Deck 15: Cognitive Development in Adolescence

Question 1

The heightened self-consciousness of adolescence,the belief that everyone is as interested in them as they are in themselves,and a sense of personal uniqueness and invulnerability are all parts of

A)adolescent egocentrism.
B)hypothetical-deductive reasoning.
C)realistic reasoning.
D)concrete operational thinking.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Khloe has not been getting along with her best friend.She writes down all the difficulties they have been having and tries to generate possible reasons for them.She then considers what she can do to deal with the problems,weighing the pros and cons of each possibility.Khloe is using which of the following to solve her problem?

A)Idealistic scenario reasoning
B)Concrete operational reasoning
C)Adolescent-egocentric reasoning
D)Hypothetical-deductive reasoning

Answer 2

D

Question 3

According to Jean Piaget's theory,people going into adolescence are entering which stage?

A)Sensorimotor
B)Preoperational
C)Concrete operational
D)Formal operational

Answer 3

D

Question 4

According to Piaget,hypothetical-deductive reasoning abilities develop in _____ stage.

A)sensorimotor
B)preoperational
C)formal operations
D)concrete operations

Question 5

_____ is Piaget's formal operational concept that adolescents have the cognitive ability to develop hypotheses,or best guesses,about ways to solve problems.

A)Idealistic scenario reasoning
B)Divergent thinking
C)Convergent thinking
D)Hypothetical-deductive reasoning

Question 6

Paul feels extremely self-consciousness in public.He believes that everyone is watching him and that they all notice the pimple on the end of his nose.Paul's behavior is characteristic of

A)convergent thinking.
B)the imaginary audience phenomenon.
C)transitivity.
D)seriation.

Question 7

During the formal operational stage,_____ dominates.

A)trial-and-error problem solving
B)egocentrism
C)assimilation
D)pragmatism

Question 8

In the _____ stage individuals are no longer limited to actual experiences as anchors for thought.

A)sensorimotor
B)preoperational
C)concrete operational
D)formal operational

Question 9

Idealistic beliefs about possibilities that can change the world for the better are characteristic of the _____ stage of cognitive development.

A)sensorimotor
B)preoperational
C)concrete operations
D)formal operations

Question 10

Which of the following is an example of hypothetical-deductive reasoning?

A)Andrew draws his family tree and is able to understand that his mother is also a daughter,a sister,and a wife at the same time.
B)Paula solves an algebraic problem by making plans to solve the problem and systematically testing each solution.
C)Ann resolves a fight with her friend by offering a compromise,an approach that had always worked in the past.
D)Viola learns how to play the piano by observing her mother closely while she plays the instrument,and then practicing by herself.

Question 11

Children are likely to solve problems _____,whereas adolescents begin to solve problems _____.

A)idealistically; through inductive reasoning
B)through trial and error; systematically
C)by thinking them through carefully; by guessing
D)using heuristics; using past experience

Question 12

Which of the following statements is TRUE about Piaget's formal operational stage?

A)This stage is characterized by the ability to reason logically about specific or concrete examples.
B)This stage is characterized by the ability to classify things into different sets or subsets.
C)This stage is characterized by the ability to logically combine relations to understand certain conclusions.
D)This stage is characterized by the ability to create a hypothesis and deduce its implications.

Question 13

"What if the sun were to explode?" asked Arlene."But it never has," replied Karlevin."But what if it did?" insisted Arlene.'"But it never has! You worry too much about all those what-ifs," said Karl.In this example,Arlene is exhibiting _____ thought,while Karl is showing _____ thought.

A)abstract; concrete
B)concrete; abstract
C)abnormal; idealistic
D)deductive; inductive

Question 14

Which of the following is an essential characteristic of the imaginary audience phenomenon?

A)A sense of immortality
B)A feeling of insignifiance
C)Attention-seeking behavior
D)A sense of indestructibility

Question 15

Which of the following is an example of the imaginary audience phenomenon?

