Deck 3: A Statistics Refresher

Question 1

Dr.Joni Mihura first began reviewing the literature on the Rorschach to

A) ensure that she was using a valid test with her clients.
B) ensure that she was teaching her students to use a valid tool of assessment.
C) contest the results of an unfavorable score on a state licensing examination.
D) prepare a detailed comparison of its efficacy with the Holtzman Inkblot Technique.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Commentators on Eysenck's (1952)article,such as ____,pointed out several problems with Eysenck's methodology.

A) John Exner
B) Gene Glass
C) Albert Bandura
D) Hans Strupp

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Dr.Joni Mihura reported that there are over ____ psychology journal articles in the PsycINFO data base that are classified as empirical studies.

A) 10,000
B) 100,000
C) 1 million
D) 10 million

Answer 3

C

Question 4

As reported in your textbook by Dr.Joni Mihura,a 1952 study authored by Hans Eysenck concluded that

A) the Rorschach was inappropriate for administration to children.
B) all personality tests lacked reliability.
C) psychodiagnosis was more an art than a science.
D) psychotherapy doesn't work.

Question 5

Imtiaz et al.(2016)studied the relationship between cannabis use and physical health.Colin (2015)studied the correlates of police use of force.The two studies had something in common; it was the fact that they both

A) were conducted in Denver, Colorado.
B) employed police officers as subjects.
C) used meta-analysis to draw conclusions.
D) All of these

Question 6

Yards gained by running backs during a football game is an example of which type of scale?

A) nominal
B) ordinal
C) interval
D) ratio

Question 7

According to Dr.Joni Mihura,some researchers reviewing the findings reported by Eysenck (1952)

A) agreed with Eysenck's conclusions.
B) disagreed with Eysenck's conclusions.
C) both agreed with Eysenck's conclusions and disagreed with Eysenck's conclusions.
D) terminated their review prematurely.

Question 8

Miles-per-hour is an example of which type of scale?

A) nominal
B) ordinal
C) ratio
D) interval

Question 9

According to Dr.Joni Mihura,meta-analysis for multiscale tests will typically

A) focus on one, or a few, but not all, characteristics.
B) meta-analyze all of the scales' characteristics.
C) meta-analyze data only for the most widely used scales.
D) supplement available data with data from published reviews of the multiscale test.

Question 10

Which is the only type of scale that has an absolute zero point?

A) nominal
B) ordinal
C) ratio
D) interval

Question 11

In a research study,subjects are categorized as either "hospitalized" or "never hospitalized." This type of categorization is referred to as

A) random.
B) continuous.
C) discrete.
D) prime.

Question 12

Dr.Joni Mihura's Rorschach research resulted in

A) the development of a more contemporary inkblot measure.
B) a ban on the use of the Rorschach with pediatric patients.
C) critics removing a recommended moratorium on the Rorschach.
D) the creation of an innovative Rorschach "app."

Question 13

An instructor rank-orders students in her measurement class based on their performance on a quiz of Chapter 3 in the textbook.In this instance,the instructor is using which type of scale?

A) nominal
B) interval
C) ordinal
D) comparative

Question 14

Bjornsen & Archer (2015)found that students who habitually used cell phones during class

A) scored better grades than those who did not.
B) scored about the same grades as those who did not.
C) scored worse grades than those who did not.
D) were less responsive to questions raised by the instructor.

Question 15

According to Dr.Joni Mihura,a distinguishing feature of meta-analytic research is its

A) systematic rules for study inclusion.
B) formal screening of research biases.
C) both systematic rules for study inclusion and formal screening of research biases.
D) its rigor with respect to study author credentials.

Question 16

According to Dr.Joni Mihura,multiscale personality tests may contain over ____ and sometimes over ____ scales that need to be separately evaluated.

A) 50; 100
B) 100; 200
C) 200; 400
D) 400; 800

Question 17

Dr.Joni Mihura's Rorschach research had the effect of inspiring the creation of the

A) R-PAS.
B) R-CAS.
C) R-SPA.
D) R-SAC.

Question 18

Numbers are assigned to each player on the university basketball team.This use of numbers could BEST be characterized as

A) a nominal scale.
B) an ordinal scale.
C) an interval scale.
D) a ratio scale.

