Deck 10: Complex Experimental Designs

Question 1

You have designed an experiment manipulating room temperature (cold,warm,or hot);noise level (quiet or loud);and room colour (pink,blue,or black).How many main effects are possible?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 8

Answer 1

C

Question 2

You have designed an experiment manipulating weight of an individual (normal,over);age (young,middle,old);and gender (male,female).How many interactions are possible?

A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 18

Answer 2

C

Question 3

In a 2 x 3 factorial design,there are _____ main effect(s)and _____ interaction effect(s)possible.

A) 2;2
B) 2;1
C) 1;1
D) 1;2

Answer 3

B

Question 4

You have designed an experiment manipulating age of an applicant (young,middle,old);gender (male,female);and type of job applied for (blue collar,white collar).What type of design does this experiment represent?

A) 3 x 2
B) 3 x 2 x 3
C) 3 x 2 x 2
D) 2 x 2 x 2

Question 5

In a study examining the effect of room illumination (low,medium,high)and room temperature (cold,warm,hot)on test performance,how many main effects are possible?

A) 2
B) 3
C) 6
D) 9

Question 6

A researcher examines the physical attractiveness of a driver involved in an automobile accident (unattractive,average,or attractive)and the severity of damage caused ($500,$1500,or $2500)on judgments of responsibility assigned to the driver.Which of the following represents the design?

A) 2 x 2
B) 2 x 3
C) 3 x 3
D) 1 x 3

Question 7

In a 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design using a fully repeated measures design with 10 participants per group,what is the number of participants?

A) 80
B) 40
C) 10
D) 160

Question 8

A study involves a 3 x 4 x 2 factorial design.How many independent variables are being studied?

A) 24
B) 9
C) 4
D) 3

Question 9

In a 4 x 3 factorial design,for a completely repeated measures design,how many participants will you need to have 20 participants per condition?

A) 70
B) 40
C) 10
D) 20

Question 10

A researcher is interested in variables that may affect an individual's driving ability.He has people drive a course in wet,dry,or icy conditions.In addition,he has them drive a vehicle with or without power steering,and with an automatic or a manual transmission.This design is an example of a ______ factorial.

A) 2 x 2
B) 3 x 2
C) 3 x 2 x 2
D) 2 x 2 x 2

Question 11

A researcher manipulates a defendant's appearance (attractive,average,or unattractive)and gender (male or female)to study how these variables affect judgments of criminal behaviour.How many interactions are possible in this design?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 6

Question 12

A researcher studies the effect of interpersonal distance (near,far)and personality type (introvert,extrovert)on feelings of anxiety.The researcher has used a(n)________ design.

A) IV x PV factorial
B) repeated measures
C) 2 x 3 factorial
D) mixed factorial

Question 13

A marketing company wants to determine which cola beverage is most preferred by consumers.A group of participants tastes Cola A and then rates the taste.The group then tastes Cola B and rates the taste for this cola.A second group of participants follows the same procedure.However,they first taste Cola B and then Cola A.This is an example of what type of design?

A) 2 x 2 independent groups
B) 2 x 2 repeated measures
C) 2 x 2 mixed factorial
D) IV x PV

Question 14

An investigator wants to test the effectiveness of visualization on sports performance.She randomly assigns participants to two groups.Participants in the visualization group imagine themselves swinging a golf club perfectly for 20 minutes prior to a session on the driving range.Participants in the control group read Golf magazine for 20 minutes prior to a session on the driving range.All participants do this procedure each day for five days.The dependent measure,the average flight distance of the ball,is calculated for each participant after each session.This is an example of a(n)________ design.

A) two-group pretest-posttest
B) 2 x 5 mixed factorial
C) 2 x 5 independent groups factorial
D) IV x PV factorial

Question 15

A researcher is interested in variables that may affect an individual's driving ability.He has people drive a course in wet,dry,or icy conditions.In addition,he has them drive a vehicle with or without power steering,and with an automatic or a manual transmission.In this design,there are ______ possible main effects and ______ possible interactions.

A) 2;2
B) 3;4
C) 3;12
D) 2;3

Question 16

In a study examining the effect of room illumination (low,medium,high)and room temperature (cold,warm,hot)on test performance,how many interactions are possible?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 6
D) 9

Question 17

In a 2 x 4 x 3 factorial design using a fully independent groups design with 10 participants per group,what is the number of participants?

