Deck 6: Validity

Question 1

On Twitter,the tweets of die-hard fans of Justin Bieber after a Bieber performance can be expected to reflect a ________ error.

A) leniency
B) generosity
C) both leniency and generosity
D) None of these

Answer 1

C

Question 2

To further improve raters' judgments of competency,Gonsalvez and Crowe (2014)recommended that

A) at least three raters be used.
B) specific competencies be evaluated.
C) all raters be certified as competent themselves.
D) All of these

Answer 2

B

Question 3

In the development of the CUWQ,the variable "amount of worry" was quantified using

A) the Worry Domains Questionnaire.
B) the Penn State Worry Questionnaire.
C) trained raters using a 5-point scale.
D) both the Worry Domains Questionnaire and the Penn State Worry Questionnaire.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

A review of existing measures of individual differences in worry suggested to the authors of the CUWQ that none of the measures were made to distinguish people's tendency to worry

A) about things with momentous versus trivial consequences.
B) about things coming up in the future versus things one had done in the past.
C) in an ideal-based versus a reality-based fashion.
D) constructively versus unconstructively.

Question 5

The first step in developing the CUWQ was

A) defining the construct to be measured.
B) the creation of an item pool.
C) identifying a subject pool of worriers.
D) None of these

Question 6

Prior to the development of the CUWQ,research on worry had shown that the act of worrying can lead to

A) positive outcomes.
B) negative outcomes.
C) both positive outcomes and negative outcomes.
D) None of these

Question 7

Each of the three approaches to validity assessment in the trinitarian model should BEST be thought of as

A) mutually exclusive as evidence of a test's validity with any one source necessary and sufficient for demonstrating a test's validity.
B) one type of evidence that, with others, contributes to a judgment concerning the validity of a test.
C) insufficient, either by themselves or together with the other two, to demonstrate the validity of a test.
D) None of these

Question 8

In the development of the CUWQ,the test authors hypothesized that the tendency to worry _________ would be negatively related to one's tendency to be punctual.

A) excessively
B) frequently
C) constructively
D) unconstructively

Question 9

The initial version of the CUWQ contained __ items,and each of these items was checked to ensure that they were ____ and concise.

A) 80; relatively equal in difficulty
B) 40; unique
C) 80; unique
D) 40; relatively equal in difficulty

Question 10

In the development of the CUWQ,the subjects in one of the preliminary studies were

A) 98 Korean foreign exchange students studying at New York University.
B) 398 convicted felons in the federal prison system.
C) 698 residents of a South Florida trailer park during hurricane season.
D) 998 Australian residents of wildfire-prone areas.

Question 11

Gonsalvez and Crowe (2014)concluded that psychotherapy supervisors' judgments of supervisees' competence is typically

A) compromised by leniency errors.
B) compromised by severity errors.
C) reasonably accurate given subsequent ratings.
D) unreliable in the light of subsequent ratings.

Question 12

To ensure the CUWQ had acceptable content validity,the items would need to

A) adequately sample the variety of characteristics of worry.
B) reflect content specified in Alfred
C) total no more than 20 for each of the two variables.
D) All of these.
E) Neuman's Elements of Worry.

Question 13

In the development of the CUWQ,which research tool was used to assist the test developers in selecting the final form of the test?

A) analysis of variance
B) regression analysis
C) critical incident analysis
D) factor analysis

Question 14

In the development of the CUWQ,after a review of the preliminary items,a total of ___ items remained in the final form of the test.

A) 40
B) 18
C) 16
D) 12

Question 15

A study of the ecological validity of a test is likely to be conducted

A) by a researcher interested in learning about behavior that occurs at a specific time and place.
B) only during the season that the targeted behavior occurs if the targeted behavior is seasonal in nature.
C) in an environment which is similar to that in which the targeted behavior will typically occur.
D) All of these

Question 16

The validation of a test is a process

A) that can be carried out by the test author.
B) that can be carried out by the test user.
C) of gathering evidence of the test's validity.
D) All of these

Question 17

In the development of the CUWQ,the test authors hypothesized that the tendency to worry _________ would be positively related to trait-anxiety.

