrounding a cell has a lower concentration of solute than the cell:

A)The environment is isotonic to the cell
B)The environment is hypertonic to the cell
C)The cell will not experience a net gain or loss of water
D)The environment is hypotonic to the cell
E)The cell will die

Question 35

Noncompetitive inhibition of enzymes:

A)Occurs when a substance other than the substrate binds at the active site of an enzyme.
B)Occurs when a substance binds to an enzyme at a site away from the active site
C)Occurs by denaturation of an enzyme
D)Occurs by blocking the production of an enzyme

Question 36

If a cell has a 95% concentration of water in its cytoplasm and the environment surrounding the cell has a 90% concentration of water:

A)Water will flow into the cell by osmosis
B)Water will flow out of the cell by active transport
C)Water will flow out of the cell by osmosis
D)Water will flow into the cell by active transport
E)Water will flow into the cell by facilitated diffusion

Question 37

If a cell has a greater concentration of solute than its environment:

A)The cell is hypertonic to the environment
B)The cell is isotonic to the environment
C)The cell is hypotonic to the environment
D)The cell will not experience a net gain or loss of water
E)The cell will die

Question 38

A contractile vacuole is not:

A)Used to pump water into a cell
B)Found in Paramecium
C)Used to pump water out of a cell
D)An organelle
E)None of these are correct

Question 39

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable (biological)membrane is:

A)Facilitated diffusion
B)Active transport
C)A rare occurrence
D)Osmosis
E)Always beneficial to a cell

Question 40

Which of the following are examples of potential energy?

A)Electrons moving through electron transport chain, proton gradient
B)Electrons in chemical bonds, proton gradient, ATP
C)Protons moving through ATPase, ATP
D)Electrons moving through the electron transport chain, and protons moving through ATPase
E)All are correct

Question 41

Which condition in the environment of the cell would affect the charge on amino acids in the active site of an enzyme?

A)Temperature
B)Salt concentration
C)pH
D)Antibiotics
E)Substrate concentration

Question 42

Plants require light to perform photosynthesis in which glucose is formed from carbon dioxide and water.This is a _____ reaction.

A)Exergonic
B)Kinetic energy
C)Endergonic
D)Potential energy
E)Equilibrium

Question 43

Once ATP donates its phosphate to a coupled reaction it becomes ADP.The ADP:

A)Can be recharged in an exergonic reaction to form ATP
B)Is a waste product that must be broken down
C)Can be recharged in an equilibrium reaction to form ATP
D)Can be recharged in an oxidation reaction to form ATP
E)Can be recharged in an endergonic reaction to form ATP

Question 44

When electrons are removed from a food molecule it is:

A)Being reduced
B)In equilibrium
C)Being oxidized
D)An exergonic reaction
E)An endergonic reaction

Question 45

Why does phenylalanine accumulate in patients with phenylketonuria?

A)They lack an enzyme to break down phenylalanine
B)They lack an enzyme to produce phenylalanine
C)They produce too much phenylalanine
D)They lack an inhibitor of an enzyme to break down phenylalanine
E)They eat more phenylalanine than most other people

Question 46

During low tide a plant cell will have an advantage over an animal cell because of its ____.

A)Cell wall
B)Plasma membrane
C)Chloroplasts
D)Nucleus
E)Mitochondria

Question 47

During high tide a plant or animal would be at risk of ______.

A)Bursting by osmosis of water
B)Dehydration by facilitated diffusion of salts
C)Dehydration by osmosis of water
D)Bursting by active transport of salts
E)Dehydration by active transport of salts

Question 48

If a person is poisoned with cyanide they cannot generate ATP and die within a few minutes.What would happen to sodium and potassium concentrations across a cell membrane?

A)Sodium would be higher outside the cell and potassium would be higher inside the cell
B)Sodium would be higher inside the cell and potassium would be higher outside the cell
C)They would reach equilibrium
D)Sodium and potassium concentrations would both be higher outside the cell
E)Sodium and potassium concentrations would both be higher inside the cell

Question 49

Your liver produces 90% of the cholesterol found in your body.When cholesterol levels get too high,the first enzyme in the pathway of cholesterol synthesis is inhibited.This is an example of:

A)Positive feedback
B)Denaturation
C)Equilibrium
D)Negative feedback
E)A coenzyme

Question 50

One way to produce a vaccine is to heat a virus or bacteria and then inject the inactive pathogen as a vaccination.How would the heat inactivate a virus?

A)All are correct
B)By inhibiting its metabolism
C)By destroying the membrane
D)By blocking facilitated diffusion
E)By denaturing proteins

Question 51

Diffusion occurs naturally as it ___ of a system.

A)Decreases the kinetic energy
B)Increases the entropy
C)Increases the potential energy
D)Decreases the equilibrium
E)All are correct

Question 52

CFTR moves chloride ions out of cells by active transport.What can be inferred from this statement?

A)Chloride concentrations are higher on the outside of the cell
B)Chloride concentrations are higher on the inside of the cell
C)Sodium concentrations are higher on the outside of the cell
D)Sodium concentrations are higher on the inside of the cell
E)Water crosses membranes by osmosis

Question 53

The CFTR receptor is used to move chloride ions out of a cell by active transport.This is an example of:

A)A reaction coupled with the production of ATP
B)An oxidation reaction
C)A reduction reaction
D)A reaction coupled with the hydrolysis of ATP
E)Equilibrium

Question 54

A bowl of sugar water is very stable.But if you feed it to cells it is rapidly broken down into carbon dioxide and water.What is the best explanation for this observation?

