Deck 2: Values and Attitudes

Question 1

Most bullies in organizations are men, and men tend to be bullied more than women.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

In Schwartz's model, conformity and tradition are in the same wedge, but conformity is seen as less extreme than tradition.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Openness to change is composed of self-direction and stimulation.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Self-enhancement is composed of power and achievement.

Question 5

Schwartz's model can be useful in managing employees, but is not likely to be helpful in understanding oneself.

Question 6

Conservation is defined as independence of thought, action, and feelings and readiness for change.

Question 7

The first step in combating bullying is to document the event in writing, particularly if the bully is your boss.

Question 8

Values are rarely influenced by events that occurred during childhood; mostly, they are formed during adolescence and adulthood.

Question 9

"Working longer and harder" is known as personal engagement.

Question 10

Values are unstable and are likely to change over time and situations.

Question 11

Attitudes are our feelings or opinions about specific targets and range from negative to positive.

Question 12

Personal attitudes are closely related to values.

Question 13

The two basic dimensions of Schwartz's value theory are self-enhancement/self-transcendence and ethical/unethical.

Question 14

Positive employee attitudes and motivation are greatest when the work environment is consistent with employee values.

Question 15

Personal attitudes affect behavior via intentions.

Question 16

The desire for excitement, novelty, and challenge in life is called stimulation.

Question 17

In Schwartz's model, hedonism shares elements with both openness to change and self-transcendence.

Question 18

Values are concrete ideas that guide one's thinking and behavior.

Question 19

A person can hold values in Schwartz's model that are opposite without experiencing conflict.

Question 20

Values generalize across cultures.

Question 21

An employer's breach of a psychological contract is associated with lower organizational commitment, job satisfaction, performance, and greater intentions to quit.

Question 22

Perceptions of organizational support can be positive or negative.

Question 23

Organizational commitment is an individual's perception about the terms and conditions of a reciprocal exchange between himself or herself and another party.

Question 24

Attitudes have three components: affective, cognitive, and value-oriented.

Question 25

Organizational commitment exists to the degree that a person's values generally match the values that undergird a company's organizational culture.

Question 26

Low job satisfaction and low employee engagement imply lower task performance and higher employee turnover.

Question 27

The components of engagement are urgency, being focused, intensity, and job satisfaction.

Question 28

The affective component of an attitude is reflected in how you feel.

Question 29

United States employees are the most actively engaged in the world.

Question 30

The behavioral component of an attitude is reflected in "I believe."

Question 31

Job engagement is an affective or emotional response toward various facets of one's job.

Question 32

There is only one model of the causes of job satisfaction.

Question 33

One of the top five drivers of employee engagement for organizations in North America is pay.

Question 34

According to the Ajzen model, someone's intention to engage in a particular behavior is a strong predictor of that behavior.

Question 35

"Perceived organizational support" is the harnessing of organization members' selves to their work roles.

Question 36

Job satisfaction is an unitary concept; a person is either satisfied or dissatisfied with his or her job.

Question 37

The psychological discomfort a person experiences when simultaneously holding two or more conflicting cognitions is known as psychological conflict.

Question 38

Gallup estimates that when an organization's employees are highly engaged, that organization is likely to be about 50 percent more productive.

Question 39

Employee engagement is the harnessing of organization members' selves to their work roles.

Question 40

The basic idea of POS is that people are willing to work hard and commit to their organizations when they believe that the organization truly cares about their best interests.

Question 41

Stimulation is in the ____________ part of Schwartz's model.

A) Conservation
B) Self-enhancement
C) Openness to change
D) Self-transcendence
E) Hedonism

Question 42

The two basic dimensions of Schwartz's model of values are:

A) Self-enhancement/self-transcendence and openness to change/conservation
B) Strengths/weaknesses and opportunities/threats
C) Personal attitudes/work attitudes and cognitions/behaviors
D) Commitment/engagement and satisfaction/dissatisfaction
E) Involved/engaged and motivated/not motivated

Question 43

Hedonism is:

A) Pleasure and sensual gratification for oneself
B) Personal success through demonstrating competence
C) Benevolence
D) Stimulation
E) Excitement, novelty, and challenge

Question 44

Research generally supports the conclusion that need fulfillment is correlated with job satisfaction.