A)Jean likes the challenge of dissecting frogs in his biology class.
B)Haley doesn't want to go to school today because everyone will see she is having a "bad hair" day.
C)Ashton sometimes takes LSD,yet she believes that she will never experience a "bad trip."
D)Bradley thinks that his parents have stupid political ideas,listen to horrible music,and are always doing annoying things.

Question 16

John,an adolescent,was thinking about how animals think.Then he started thinking about why he was thinking about how animals think.Which of the following characteristics of the formal operational stage is John displaying in this example?

A)Abstract thought
B)Concrete thought
C)Critical thought
D)Egocentric thought

Question 17

Hypothetical-deductive reasoning enables adolescents to:

A)indulge in idealistic thinking.
B)plan and systematically test alternatives.
C)overcome adolescent egocentrism in their thinking.
D)speculate about ideal characteristics they desire in themselves and in others.

Question 18

Which of the following statements is TRUE about adolescents?

A)They usually solve problems through trial and error.
B)They are limited to actual experiences as anchors for thought.
C)
C)They need to see the concrete elements A,B,and C to be able to make the logical inference that,if A = B and B = C,then A =
D)They have an increased tendency to think about thought itself.

Question 19

According to Jean Piaget,adolescents differ from younger children in that younger children will have significant difficulty in

A)solving problems through trial-and-error.
B)differentiating between thoughts and reality.
C)dealing with concrete experiences.
D)creating and testing hypotheses.

Question 20

The formal operational period is characterized by

A)animistic reasoning.
B)coordination of perception and action.
C)logical reasoning about the world as reality.
D)abstract thinking.

Question 21

Which of the following statements,made by Barbara,is an indicator of the imagined audience phenomenon?

A)"Why am I always thinking that bad things will happen to me?"
B)"My parents are so frustrating."
C)"I love arguing politics and religion."
D)"Everyone is going to notice that I'm wearing braces."

Question 22

Cognitive control is also referred to as inhibitory control or _____ control.

A)effortful
B)focused
C)dedicated
D)strenuous

Question 23

_____ invulnerability,captures an adolescent's felt invulnerability related to personal or psychological distress.

A)Psychological
B)Natural
C)Danger
D)Induced

Question 24

Which of Ethan's statements is an indicator of personal fable?

A)"Nobody could possibly understand how I feel."
B)"My parents are so boring."
C)"I love listening to music."
D)"Why can't I stop worrying about my driving test?"

Question 25

Driving recklessly at high speeds is an example of _____ invulnerability.

A)psychological
B)natural
C)danger
D)induced

Question 26

According to recent research,social media sites such as Facebook may be promoting adolescent

A)egocentrism.
B)sense of fair play.
C)animism.
D)concrete operational thinking.

Question 27

Which of the following is a central characteristic of the personal fable?

A)Self-criticism
B)An awareness of others
C)A sense of uniqueness
D)A sense of being ordinary

Question 28

Which of the following is an example of personal fable?

A)Jake enjoys creative activities such as making Christmas decorations.
B)Haley doesn't want to go to school today because everyone will notice that she has a pimple on her face.
C)Ashton drives fast and recklessly but says she will never get in an accident because it could never happen to her.
D)Bradley constantly compares himself with his friends and feels that he is inferior to them.

Question 29

Deanna Kuhn argues that the MOST important cognitive change in adolescence is

A)problem solving through trial-and-error.
B)increased concrete thinking.
C)reduced egocentrism.
D)improvement in executive functioning.

Question 30

Emma often shoplifts,as well as other petty crimes,with her group of friends.Even though she has heard that people eventually get caught while shoplifting,she feels that it will never happen to her.Emma's beliefs is characteristic of

A)personal fable.
B)social comparison.
C)imaginary audience phenomenon.
D)perspective thinking.