A) excessively
B) frequently
C) constructively
D) unconstructively

Question 18

The reason the CUWQ was developed was

A) knowing how and why someone is worrying has diagnostic and therapeutic value.
B) learning about the worrying life-cycle can help minimize or prevent it in the future.
C) both knowing how and why someone is worrying has diagnostic and therapeutic value and learning about the worrying life-cycle can help minimize or prevent it in the future.
D) None of these

Question 19

Ecological validity refers to a judgement regarding how well a test measures what it purports to measure

A) but only in a specified environment.
B) but only in a specified environment and within certain frequency limits.
C) at the time and place that the variable being measured is actually emitted.
D) All of these

Question 20

In their call for future research on the validity of the CUWQ,the developers of this test suggested that studies be conducted using

A) a population of pathological worriers.
B) subjects from varied cultural backgrounds.
C) varied criteria to qualify subjects for participation in the research.
D) All of these

Question 21

In Chapter 6 of your text,Adam Shoemaker,the featured professional in Meet an Assessment Professional,described the use of a test with little criterion validity.Dr.Shoemaker recalled that this test was used for the purpose of

A) gauging inter-item consistency of another test.
B) gaining "buy-in" from the test users.
C) providing a "job preview" of sorts to assessees.
D) hiring candidates for mid-level executive positions.

Question 22

Messick is to unitarian as __________ is to trinitarian.

A) Cronbach
B) Lawshe
C) Landy
D) Dangerfield

Question 23

Face validity

A) may influence the way the testtaker approaches the situation.
B) relates more to what the test appears to measure than what the test may actually measure.
C) is given short-shrift as compared to other indices of validity.
D) All of these

Question 24

Relating scores obtained on a test to other test scores or data from other assessment procedures is typically done in an effort to establish the __________ validity of a test.

A) content-related
B) criterion-related
C) face
D) about-face

Question 25

Before constructing a comprehensive final examination that covers everything you have studied since Day 1 of your course,your instructor reviews the objectives of the course,the textbook,and all lecture notes.Your instructor is clearly making a diligent effort to maximize the __________ validity of the final examination.

A) content
B) criterion-related
C) predictive
D) internal consistency

Question 26

Test blueprinting is applied in the design of

A) an attitude test.
B) a personality test.
C) an aptitude test.
D) All of these

Question 27

"The effect of instituting this remedy for adverse impact is to make equivalent all scores that fall within a particular range." Here,the "remedy for adverse impact" is more technically referred to as

A) within-group norming.
B) differential cut-offs.
C) preference policies.
D) banding.

Question 28

Which is NOT a method of evaluating the validity of a test?

A) evaluating scores on the test as compared to scores obtained on other tests
B) evaluating the content of the test
C) evaluating the percentage of passing and failing grades on the test
D) evaluating test scores as they relate to predictions from a particular theory

Question 29

Face validity refers to

A) the most preferred method for determining validity.
B) another name for content validity.
C) the appearance of relevancy of the test items.
D) validity determined by means of face-to-face interviews.

Question 30

In an undergraduate measurement course,an instructor announces that the first examination will cover the topics of reliability and validity.One student in the class,Jamarr,publicly predicts that only questions on reliability will be posed.As it turns out,true to Jamarr's prediction,all of the test questions are only on the topic of reliability.Given this background,which of the following is the most reasonable conclusion that Jamarr's fellow students could draw?

A) The first examination lacked concurrent validity.
B) The first examination lacked content validity.
C) The first examination lacked face validity.
D) Jamarr should be consulted prior to the second examination.

Question 31

In order to remain consistent with a test's blueprint,a test administered on a regular basis is likely to require

A) item pool management.
B) base rate maintenance.
C) predictive validity certification.
D) None of these

Question 32

Which assessment technique is the BEST example of a face valid method?

A) a personality test in which testtakers are asked to describe what they see in inkblots
B) administering a word processing test to a person applying to be a word processor
C) asking testtakers to draw a picture of their family to assess family relationships
D) measuring the height of applicants applying for a semi-pro basketball team

Question 33

"How can group differences on cognitive ability tests be reduced while retaining existing high levels of reliability and criterion-related validity?" According to Gottfredson,the answer to this question

A) lies in the judicious application of affirmative action strategies.
B) must be answered by measurement professionals for themselves.
C) must come from strategies designed to minimize adverse impact.
D) will not come from measurement-related research.

Question 34

It has to do with the degree to which an additional predictor explains something about the criterion measure that is not explained by predictors already in use.It is

A) the false positive rate.
B) evidence of construct validity.
C) predictive validity.
D) incremental validity.

Question 35

A test is considered valid when the test

A) measures what it purports to measure.
B) measures whatever it is that it measures consistently.
C) can be administered efficiently and cost-effectively.
D) has little or no error associated with it.

Question 36

An expectancy chart is

A) a graphic representation of an expectancy table.
B) a table illustrating the incremental validity of a test.
C) a pictorial image of a hit rate versus a miss rate.
D) All of these

Question 37

"It's a measure of validity that arrived at by a comprehensive analysis of how scores on the test relate to other test scores." This statement is a reference to:

A) face validity.
B) content validity.
C) the trinitarian index.
D) construct validity.

Question 38

Criterion-related validity is to predictive validity as criterion-related validity is to

A) construct validity.
B) content validity.
C) concurrent validity.
D) test bias.