A) 30
B) 90
C) 20
D) 240

Question 18

You design an experiment that manipulates the following variables: temperature (low or high);illumination level (low or high);and time of testing (day or night).For a completely repeated measures design,how many participants will you need to have 10 participants per condition?

A) 20
B) 150
C) 10
D) 100

Question 19

In an experiment that manipulates temperature of a room (warm or cold);difficulty of material (easy,difficult);and amount of material (low,moderate,high),which of the following statements applies to the design of this study?

A) 2 x 2
B) 2 x 3
C) 2 x 2 x 3
D) 3 x 3

Question 20

A study that uses both manipulated and measured variables in a factorial design is called a(n)_____ design.

A) mixed repeated measures and independent groups
B) IV x PV
C) 2 x 2
D) multiple correlation

Question 21

Participants were asked to read a poem that was written by a male or female author who they were told was a college English major or an English professor.The participants rated the poem written by the professor as being of higher quality than the poem written by the student.From these results,one can conclude there was

A) a main effect of gender.
B) a main effect of authorship.
C) a main effect of quality.
D) an interaction between gender and authorship.

Question 22

When analyzing a 2 x 2 factorial design,you test for significance of

A) two main effects.
B) one main effect and an interaction.
C) an interaction.
D) two main effects and an interaction.

Question 23

If a researcher believes a linear relationship may exist between two variables,she will need to

A) manipulate two or more independent variables.
B) have a stronger manipulation than for a linear relationship.
C) include more than two levels of the independent variable.
D) measure more than one dependent variable.

Question 24

In order to ascertain whether there is an interaction between two variables,a researcher must use a(n)____ design.

A) interaction
B) multiple correlation
C) factorial
D) independent groups

Question 25

A factorial design involves

A) manipulating two or more independent variables.
B) an inability to specify the overall effect of an independent variable.
C) having multiple dependent measures.
D) manipulating two or more dependent variables.

Question 26

With ____,the results are analyzed as if you had separate experiments at each level of the other independent variable,while _____ examines the effect of an independent variable irrespective of the levels of the other independent variable.

A) a main effect;a simple main effect
B) an interaction;a main effect
C) an interaction;a simple main effect
D) a simple main effect;a main effect

Question 27

In a 2 x 2 x 2 design,how many possible results can be evaluated?

A) 3
B) 6
C) 7
D) 8

Question 28

A 4 x 5 factorial design would have how many conditions?

A) 4
B) 5
C) 9
D) 20

Question 29

An IV x PV design

A) allows the manipulation of a participant variable.
B) allows the researcher to investigate how different types of individuals respond to the same manipulated variable.
C) allows measurement of the participant variable.
D) allows the researcher to investigate interactions between two different variables each manipulated by the researcher.

Question 30

A researcher examined judgments of responsibility for an automobile accident by manipulating the type of injuries received (none,mild,or severe)and the time of the accident (7 a.m. ,12 p.m. ,6 p.m. ,or 3 a.m. ).How many main effects are possible in this study?

A) 2
B) 4
C) 7
D) 12

Question 31

An interaction occurs whenever

A) the manipulation check indicates a manipulation failure.
B) the effect of one independent variable changes across levels of a second independent variable.
C) both independent variables have an effect.
D) the dependent variable is effectively manipulated in a factorial design.

Question 32

You design an experiment that manipulates the following variables: method of presenting material (visual,auditory);difficulty of material (easy,difficult);and amount of material (low,moderate,high).For a completely independent groups design with 10 participants per group,how many participants will you need?

A) 80
B) 120
C) 70
D) 60

Question 33

Which statement is true of a factorial design?

A) It eliminates the possibility of a confound.
B) All levels of each independent variable are combined with all levels of the other independent variable(s).
C) A control group is unnecessary.
D) It is always better for detecting curvilinear relationships than are simple designs.

Question 34

A researcher finds that for female applicants,the likelihood of being hired for a job increases as their work experience increases.However,for male applicants,the likelihood of being hired decreases as their work experience increases.This finding would suggest

A) a main effect of gender.
B) a main effect of work experience.
C) an interaction between gender and work experience.
D) gender and work experience have no effect on likelihood of being hired for a job.