Question 31

Gladys demonstrated high levels of inhibitory control early in her development.We can predict that she will

A)make more money in her career than her peers who struggled with inhibitory control.
B)drop out of high school.
C)engage in risk-taking behavior such as the use of illicit drugs.
D)struggle with weight issues in adulthood.

Question 32

_____ memory is a kind of "mental workbench" where information is manipulated and assembled to help make decisions,solve problems,and comprehend written and spoken language.

A)Intermediate
B)Long-term
C)Short-term
D)Working

Question 33

Making decisions and thinking critically are part of

A)mindfulness.
B)lower-order cognitive processes.
C)executive functioning.
D)mnemonic strategies.

Question 34

_____ refers to adolescents' sense of invincibility that may also lead them to believe that they themselves are invulnerable to dangers and catastrophes that happen to other people.

A)Personal fable
B)Social comparison
C)Imaginary audience
D)Perspective thinking

Question 35

Which of the following is part of executive functioning?

A)Critical thinking
B)Perception
C)Attention
D)Memory

Question 36

Controlling attention,reducing interfering thoughts,and being cognitively flexible are all elements of

A)working memory.
B)cognitive control.
C)egocentrism.
D)imaginary audience.

Question 37

Which of the following statements is TRUE about adolescent decision making?

A)Adolescence is a time of decreased decision making.
B)Adolescents make better decisions when they are emotionally aroused rather than when they are calm.
C)Young adolescents are less likely to generate different options than are children.
D)Adolescents need more opportunities to practice and discuss realistic decision making.

Question 38

______ invulnerability,involves the adolescent's sense of indestructibility and a tendency to take on physical risks.

A)Psychological
B)Natural
C)Danger
D)Induced

Question 39

_____ refers to adolescents' belief that others are as interested in them as they themselves are,as well as their attention-getting behavior.

A)Personal fable
B)Social comparison
C)Imaginary audience
D)Perspective thinking

Question 40

_____ involves managing one's thoughts to engage in goal-directed behavior and self-control.

A)Mindfulness
B)Lower-order cognitive processes
C)Executive functioning
D)Mnemonic strategies

Question 41

According to Reyna and Zayas,adolescents who exhibit higher levels of _____ inhibition are less likely to engage in risky behaviors.

A)trait
B)genetic
C)control
D)environmental

Question 42

Implementation of _____ in schools benefits adolescents by helping them achieve higher grades,increase their goal setting,achieve higher self-esteem,and increase the likelihood that they will serve as volunteers in the future.

A)etiquette training
B)service learning
C)moral science
D)religious learning

Question 43

Brady's friends are all going bungi jumping off the old bridge in town.If Brady has low trait inhibition,he will likely

A)go along with his friends and make the jump.
B)refuse to go on moral principles.
C)refuse to go because his parents said no.
D)go along just to watch,but will not engage in the risky behavior.

Question 44

Which decision is a teenager likely to face?

A)Whether to use blue or red to color a picture.
B)Whether to go to college or get a job.
C)Whether to buy an action figure or a new video game.
D)Whether to watch a cartoon or play outside.

Question 45

One important goal of service learning is to help students

A)become less self-centered.
B)improve their grades.
C)develop their academic skills.
D)become more competitive and ambitious.

Question 46

In the dual-process model,it is the _____ system that benefits adolescent decision making.

A)experiential
B)analytical
C)deductive
D)inductive

Question 47

Over the past three decades,traditional-aged college students have shown a(n)

A)increased concern for personal well-being.
B)decreased concern for the well-being of others.
C)increased concern for the disadvantaged.
D)decreased concern for being well-off financially.

Question 48

Researchers found that students who participated in service learning were more likely to:

A)become self-centered.
B)have higher self-esteem.
C)participate in religious activites.
D)have lower grades.

Question 49

Being aware that options and alternatives are available and adapting to the situation requires cognitive

A)flexibility.
B)elasticity.
C)rigidity.
D)tutoring.