Question 39

Comedian Rodney Dangerfield was cited in the text to illustrate a point about how which of the following is viewed?

A) test validation
B) content validity
C) face validity
D) construct validity

Question 40

Predictive and concurrent validity can be subsumed under

A) content validity.
B) criterion-related validity.
C) face validity.
D) true score validity.

Question 41

Which is an example of a criterion?

A) achievement test scores
B) success in being able to repair a defective toaster
C) student ratings of teaching effectiveness
D) All of these

Question 42

Blueprinting is BEST associated with

A) construct validity.
B) content validity.
C) criterion-related validity.
D) architectural validity.

Question 43

If a test developer has only a "fuzzy" vision of the construct being measured,then

A) the content validity of the test is likely to suffer.
B) the construct validity of the test is likely to suffer.
C) content irrelevant to the targeted construct may be measured.
D) All of these

Question 44

Criterion contamination occurs when

A) the criterion measure is influenced by the predictor measure.
B) subjects talk to one another about the test.
C) the characteristic being measured occurs with low frequency in the group being studied.
D) All of these

Question 45

What type of validity evidence BEST sheds light on how a shorter and less expensive test compares with a longer and more expensive one?

A) predictive criterion-related validity
B) concurrent criterion-related validity
C) content validity
D) construct validity

Question 46

Employment test data suggests that an individual applicant is incapable of successfully performing a particular job.However,in reality,this individual would be very successful at the job.Such a scenario exemplifies what is meant by

A) a base rate.
B) a false positive.
C) a false negative.
D) a false expectancy.

Question 47

According to the text,face validity may ultimately be more of an issue regarding __________ than ________.

A) social values; psychometric soundness
B) psychometric soundness; public relations
C) public relations; psychometric soundness
D) social values; public perception

Question 48

A standard against which a test or test score is evaluated is known as

A) a facet.
B) a correlation coefficient.
C) a validity coefficient.
D) a criterion.

Question 49

What type of validity evidence BEST sheds light on whether a college admissions test is valid for selecting students who will complete the program within 4 years?

A) predictive criterion-related validity
B) concurrent criterion-related validity
C) content validity
D) construct validity

Question 50

The magnitude of a validity coefficient may be affected by

A) attrition of the sample.
B) restriction of range.
C) inflation of range.
D) All of these

Question 51

Which magnitude of validity coefficient is typically acceptable to conclude that a test is valid?

A) 1.50
B) 1.80
C) above 1.90
D) None of these

Question 52

Which is an example of a false positive?

A) A test identifies a client as schizophrenic when the client is not.
B) A test correctly identifies a client as schizophrenic.
C) A test correctly identifies a client as not having schizophrenia.
D) A test indicates that a client is not schizophrenic when he is.

Question 53

The form of criterion-related validity that reflects the degree to which a test score is correlated with a criterion measure obtained at the same time that the test score was obtained is known as

A) predictive validity.
B) construct validity.
C) concurrent validity.
D) content validity.

Question 54

A team of consumer psychologists is interested in conducting research to test the palatability of Papa John's Pizza (PJP).A PJP Palatability Test is developed on the basis of the opinions of a sample of death row prison inmates.These same inmates are then used to validate a paper-and-pencil "PJP Palatability Survey." What error has been committed by the researchers?

A) The researchers used an inappropriate population to test.
B) The test validation was invalid due to criterion contamination.
C) Convergent evidence was confused with discriminant evidence.
D) Serving the inmates PJP was a violation of a Constitutional prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment.

Question 55

Which of the following is BEST be viewed as varieties of criterion-related validity?

A) concurrent validity and face validity
B) content validity and predictive validity
C) concurrent validity and predictive validity
D) concurrent validity and content validity

Question 56

A key difference between concurrent and predictive validity has to do with

A) the time frame during which data on the criterion measure is collected.
B) the magnitude of the reliability coefficient that will be considered significant at the .05 level.
C) the magnitude of the validity coefficient that will be considered significant at the .05 level.
D) Both the magnitude of the reliability coefficient that will be considered significant at the .05 level and the magnitude of the validity coefficient that will be considered significant at the .05 level.

Question 57

The form of criterion-related validity that reflects the degree to which a test score correlates with a criterion measure that was obtained some time subsequent to the test score is known as

A) predictive validity.
B) construct validity.
C) concurrent validity.
D) content validity.

Question 58

An investigation of a test's construct validity may yield evidence that

A) the test is measuring a single construct.
B) the test does not correlate significantly with another test purporting to measure the same construct.
C) test scores increase as a function of age.
D) All of these

Question 59

A coefficient of correlation is calculated between Henry's score on a test of sociopathy and a clinician's rating of Henry on the variable of sociopathy.This coefficient of correlation might also be referred to as

A) an index of reliability.
B) an index of sociopathy.
C) a validity coefficient.
D) a content-related validity coefficient.

