Deck 3: Ethical Research

Question 1

In a research experiment,information that is revealed by the participants is protected by ____________.

A) informed consent
B) debriefing
C) anonymity
D) confidentiality

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which of the following statements is true of Milgram's classic experiments on obedience?

A) After debriefing,only 1% of participants were sorry that they had been part of the study.
B) The majority of participants refused to deliver the maximum level of electric shocks to the confederate.
C) Deception was unnecessary as the behaviour of participants would have been predicted to be identical if they had known the true purpose of the study.
D) In 1971,Milgram was found guilty of scientific fraud.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

One safeguard against scientific fraud is that

A) scientists are always ethical.
B) the researcher's hypotheses are always supported.
C) all research can potentially be subject to replication by other scientists.
D) the faker's colleagues usually report him or her.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The Tri-Council Policy Statement's ethical principle of justice on the selection of participants requires

A) researchers limit studies only to those of legal age (e.g. ,18 years or older).
B) participants be paid a fair and just wage for taking part in the research.
C) any decisions to include or exclude certain people from the research must be justified on scientific grounds.
D) researchers treat all populations equally.

Question 5

An aviation researcher wants to examine the best location for warning lights on an airplane's instrument panel.He varies the location of the lights in the cockpit of a plane.He then has pilots sit in the cockpit,and measures the time it takes for them to respond to the warning lights.This research procedure would illustrate

A) role-playing.
B) a simulation.
C) a pilot study.
D) scientific fraud.

Question 6

According to the textbook,fraud is most serious when it is discovered in which two areas?

A) Psychology and biology
B) Math and science
C) Advertising and journalism
D) Science and journalism

Question 7

Which of the following research projects require REB review?

A) Analysis of the prevalence of health-related storylines in soap operas broadcast on daytime television.
B) Analysis of CCTV footage from a shopping mall,to determine which shops are most popular with shoppers.
C) Asking participants to increase their chocolate intake,in order to evaluate the impact of chocolate on mood.
D) Analysis of parliamentary archival data,to evaluate whether male members of parliament ask longer questions than female members of parliament.

Question 8

One genuine case of fraud appears to be

A) the infamous "urination" study by Middlemist,Knowles and Matter.
B) Milgram's study on obedience to authority.
C) Diederik Stapel's PhD dissertation.
D) Zimbardo's Stanford prison study.

Question 9

Deception is in direct contradiction with which element of ethical guidelines?

A) Beneficence
B) Informed consent
C) Confidentiality
D) Anonymity

Question 10

Which type of information is not required for informed consent?

A) A statement of the purpose of the study
B) Individuals be compensated for their participation
C) Contact information for questions the participant may have
D) A description of the procedures to be used in the study

Question 11

According to the Tri-Council Policy Statement (TCPS),research involving First Nations,Inuit and Métis peoples must

A) receive specific federal government approval before if commences.
B) lead to the economic betterment of Aboriginal communities.
C) engage and benefit the these communities.
D) address research questions that are only a concern to these communities.

Question 12

The Tuskegee study involved

A) injecting unsuspecting patients with live cancer cells.
B) failing to provide treatment for men with syphilis.
C) appearing to administer severe shocks to participants.
D) exposing participants to extremes of freezing temperature.

Question 13

Kyle,a high school student,and his parents have signed written agreements allowing him to participate in a research study examining attitudes toward alcohol use by high school students.Kyle's agreement to participate is known as

A) coercion.
B) disclosure.
C) assent.
D) deception.

Question 14

A researcher asks Stephanie to imagine herself as a bank teller who has just been handed a note by a "customer" instructing her to hand over all the money in her cash drawer.She is then asked to predict how she would respond to the situation.This procedure best illustrates

A) a simulation.
B) debriefing.
C) a psychodrama.
D) role-playing.

Question 15

During World War II,Josef Mengele was a physician in the Nazi concentration camp Auschwitz,and became infamous for performing grossly unethical experiments on human prisoners.These,and other atrocities,led directly to the development of which set of research ethics principles?

A) Declaration of Helsinki
B) Nuremberg Code
C) Hippocratic Oath
D) American Psychological Association Ethics Code

Question 16

Participants volunteered for a study on "Attitudes toward television violence." Instead,the participants completed a survey on their own aggressive behaviour.At the end of the study,the researcher failed to inform the participants about the true purpose of the study.This researcher has failed to conduct a

A) risk-benefit analysis.
B) simulation study.
C) debriefing.
D) role-playing evaluation.

Question 17

When studying topics such as family violence,drug use,divorce,or sexual behaviour,it is particularly important to ensure __________.

A) compensation
B) defensiveness
C) confidentiality
D) concealed observation

Question 18

What single factor is probably most responsible for keeping scientific fraud to a minimum?

A) Scientists are known to be highly moral individuals who are driven to high standards of honesty.
B) Scientific method relies on replication of findings from many different laboratories.
C) All published data must be registered at a central database.
D) Scientists frequently collaborate with other researchers making scientific fraud impossible.

Question 19

Which of the following are NOT required members of the Animal Care Committee of a Canadian university?