Question 50

At Boston Sacred Heart School all the students in grades 9 to 12 are asked to participate in community-building programs.Students were asked to choose from a wide range of initiatives,such as helping older adults,conducting activities in orphaneges,assisting animal-welfare workers,etc.The school also conducted group discussions where children were encouraged to reflect upon their experiences.This program aimed at enabling the students to become less self-centered and promote prosocial behavior.In this example,Boston Sacred Heart School uses

A)life skills-based training.
B)service learning.
C)classical conditioning.
D)operant conditioning.

Question 51

_____ is a form of education that promotes social responsibility and helping others in the community.

A)Environmental science
B)Service learning
C)Hidden curriculum
D)Religious learning

Question 52

_____ are beliefs and attitudes about the way things should be.

A)Perceptions
B)Ethics
C)Values
D)Thoughts

Question 53

Which of the following cognitive changes that occur during adolescence allow(s)for improved critical thinking?

A)Increased breadth of content knowledge in a variety of domains
B)Improvement in concrete thinking
C)Increased ability to indulge in idealistic thinking
D)Engaging in imaginary audience and personal story processes

Question 54

Which of the following strategies can be used to improve adolescent decision making in an atmosphere of stress?

A)Visual matrix
B)Role playing
C)Mnemonics
D)Imaginary audience

Question 55

In terms of decision making,who is likely to generate different options,examine a situation from a variety of perspectives,and consider the credibility of sources?

A)Toddlers
B)Children in early childhood
C)Children in late childhood
D)Young adolescents

Question 56

If an individual has not developed a solid basis of _____ during childhood,critical-thinking skills are unlikely to mature in adolescence.

A)fundamental skills
B)literacy and math skills
C)hypothetical-deductive reasoning
D)personal fable

Question 57

Which of the following is NOT a criticism directed towards Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning?

A)Gender bias
B)Cultural bias
C)Inadequate attention of influence of parenting influences
D)Too much emphasis on the influence of parenting influences

Question 58

Recent research on moral reasoning and cohort effects have revealed that moral reasoning among college students

A)is reaching post-conventional levels on most campuses.
B)is declining down to the conventional level.
C)is declining down to the lowest level,personal interests.
D)may be at an all-time high in recorded history.

Question 59

Sophia demonstrated low levels of inhibitory control early in her development.We can predict that she will

A)make more money in her career than her peers who struggled with inhibitory control.
B)graduate high school on time.
C)avoid risk-taking behavior such as the use of illicit drugs.
D)struggle with weight issues in adulthood.

Question 60

_____ states that decision making is influenced by two systems-one analytical and one experiential,each competing with the other.

A)The executive function approach
B)Hypothetical-deductive reasoning
C)The dual-process model
D)The social constructivist approach

Question 61

Lawrence Kohlberg's theory has been the basis for a number of _____ programs.

A)cognitive moral education
B)values clarification
C)service learning
D)character education

Question 62

Which of the following was NOT mentioned in your text as a way to improve moral reasoning among adolescents and emerging adults?

A)Expanding moral education
B)Better childrearing strategies
C)Better social supports
D)Lowering moral expectations

Question 63

In the _____ approach,every school is expected to have an explicit moral code that is clearly communicated to students.Any violations of the code will be met with sanctions.

A)hidden curriculum
B)character education
C)political orientation
D)values clarification

Question 64

According to your text,which developmental factor contributes to adolescents' increasing sensitivity with members of abstract groups that they have little experience?

A)Physical development
B)Cognitive development
C)Emotional development
D)Intuitive development

Question 65

Kendall realizes that her sister did not mean to ruin the sweater that she borrowed and told her sister that she understood it was an accident.Kendall is exhibiting

A)forgiveness.
B)kindness.
C)empathy.
D)gratitude.

Question 66

Hidden curriculum differs from values clarification in that hidden curriculum

A)is conveyed by the moral atmosphere that is a part of every school.
B)is based on the belief that students should develop such values as democracy and justice as their moral reasoning develops.
C)fails to stress distinctions between right and wrong behavior.
D)does not tell students what their values should be.