Question 45

Turnover is always bad for organizations.

Question 46

The idea that satisfaction results from the perception that a job allows for fulfillment of an individual's important values is called "met expectations."

Question 47

Pursuit of our own interests, success, and dominance is called:

A) Self-transcendence
B) Self-enhancement
C) Self-awareness
D) Self-management
E) Self-leadership

Question 48

Restraint of actions, inclinations, and impulses likely to upset or harm others and violate social expectations or norms is called:

A) Benevolence
B) Security
C) Tradition
D) Conformity
E) Universalism

Question 49

Aspects of an individual's disposition are significantly associated with some aspects of job satisfaction.

Question 50

Managers should attempt to reduce the negative effects of stress by improving job satisfaction and by encouraging employees to take work home.

Question 51

Job satisfaction has a positive association with both OCB and CWB.

Question 52

Values are physiological or psychological deficiencies that arouse behavior.

Question 53

Schwartz's model suggests that:

A) Values may conflict with each other
B) Values are important but have no direct effect on motivation
C) Values are unstable
D) We are always aware of our values and how they influence us
E) Values are formed when we are in our early adulthood

Question 54

Hedonism shares elements of both ______ and _________.

A) Achievement; stimulation
B) Self-enhancement; openness to change
C) Self-transcendence; openness to change
D) Stimulation; self-direction
E) Stimulation; power

Question 55

Self-enhancement and self-transcendence are:

A) Personal attitudes
B) Workplace attitudes
C) Endpoints of one of the dimensions of values
D) Cognitions
E) Behaviors

Question 56

Employee motivation is positively correlated with job satisfaction.

Question 57

The self-transcendence part of Schwartz's model is composed of:

A) Self-direction and stimulation
B) Security and conformity
C) Power and achievement
D) Universalism and benevolence
E) Achievement and hedonism

Question 58

Studies confirm that telecommuting enhances productivity and retention and decreases absenteeism.

Question 59

Order, self-restriction, preservation of the past, and resistance to change are known as:

A) Conservation
B) Security
C) Conformity
D) Traditionalism
E) Stability

Question 60

The opposite of openness to change is:

A) Conformity
B) Traditionalism
C) Power
D) Benevolence
E) Conservation

Question 61

You are unlikely to say anything to someone using a cell phone in a restaurant if you believe cell phone use helps people manage their busy lives. Your belief reflects the __________ component of your attitude toward people using cell phones in restaurants.

A) Behavioral
B) Objective
C) Cognitive
D) Normative
E) Affective

Question 62

Organizational commitment exists to the degree that a person's _______ match the __________.

A) Personal values; organizational culture
B) Personal values; job characteristics
C) Personal values; organizational structure
D) Behavioral intentions; organizational strategy
E) Behavioral intentions; organizational values

Question 63

_________ is the psychological discomfort a person experiences when simultaneously holding two or more conflicting cognitions.

A) Perceived stress
B) Counterproductive work behavior
C) Psychological dissonance
D) Cognitive dissonance
E) Affective discomfort

Question 64

As a senior serving as the student representative on the Ethics Advisory Board of your university, you feel strongly that cheating on college examinations is unethical. You have never cheated on any exam in your academic career. However, this semester your best friend was desperate for your help, and you allowed him to take a quick "peek" on your answer sheet. Since then, you feel uncomfortable every time you think of the situation. Which of the following concepts best explains your psychological discomfort?

A) Job detachment
B) Cognitive dissonance
C) Emotional labor
D) Emotional dissonance
E) Affective detachment

Question 65

Carla is about to graduate from her business program. She has always been happiest in jobs where she never knew what would be waiting for her when she got to work that day, and she excels at problem solving. She should seek a career that involves:

A) Security
B) Benevolence
C) Tradition
D) Power
E) Stimulation

Question 66

The component of an attitude that refers to how one intends to act is called the ________ component.