Question 19

Dr.Joni Mihura's career is distinguished by the fact that she was the only woman who served on the research council for the

A) Rorschach Comprehensive System.
B) MMPI-2 & Rorschach Comparison Project.
C) Psychological Bulletin special issue on the Rorschach.
D) PsychInfo Rorschach data base.

Question 20

According to Dr.Joni Mihura,the Rorschach is the psychological test with the ___________ meta-analyses for its scales.

A) least construct validity
B) most construct validity
C) most concurrent validity
D) least concurrent validity

Question 21

A frequency distribution typically includes

A) the average score and a measure of diversion around it.
B) each possible score and how often it occurs.
C) an estimate of how spread out the scores are.
D) an index of how "popular" a particular frequency is.

Question 22

The French word for "black" is a convenient acronym for

A) five factors measured by Binet's test.
B) four levels of measurement.
C) four parts of the partitioned normal curve.
D) five families of frequency distributions.

Question 23

The mean for the set of scores 8,9,and 7 is

A) 7.
B) 8.
C) 9.
D) 24.

Question 24

Which is the MOST common factor influencing a decision as to the size of class interval in a grouped frequency distribution?

A) the number of scores above the mean
B) the size of the mean
C) convenience
D) the size of the mean and the standard deviation

Question 25

A distribution of test scores has a three-way tie for the most frequently occurring score.This distribution could be described as

A) trimedial.
B) kurtotic.
C) trimodal.
D) skewed.

Question 26

The mean,the median,and the mode are all

A) measures of central tendency.
B) measures of variability.
C) measures of dispersion.
D) standard scores.

Question 27

Measures of central tendency refer to which part of the frequency distribution?

A) the high end of the distribution
B) the middle of the distribution
C) the low end of the distribution
D) the very end of the distribution

Question 28

Which of the following statistics is the preferred measure of central tendency for a skewed distribution?

A) the mean
B) the median
C) the mode
D) None of these

Question 29

Alfred Binet conceived the assignment of numbers to the results of a person's response to questions on an intelligence test to be what type of scale?

A) nominal
B) ordinal
C) interval
D) ratio

Question 30

When graphing ratio data,why is it preferable to set the ordinate of the y-axis at 0?

A) It is simply the traditional way of doing things, and has no inherent benefit.
B) Setting the ordinate to other values may yield an exaggerated impression of the changes in the variable.
C) Doing so is the best protection against statistic-based challenges regarding methodology, findings, and conclusions.
D) Ratio-level data has a theoretical range from 0 to plus or minus infinity.

Question 31

A 100-item achievement test is administered to 30 students.Students earn 1 point for each correct answer.In the test results there are three scores of 95.All of the other students score between 10 and 30.What measure of central tendency would be MOST representative of this set of scores?

A) average deviation
B) the median
C) the mode
D) the standard deviation

Question 32

In calculating the mean of a distribution of test scores,the person analyzing the data takes account of

A) only the extreme scores in the distribution.
B) only the middle scores in the distribution.
C) every score in the distribution.
D) the standard scores in the distribution.

Question 33

A distribution of test scores is: 75,92,96,88,75,62,and 88.This distribution can be characterized as:

A) unimodal with a mode of 75.
B) bimodal with the modes of 75 and 88.
C) unimodal with a mode of 88.
D) trimodal with the modes of 96, 92, and 62.

Question 34

What is the formula for the arithmetic mean as calculated from a frequency distribution?

A) "summation of fx" divided by N
B) "summation of the absolute deviations" divided by N
C) "summation of x" divided by N
D) None of these

Question 35

For the distribution of test scores 85,76,71,86,and 92,the arithmetic mean is equal to

A) 71.
B) 85.
C) 82.
D) 80.

Question 36

T score is to 50 as:

A) z score is to 10.
B) percentile is to 100.
C) stanine is to 5.
D) stanine is to 9.

Question 37

The data from most psychological tests could BEST be characterized as which level of measurement?

A) nominal
B) ordinal
C) interval
D) ratio

Question 38

Frequency distributions may be illustrated in a variety of ways.Which of the following illustrations is the MOST popular of illustrating a frequency distribution?

A) a histogram
B) a scatterplot
C) a pie chart
D) a radio dial

Question 39

In a grouped frequency distribution

A) the total of the frequency column is equal to the total number of scores in the distribution.
B) test-score intervals replace the actual test scores.
C) each test score must fall in only one test-score interval.
D) All of these

Question 40

For which type of distribution of scores is the mean the preferred measure of central tendency?