A)Enzymes in the cell catalyze the breakdown of the glucose
B)Cells use energy to break down the glucose
C)Glucose becomes more chemically reactive inside of a cell
D)Glucose cannot be broken down outside of a cell
E)Glucose is removed from the cell by active transport

Question 55

Diffusion occurs naturally as it ___ of a system.

A)Decreases the kinetic energy
B)Increases the potential energy
C)Increases the entropy
D)Decreases the equilibrium
E)All are correct

Question 56

At high tide a plant or animal cell will be in ____.

A)An isotonic solution
B)A hypertonic solution
C)A hypotonic solution
D)Equilibrium
E)Osmosis

Question 57

The sodium-potassium pump catalyzes:

A)Osmosis
B)Facilitated diffusion
C)Diffusion
D)Equilibrium
E)Active transport

Question 58

After the active transport of chloride ions out of the cell by CFTR,why does water follow by osmosis?

A)The cell is now in a hypertonic solution
B)The cell is now in a hypotonic solution
C)The cell is now in an isotonic solution
D)The cell needs to regenerate the ATP used in active transport
E)The cell must pump out water to avoid bursting

Question 59

If you drop a rubber ball it doesn't bounce back to the height you dropped it from.This is consistent with:

A)Conversion of entropy into potential energy
B)The first law of thermodynamics
C)Conversion of kinetic energy into potential energy
D)Conversion of kinetic energy into entropy
E)The second law of thermodynamics

Question 60

The wood in a match is made up of cellulose,which is a polymer of glucose molecules.When you light the match,heat and light are given off,indicating that a ________ reaction is occurring.

A)Endergonic
B)Kinetic energy
C)Exergonic
D)Potential energy
E)Equilibrium

Question 61

An enzyme is a protein that catalyzes chemical reactions.

Question 62

What is the dependent variable in figure 4.24?

A)The number of defective copies of the CFTR gene in mice
B)The number of defective copies of the CFTR gene in humans
C)The amount of fluid in the intestines
D)Whether or not the subjects were exposed to cholera toxin
E)Whether or not the subjects were exposed to Vibrio cholera bacteria

Question 63

Reduction is the loss of electrons.

Question 64

When an end product of a reaction pathway is in excess and inhibits the first enzyme of the pathway,this is an example of negative feedback.

Question 65

Exergonic reactions do not require activation energy to get started since they release energy.

Question 66

Movement of molecules down a concentration gradient is an example of:

A)Potential energy
B)Oxidation
C)Reduction
D)Active transport
E)Kinetic energy

Question 67

The first and second laws of thermodynamics apply to nonliving systems like gasoline engines but do not apply to reactions in living cells.

Question 68

One in 25 Caucasians is a carrier for the defective CFTR gene,making it the most common genetic disease in this population.Why would the frequency of defects in CFTR be so common in this population?

A)Carriers with one copy of the defective CFTR gene have decreased resistance to cholera compared to those with no defective copies
B)These individuals were exposed to cholera, causing mutations in their CFTR gene that can then be passed on to their children
C)Carriers will be more likely to have children who develop cystic fibrosis
D)Carriers with one copy of the defective CFTR gene have increased resistance to cholera compared to those with no defective copies
E)Only carriers would be able to survive exposure to cholera

Question 69

When an end product of a reaction pathway is in excess and inhibits the first enzyme of the pathway,this is an example of positive feedback.

Question 70

What is the independent variable in figure 4.24?

A)The number of defective copies of the CFTR gene in humans
B)The number of defective copies of the CFTR gene in mice
C)The amount of fluid in the intestines
D)Whether or not the subjects were exposed to cholera toxin
E)Whether or not the subjects were exposed to Vibrio cholera bacteria.

Question 71

A reason that some antibiotics harm bacteria but not humans is because humans have many more cells than bacteria.

Question 72

Reduction is the gain of electrons.

Question 73

An enzyme is a lipid that catalyzes chemical reactions.

Question 74

Phagocytosis is a process that cells only use to obtain nutrients.

Question 75

Whenever ATP is produced by a chemical reaction some energy is lost into the surroundings as heat.

Question 76

How does the bacteria that causes cholera,Vibrio cholera,trigger potentially life threatening diarrhea?

A)Cholera toxin stimulates CFTR leading to increased osmosis of water into the intestines
B)Cholera toxin inhibits CFTR leading to increased osmosis of water into the intestines
C)Cholera toxin stimulates CFTR leading to decreased osmosis of water into the intestines
D)Cholera toxin inhibits CFTR leading to decreased osmosis of water into the intestines

Question 77

What did the scientists conclude from figure 4.24?

A)The fewer copies of a defective CFTR gene an organism has, the more resistant it is to cholera toxin
B)The number of defective CFTR genes did not correlate with resistance to cholera toxin
C)The more cholera toxin an organism was exposed to, the more copies of its CFTR gene that became defective
D)The more cholera toxin an organism was exposed to, fewer copies of its CFTR gene that became defective
E)The more copies of a defective CFTR gene an organism has, the more resistant it is to cholera toxin

Question 78

If two carriers of the defective CFTR gene have a child,what is the probability that the child will have cystic fibrosis?

A)75%
B)50%
C)100%
D)0%
E)25%

Question 79

A reason that some antibiotics harm bacteria but not humans is because the antibiotic inhibits bacterial enzymes that humans do not have.

Question 80

What hypothesis were the scientists testing?

A)Do defects in CFTR cause cholera
B)Does defective CFTR make people more sensitive to cholera
C)Does defective CFTR give people natural resistance to cholera
D)Does cholera causes cystic fibrosis
E)Does cholera increase the risk of transmission of cystic fibrosis