A) Intellectual
B) Affective
C) Cognitive
D) Behavioral
E) Value

Question 67

Personal attitudes affect _______ via ______.

A) Behavior; values
B) Behavior; intentions
C) Values; behavior
D) Values; intentions
E) Values; cognitions

Question 68

The component of an attitude that reflects the beliefs or ideas one has about an object or situation is known as the __________ component.

A) Affective
B) Cognitive
C) Behavioral
D) Intentional
E) Actionable

Question 69

In Ajzen's theory of planned behavior, ___________ is (are) the key link between _________.

A) Attitudes; intentions and planned behavior
B) Intentions; attitudes and planned behavior
C) Norms; intentions and planned behavior
D) Intentions; norms and attitudes
E) Perceived behavioral control; intentions and planned behavior

Question 70

According to the Ajzen model, the strongest predictor of an employee's behavior is (are):

A) Social norms
B) The employee's attitudes
C) The employee's values
D) The employee's intentions
E) The employee's cognitions

Question 71

Which of the following is not a key workplace attitude that managers should track?

A) Job satisfaction
B) Employee engagement
C) Perceived organizational support
D) Organizational commitment
E) Turnover

Question 72

Chris, a manager, knows that one of his employees values achievement and power. Chris should assign the employee to a job that includes:

A) High social value
B) High security
C) High self-direction
D) High conformity
E) High influence over others

Question 73

Jane hated the idea of child labor. She believed that children should not be employed in any type of job. She worked in a factory that claimed that it did not employ children. However, news reports accused the company of employing young children. The psychological discomfort that Jane experienced when she heard this news is known as:

A) Emotional dissonance
B) Emotional labor
C) Cognitive dissonance
D) Behavioral intention
E) Affective detachment

Question 74

The extent to which an individual identifies with an organization and commits to its goals is called:

A) Perceived organizational support
B) Organizational commitment
C) Organizational satisfaction
D) Job involvement
E) Job satisfaction

Question 75

The head of ABC Company announced that the company was going to start a project on weekends that would teach self-defense techniques to underprivileged kids in the neighborhood. Thomas decided to register himself for the project, as he was a trained kick-boxer. This action of Thomas reflects the __________ component of his attitude.

A) Behavioral
B) Affective
C) Cognitive
D) Normative
E) Intellectual

Question 76

You are unlikely to say anything to someone smoking in the nonsmoking section of a restaurant unless you are irritated by this behavior. A lack of irritation implies that the __________ component of your attitude toward people smoking in restaurants is neutral.

A) Behavioral
B) Intellectual
C) Cognitive
D) Normative
E) Affective

Question 77

The components of attitudes are:

A) Values, beliefs, and emotions
B) Affective, cognitive, and behavioral
C) Personal and workplace
D) Perceived and real
E) Public and personal

Question 78

Which of the following statements about key workplace attitudes is false?

A) Key workplace attitudes serve a dual purpose; they are both significant outcomes in and of themselves, and they are linked to other significant outcomes
B) Job satisfaction is the least studied of the key workplace attitudes
C) Organizational commitment depends on the quality of the employee's psychological contract
D) If you value achievement and your employer rewards people for accomplishing goals, you are more likely to be committed to the company
E) One of the components of employee engagement is enthusiasm

Question 79

The President of American Systems announced the employees would be going on a trip to San Francisco. A few employees liked the idea and a few of them disliked the idea. According to the nature of attitudes, these evaluations reflect the __________ component of the employees.

A) Behavioral
B) Affective
C) Cognitive
D) Normative
E) Intellectual

Question 80

Values represent beliefs that influence behaviors _____________; attitudes relate to behavior __________.

A) Across all situations; toward specific targets
B) Toward specific targets; across all situations
C) Across all situations; toward people
D) Toward specific objects; toward specific people
E) Toward specific people; toward specific objects