Question 35

If you have male and female participants drive a course under dry or wet road conditions,what kind of research design do you have?

A) A repeated measures
B) A mixed factorial
C) A 1 x 2 factorial
D) An IV x PV design

Question 36

In a 4 x 3 factorial design,for a completely independent groups design with 10 participants per group,how many participants will you need?

A) 120
B) 30
C) 70
D) 60

Question 37

In a factorial design,a main effect is the effect of each of the separate _____ variables by themselves.

A) independent
B) dependent
C) correlated
D) situational

Question 38

The likelihood to be hired for a management versus non-management job will vary depending upon whether the applicant is a male or a female.The moderator variable is the

A) likelihood to be hired.
B) type of job.
C) gender of the applicant.
D) salary for the job.

Question 39

Dr.Parker finds that judgments of responsibility for an automobile accident is greater for male drivers if the outcome is severe than if it is mild.However,for female drivers,ratings are the same irrespective of the outcome.These findings suggest

A) a main effect of gender.
B) a main effect of outcome.
C) an interaction between gender and responsibility.
D) an interaction between gender and outcome.

Question 40

A 4 x 3 factorial design would have how many conditions?

A) 3
B) 4
C) 7
D) 12

Question 41

In a factorial design,which variable influences the nature of the relationship between two other variables?

A) Dependent variable
B) Moderator
C) Interactional
D) Multiplying

Question 42

Individuals with work experience and those without work experience are given identical resumes of a male or female applicant and asked to indicate the likelihood that they would hire the individual.The PV in this design is

A) the gender of the applicant.
B) the gender of the participant.
C) individuals with or without work experience.
D) the hiring likelihood.

Question 43

Mary found an interaction between a defendant's gender (male or female)and their appearance (attractive or unattractive)on judgments of criminal behaviour.She analyzes the difference between judgments for unattractive defendants who are male or female.She then performs the same analysis for attractive males and females.Mary has examined the

A) main effect of appearance.
B) simple main effect of appearance.
C) main effect of gender.
D) simple main effect of gender.

Question 44

John is studying punishment assigned to male or female drivers who cause minor or serious injuries to a victim in an automobile accident.He predicts that male drivers will receive harsher punishments than female drivers only when the injuries caused are severe.However,when the injuries are mild,he predicts no difference in assigned punishment between male and female drivers.The moderator variable in this design is

A) the gender of the driver.
B) the type of injuries received.
C) the gender of the victim.
D) the severity of the punishment.

Question 45

An educational researcher examines the effect of speaker credibility on attitude change in university and community college students.The PV in this design is

A) speaker credibility.
B) type of student.
C) the educational researcher.
D) the attitude change.

Question 46

A researcher believes that driving performance during daytime versus nighttime will vary depending upon whether the road is dry or wet.In this study,road condition would be a(n)

A) participant variable.
B) dependent variable.
C) interaction.
D) moderator.

Question 47

A 2 x 2 factorial design was used to study the effects of participant gender and style of persuasion on attitude change using 40 individuals.This is an example of a(n)________ design.

A) IV x PV
B) repeated measures
C) Latin Square
D) Solomon four-group

Question 48

In a factorial design,the effect of a moderating variable is revealed as a(n)

A) main effect.
B) simple main effect.
C) interaction.
D) participant variable (PV).

Question 49

A researcher conducts an experiment in which half of the participants read a story designed to reduce prejudice (story group),whereas the other half of the participants read material unrelated to prejudice (control group).After reading the material,half of the participants describe a minority group while alone,and the other half describes a minority group in the presence of their peers.The dependent variable is the number of positive statements made about the minority group.The mean number of positive statements in the four conditions was:
$\begin{array}{r}\text { AlonePeer }\\\begin{array}{lll}\text { Control } & 1 & 2\\\text { Story } & 5 & 1\end{array}\end{array}$

$\begin{array} { l l l } \end{array}$
Although the final conclusions would be based on statistical significance tests,these results indicate a(n)

A) main effect of the control versus story variable.
B) main effect of the alone versus peer group variable.
C) interaction.
D) interaction,as well as a main effect of both the control versus story variable and the alone versus peer group variable.