A) a symmetrical distribution
B) a skewed distribution
C) a flat distribution
D) a curved distribution

Question 41

Which statistic describes the most frequently occurring test score?

A) the mean
B) the median
C) the mode
D) the range

Question 42

A raw score is so called because it is

A) a straightforward, unmodified accounting of performance, usually numerical in nature.
B) an untreated estimate of performance on a test prior to placement in a frequency distribution.
C) ratio level measurement that has not yet been converted into any sort of graphic form.
D) None of these

Question 43

Which statement is TRUE regarding this distribution of scores? 1,2,2,3

A) The arithmetic mean is not an integer value.
B) The distribution is bimodal.
C) There is no mode.
D) The arithmetic mean is equal to the mode.

Question 44

Which statistic conveys the LEAST precise measure of dispersion?

A) the range
B) the variance
C) the standard deviation
D) the semi-interquartile range

Question 45

Test users who treat ordinal data as if they were interval data must be constantly alert to the possibility of

A) a highly skewed standard error.
B) gross inequality of intervals.
C) extreme kurtosis in a graphed distribution of test scores.
D) legal challenges from the ACLU.

Question 46

A simple frequency distribution is labeled as such to indicate that the data in it

A) occurs with no particular frequency.
B) have not been grouped.
C) are not particularly complex.
D) have only been averaged using the arithmetic mean.

Question 47

Users of psychological tests are frequently tempted to treat ordinal data as if it were interval data.This is the case because of the

A) difficulties that would be encountered if the data were treated as ratio data.
B) frequent need to do more than simply rank order test scores.
C) data manipulation capabilities given the equal intervals between points measured.
D) added flexibility of interval level data for statistical manipulation.

Question 48

For which type of data is the mode most frequently used?

A) nominal data
B) ordinal data
C) interval data
D) ratio data

Question 49

A histogram is a

A) graph with vertical lines drawn at each class interval.
B) frequency distribution with horizontal lines at each class interval.
C) graphic illustration from history with ratio level data.
D) surgical procedure once performed on women to treat depression.

Question 50

If all scores in a set of test scores were the same,the variance would be equal to

A) zero.
B) one.
C) two.
D) None of these

Question 51

If a distribution of scores has a few extremely low scores and no corresponding high scores,which of the following would be TRUE?

A) The mean would be smaller than the median.
B) The mean would be larger than the median.
C) The mean and the median would be equal.
D) The mean, median, and mode would all be the same.

Question 52

The median and the interquartile range are __________ in nature.

A) reciprocal
B) ordinal
C) interval
D) opposite

Question 53

X is to abscissa as Y is to

A) oblongata.
B) kudos.
C) kurtotic.
D) ordinate.

Question 54

To make data more manageable,it is sometimes converted to graphs or tables.Graphs or tables can be created from

A) nominal level data.
B) ordinal level data.
C) ratio level data.
D) All of these

Question 55

On a bar graph comparing men to women with regard to test scores,one would expect to find the gender variable listed on the

A) abscissa.
B) ordinate.
C) frequency polygon.
D) appendix.

Question 56

In a grouped frequency distribution,test-score intervals are also referred to as

A) class intervals.
B) bandwidth intervals.
C) range intervals.
D) group intervals.

Question 57

Which statement is TRUE regarding this distribution of scores? 0,11,10,0,0,5,4,3,2,1,1,1

A) There is no mode.
B) The mode is 0.
C) The mode is 1.
D) There are two modes, 0 and 1.

Question 58

If the standard deviation of a set of test scores is equal to 25,the variance is equal to

A) 625.
B) 5.
C) 50.
D) 12.5.

Question 59

Which is the only measure of central tendency that can be used for all nominal,ordinal,interval,and ratio scales of measurement?

A) the mode
B) the median
C) the mean
D) the standard deviation

Question 60

Which quartile may also be referred to as the median?

A) the first quartile
B) the second quartile
C) the third quartile
D) the fourth quartile

Question 61

A nonlinear transformation of test scores into standard scores may be required when the test data under consideration:

A) are normally distributed.
B) are not normally distributed.
C) were originally converted into A scores.
D) were not obtained under standardized conditions.

Question 62

Which is NOT a part of the formula for calculating a standard deviation?