Question 67

Which of the following was NOT mentioned in your text as an outcome associated with higher levels of gratitude?

A)Fewer depressive symptoms
B)Increased thoughts of suicide
C)Lower level of negative emotions
D)Stronger sense of the meaning of life

Question 68

Clarence High School is a private school in Cincinnati.The school conducts a semester-long course that deals with moral education.The school educators believe that students should learn to value such aspects of life as freedom,truth,and equality as their moral reasoning develops.The classes are facilitated by an instructor who encourages students to discuss moral issues.Clarence High School uses which of the following methods of moral education?

A)A hidden moral curriculum
B)Character education
C)Cognitive moral education
D)A values clarification program

Question 69

A direct approach that involves teaching students a basic moral literacy to prevent them from engaging in immoral behavior and harming themselves or others is called

A)hidden curriculum.
B)character education.
C)service learning.
D)value clarification.

Question 70

Cognitive moral education differs from values clarification in that cognitive moral education

A)fails to stress distinctions between right and wrong behavior.
B)is conveyed by the moral atmosphere that is a part of every school.
C)advocates that every school should have an explicit moral code that is clearly communicated to students.
D)is based on the belief that students should develop such values as democracy and justice as their moral reasoning develops.

Question 71

After his grandmother drove him to the video store to buy a new game,Caleb stayed and raked his grandmother's yard.Caleb was demonstrating

A)forgiveness.
B)kindness.
C)empathy.
D)gratitude.

Question 72

The _____ is conveyed by the moral atmosphere that is a part of every school.

A)hidden curriculum
B)character education
C)political orientation
D)values clarification

Question 73

According to research by Narvaez and Gleason,Toby,a college freshman,is probably most concerned about the welfare of

A)his fellow students.
B)his fellow citizens in the United States.
C)society in general.
D)himself.

Question 74

_____ is an aspect of prosocial behavior that occurs when the injured person releases the injurer from possible behavioral retaliation.

A)Forgiveness
B)Kindness
C)Empathy
D)Gratitude

Question 75

The increase in _____ lets adolescents consider various ideas about religious and spiritual concepts.

A)abstract thinking
B)trial-and-error learning
C)adolescent egocentrism
D)the imaginary audience phenomenon

Question 76

In a typical _____ program,high school students meet in a semester-long course to discuss a number of moral issues.The instructor acts as a facilitator,rather than as a director,of the class.

A)hidden curriculum
B)character education
C)cognitive moral education
D)values clarification

Question 77

The _____ approach to moral education encompasses reflective moral thinking and commitment to justice advocated in Kohlberg's approach along with an emphasis on developing a particular moral character as advocated in the character education approach.

A)integrative
B)normative
C)prescriptive
D)induced

Question 78

In the _____,the moral atmosphere is created by school and classroom rules,the moral orientation of teachers and school administrators,and text materials.

A)hidden curriculum
B)character education
C)political orientation
D)values clarification

Question 79

Mark,an adolescent,attends a program in his school in which he is taught about basic moral concepts and codes of behavior that are in accordance with the moral concepts.Mark's instructor also warns him that any violation of the moral codes would be bring severe sanctions.The program aims to teach students a basic moral code so that they do not engage in immoral behavior and cause harm to themselves or others.Which moral education program is Mark's school following?

A)A hidden curriculum
B)Character education
C)Cognitive moral education
D)A values clarification program

Question 80

Cognitive moral education is a concept based on the belief that

A)students should be encouraged to define their own moral values and to understand the moral values of others.
B)students need to be taught a basic moral literacy to prevent them from engaging in immoral behavior and doing harm to themselves and others.
C)students should learn to value such aspects of life as democracy and justice as their moral reasoning develops.
D)students can learn moral values only through observational learning.