Question 50

In order to find a curvilinear relationship,the researcher needs to use

A) factorial designs.
B) three or more levels of the independent variable.
C) more than one dependent variable.
D) mixed design.

Question 51

In analyzing the interaction between age and gender,Reba finds a difference in hiring likelihood between young and old applicants when they are females.However,she finds no difference between young and old applicants when they are males.Based on the findings,Reba has examined the

A) main effect of age.
B) main effect of gender.
C) simple main effect of age.
D) simple main effect of gender.

Question 52

A researcher designs a study where participants are randomly assigned to one of two conditions.Each participant is then measured under two different circumstances.This is an example of a(n)_____ design.

A) independent groups
B) repeated measures
C) mixed factorial
D) IV x PV

Question 53

In a 2 x 2 mixed factorial design,there are(is)

A) three independent variables.
B) two possible interaction effect.
C) one set of independent groups and one set of repeated measures.
D) six conditions.

Question 54

An IV x PV design has

A) two manipulated variables.
B) two non-manipulated variables.
C) one manipulated and one non-manipulated variable.
D) one manipulated and one measured variable.

Question 55

The main reason to use a 2 x 2 factorial design instead of two separate experiments (with one IV per experiment)is to

A) find the main effects of each independent variable.
B) find an interaction between the independent variables.
C) save time.
D) There is no good reason to use a 2 x 2 design if you can conduct separate experiments instead.

Question 56

Which one of the following is a possible outcome for a 2 x 2 factorial design?

A) Two significant main effects and two significant interaction effects
B) One significant main effect,one non-significant main effect,and two significant interaction effects
C) One significant main effect,one non-significant main effect,and one significant interaction effect
D) Two significant main effects and two non-significant interaction effects

Question 57

Interactions are often discussed in terms of a moderator variable.A moderator variable

A) is a misleading variable.
B) is a variable with only a moderate effect on the interaction.
C) influences the relationship between two other variables.
D) balances the effect between variables.

Question 58

In a factorial design,a main effect is the

A) effect of one independent variable at one level of another independent variable.
B) effect of one independent variable averaged over the levels of the other independent variable(s).
C) only effect of interest.
D) independent variable with the biggest effect on the dependent variable.

Question 59

A researcher states that "anxiety decreased performance irrespective of the participants' motivation levels." This statement tells you that there was a(n)

A) main effect of anxiety.
B) interaction between anxiety and motivation.
C) main effect of motivation.
D) Type I error.

Question 60

A researcher has second-grade boys and girls view aggressive or non-aggressive cartoons.After viewing the cartoons,the children are observed playing in a room that contains a variety of toys.The number of aggressive acts displayed by the children is measured.This research design would be an example of a(n)_____ design.

A) mixed factorial
B) repeated measures
C) IV x PV
D) interaction

Question 61

If the means from a 2 x 2 study are displayed in a graph and the lines on the graph are perfectly parallel,then what can you conclude?

A) There is no main effect for either of the two factors
B) There is a main effect for both of the two factors
C) There is no interaction between factors
D) There is an interaction between factors

Question 62

Which of the following is not true of a 2 x 2 interaction factorial design?

A) There may be 2 significant main effects and 2 significant interactions.
B) There may be 1 significant main effect,1 non-significant main effect,and 1 significant interaction.
C) There may be 2 non-significant main effects and 1 significant interaction.
D) There may be 2 significant main effects and 1 significant interaction.

Question 63

A simple main effect analysis examines

A) the overall effect of one independent variable.
B) the mean differences at each level of the independent variable.
C) the overall effect of the interaction.
D) the simplest main effect.

Question 64

A problem with designing an experiment with only two levels of the independent variable is

A) only one dependent variable can be used with this design.
B) it will only indicate a linear relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable.
C) this design is more susceptible to confounds than other designs.
D) the results cannot be generalized.

Question 65

A researcher finds that for male applicants,the likelihood of being hired for a job increases as their work experience increases.However,for female applicants,the likelihood of being hired is not influenced by the amount of work experience.Which of the following is correct?

A) There is an interaction between gender and work experience for male applicants.
B) There is no interaction between gender and work experience for female applicants.
C) There is an interaction between gender and work experience.
D) There is an interaction between gender and work experience for female applicants.