A) each test score
B) the total number of items in the test
C) the mean of the distribution
D) the total number of test scores

Question 63

In theory,the distribution of the normal curve ranges from

A) +3 to -3.
B) 0 to 100.
C) 0 to infinity.
D) negative infinity to positive infinity.

Question 64

If the results of an examination are positively skewed,the exam questions were likely

A) easy.
B) difficult.
C) biased.
D) part of a make-up examination.

Question 65

The U.S.Navy is highly selective when it comes to applications for Navy Seal training.A distribution of test scores on a Navy Seal Qualifying and Screening Examination administered to a class of high school seniors would be expected to yield

A) a normal distribution of test scores.
B) a negatively skewed distribution of test scores.
C) a positively skewed distribution of test scores.
D) a trimodal distribution.

Question 66

Raw scores may be converted to standard scores

A) because raw scores are more readily interpretable than standard scores.
B) to better understand a test-taker's performance relative to others.
C) Both because raw scores are more readily interpretable than standard scores and to better understand a test-taker's performance relative to others.
D) None of these

Question 67

Considering all of the people throughout history who are credited with the development of what is now called "the normal curve," which name does NOT belong?
A) Abraham DeMoivre

A) McCall
B) Marquis de Laplace
C) W.
D) Karl Friedrich Gauss

Question 68

The T in T-scores came about because this variety of standard score was named after

A) Thurstone.
B) Titchener.
C) Thorndike.
D) Terman.

Question 69

Today,when someone tells you what their recently measured "IQ" is,the value quoted is most likely

A) a standard score.
B) a z-score.
C) a T-score.
D) a quotient.

Question 70

There are 100 scores in a distribution of test scores and the average deviation (AD)is 12.The AD of 12 tells us that the 100 scores in this distribution varied,on average

A) 12 points from the mean.
B) 12 points from each other.
C) 12 points from 100.
D) None of these

Question 71

The range is a measure of variation that is simple enough to calculate,but its value is

A) greatly affected by extreme scores in the distribution.
B) not affected enough by extreme scores in the distribution.
C) extremely limited when a distribution is relatively platykurtic.
D) too exaggerated for use with a normal distribution.

Question 72

A distribution of test scores can be described by

A) a measure of central tendency.
B) a measure of deviation.
C) a graph.
D) All of these.

Question 73

The tail portion of a normal curve is the area of the curve between

A) 2 and 3 standard deviations above the mean.
B) -2 and -3 standard deviations below the mean.
C) Both 2 and 3 standard deviations above the mean and -2 and -3 standard deviations below the mean.
D) None of these

Question 74

Unlike the arithmetic mean of scores in a distribution,the mode

A) may be totally atypical of other scores in the distribution.
B) may lie at the extreme end of the distribution.
C) is determined by counting the scores and determining which occurs most frequently.
D) All of these

Question 75

A standard score obtained by a linear transformation is one in which

A) a direct numerical relationship to the original score is retained.
B) only the directionality of the relationship to the original score is retained.
C) the relationship to the original score has been completely erased.
D) None of these

Question 76

A student received a z score of 1 on a test of English as a Second Language and the distribution of test scores on that test was normal.This same student received a z score of 1 on another test of English as Second Language and the distribution of test scores on this second test were highly skewed.In all probability,

A) these two standard scores mean the same thing.
B) the T-scores on both test would be equal to 80.
C) the student speaks English better than many native-born Americans.
D) these two standard scores do not mean the same thing.

Question 77

One general statement that can be made with regard to the use of statistics in analyzing test data is that the choice of statistic frequently depends on

A) the "school of statistics" learned by the person doing the analysis.
B) the degree of precision in measurement that is required.
C) the importance of the findings in the grand scheme of things.
D) the attention to detail that the project requires.

Question 78

Mode is to nominal statistic as median is to:

A) nominal statistic.
B) ordinal statistic.
C) interval statistic.
D) ratio statistic.

Question 79

In summation notation,the Greek uppercase letter sigma is used to signify

A) "some."
B) "sum."
C) "don't sum."
D) "dim sum."

Question 80

A z score scale has sometimes been referred to as a "zero plus or minus one" scale because a z score scale

A) has a mean set at 0 and a standard deviation set at 1.
B) has a mean set at 0 and a standard deviation set at -1.
C) has a standard deviation set at 0, and a mean set at 1.
D) None of these