Question 60

Which BEST represents an unobtrusive measure of marital adjustment?

A) the number of years a couple has been married
B) self-ratings of marital satisfaction by each spouse
C) ratings of marital satisfaction made by trained observers
D) scores on a valid test of marital adjustment

Question 61

A significant,positive relationship exists between scores on a new test of intelligence and scores on the fourth edition of the Stanford-Binet intelligence scale.These data may be viewed as supportive of which type of validity evidence for the new test?

A) criterion-related validity
B) content validity
C) convergent evidence of construct validity
D) discriminant evidence of construct validity

Question 62

A construct is

A) unobservable.
B) something that describes behavior.
C) something that is assumed to exist.
D) All of these

Question 63

Test scores may be affected in pre- and post-testing by

A) therapy.
B) medication.
C) education.
D) All of these

Question 64

A test is considered to biased if

A) 50% of the test-takers fail the test.
B) one group, such as males, consistently performs better than another group, such as females.
C) a factor inherent in the test systematically prevents accurate measurement.
D) the test developer was found to harbor prejudice against some group.

Question 65

The names attributed to different factor loadings in a factor analysis are

A) dictated by the factors themselves.
B) subject to change as new analyses occur.
C) thoroughly validated against dictionary definitions.
D) typically dependent on the researcher's judgment.

Question 66

Which qualifies as a construct?

A) depression
B) intelligence
C) mechanical aptitude
D) All of these

Question 67

In the context of test bias,a biased test

A) may be used fairly.
B) may be used unfairly.
C) may be used either fairly or unfairly.
D) is only used by biased test users.

Question 68

Which is TRUE regarding a rating?

A) It refers only to a numerical judgment that places a person or an attribute along a continuum.
B) It refers only to a verbal judgment that places a person or an attribute along a continuum.
C) It tends not to involve a judgment.
D) It refers to either a numerical or a verbal judgment that places a person or an attribute along a continuum.

Question 69

If a test is a valid measure of a particular construct,we would expect that

A) groups of people who differ with respect to the construct will obtain different test scores.
B) groups of people who differ with respect to the construct will obtain similar test scores.
C) groups of people who obtain similar scores will have similar personalities.
D) None of these

Question 70

All validity evidence can be interpreted as ________ validity.

A) content
B) criterion-related
C) predictive
D) construct

Question 71

A rater systematically assigns ratings in the middle range,thus avoiding extremely positive and negative ratings.Which type of error BEST characterizes this rater's ratings?

A) leniency error
B) central tendency error
C) severity error
D) halo effect

Question 72

Issues of "fairness" as applied to tests

A) are seldom discussed in the popular media.
B) may be determined through mathematical procedures.
C) are generally agreed on.
D) are rooted in moral and philosophical issues.

Question 73

If you were a psychologist working in the field of human resources,which claim for a new personnel selection test by a test publisher would be MOST compelling and persuasive?

A) The test identifies a large number of false positives.
B) The test improves the hit rate.
C) The test identifies a large base rate.
D) The test improves the selection ratio.

Question 74

A supervisor unintentionally rates his supervisees less favorably than they really deserve.Which type of error has been made?

A) unconscious error
B) severity error
C) random error
D) vocational error

Question 75

Which term is used to refer to the tendency of a rater to evaluate ratees higher than they objectively deserve because of the rater's inability to discriminate between aspects of the ratee's behavior?

A) halo effect
B) random error
C) generosity error
D) severity error

Question 76

Rating errors

A) may be unintentional.
B) may be intentional.
C) may involve a tendency to be lenient in rating.
D) All of these

Question 77

Which statistic is appropriate for use to estimate the heterogeneity of a test composed of multiple-choice items?

A) point-biserial correlation coefficient
B) Pearson-product moment correlation coefficient
C) coefficient alpha
D) chi square

Question 78

A statistically insignificant correlation exists between scores on a new test of depression and a well-established measure of satisfaction with life.These data may be construed as which type of validity evidence with regard to the test of depression?

A) criterion-related validity
B) convergent evidence of construct validity
C) discriminant evidence of construct validity
D) None of these because there was an insignificant relationship.

Question 79

Which type of error has occurred when a music critic's review of Lady GaGa's latest album is more positive than most person on the planet believe was warranted?

A) fashion error
B) central tendency error
C) severity error
D) halo effect

Question 80

Evidence of the homogeneity of a test can be found in the

A) correlation between a test and some criterion.
B) correlation between test items and total test scores.
C) correlation between subtest scores and total scores.
D) Both correlation between test items and total test scores and correlation between subtest scores and total scores.