A) A lawyer.
B) A student representative.
C) An experienced veterinarian.
D) A member of the university who does not use animals.

Question 20

When a minor is asked to participate in a research study,written consent by the parent or guardian is generally required.In addition,the minor is also asked to agree to participate.This agreement by the minor is referred to as

A) acquiescence.
B) affirmation.
C) disclosure.
D) assent.

Question 21

Zimbardo's Stanford prison study was an example of a(n)_____.

A) deception study
B) simulation study
C) honest experiment
D) field experiment

Question 22

Which of the following is NOT a major criticism of the use of role-playing?

A) Reading a description of some situation may dangerously immerse the participant in the role.
B) Participants may not be able to accurately predict behaviour.
C) Responses may be different if the participants were in a real situation.
D) Participants may not be sufficiently immersed in the scenario.

Question 23

Before participating in his experiment,Mario explains to the participants the reason for the study and tells them they can withdraw from the study at any time.This procedure illustrates

A) deception.
B) informed consent.
C) role-playing.
D) psychological withdrawal.

Question 24

People in a large shopping mall are stopped and asked to participate in a taste test of organic vs.non-organic apple cider.After tasting each sample,they are asked to indicate which cider they most prefer.This procedure would be an example of

A) deception.
B) a simulation study.
C) role-playing.
D) an honest experiment.

Question 25

Which of the following behaviours would least represent plagiarism?

A) Including a sentence that is copied without using quotation marks and a reference citation
B) Representing another's work as your own
C) Paraphrasing the actual words of another source without citing the source
D) Including a paragraph that is copied with quotation marks and a reference citation.

Question 26

The decision to select only individuals of a specific ethnicity for a research on a new medical treatment is most relevant to which ethical principal in the Tri-Council Policy Statement?

A) Beneficence
B) Respect for persons (autonomy)
C) Justice
D) Concern for welfare

Question 27

Elaborate deceptions that employ confederates have been most commonly used in which of the following areas of psychology?

A) Social psychology
B) Developmental psychology
C) Learning and memory
D) Clinical psychology

Question 28

Compared with the research conducted in the 1960s,research today is ________ problematic with regard to deception because ________.

A) more;we use more concealed and more invasive measures
B) more;college students of today are usually required to be participants
C) less;researchers are more sensitive to ethical issues than they were before
D) less;researchers have become more interested in emotions than cognitive variables

Question 29

Colin has agreed to take part in a study on "Preferences for different fast foods." When he arrives for the study,he is asked to read an account of a sexual assault and to indicate the guilt and punishment he would assign to the assailant.This procedure best illustrates

A) informed consent.
B) participant autonomy.
C) obedience to authority.
D) the use of deception.

Question 30

A disadvantage of role-playing is that

A) reading a description of some situation may dangerously immerse the participant in the role.
B) it is very difficult to figure out the hypothesis from a written description.
C) participants are unable to respond to the demand characteristics.
D) participants may unknowingly give inaccurate predictions.

Question 31

Informed consent of participants is often a problem for researchers because

A) informed consent takes an excessive amount of time.
B) knowledge of the hypothesis may bias the participants' behaviour.
C) participants are rarely interested.
D) informed consent prevents follow-up studies from being conducted with the same participants.

Question 32

A technique used to gather evidence about participants' perceptions of the ethicality of a potential experiment is

A) informed consent.
B) role-playing.
C) randomization.
D) deception.

Question 33

In Milgram's study on obedience,telling participants the purpose of the experiment was to study learning and memory was an example of

A) coercion.
B) deception.
C) informed consent.
D) debriefing.

Question 34

In the Milgram obedience experiment,participants were led to believe they were delivering a painful electric shock to a learner whenever the learner responded with an incorrect answer.This procedure induced

A) physical stress on the learner.
B) psychological stress on the participant.
C) informed consent for the learner.
D) pleasure for the participant.

Question 35

Which of the following is NOT one of the three basic ethical principles specified in the Tri-Council Policy Statement (TCPS)?

A) Respect for persons
B) Concern for welfare
C) Justice
D) Free Speech

Question 36

Ethical concerns are especially important with special populations of participants such as _____ because _____.

A) college students;they often have to participate as part of a course requirement
B) mental patients;they are not as capable of refusing to participate if they don't want to
C) prisoners;they have given up their rights when they committed a crime
D) none of these-special populations are not considered differently because that would be discrimination

Question 37

If a participant has been deceived,ethical considerations require that a researcher conduct a

A) manipulation check.
B) debriefing.
C) post-mortem.
D) validity check.

Question 38

Which of the following is amongst the "three Rs" which guide considerations for ethical approval in animal experiments?

A) Replicability
B) Reassessment
C) Replacement
D) Randomization

Question 39

According to your text,a risk-benefit analysis is calculated to help decide whether or not to conduct a study.In this situation,the costs include ____ while the benefits include ____.

A) potential risks to the participants;lost information if the study is not conducted
B) lost information if the study is not conducted;potential risks to the participants
C) potential risks to the participants;practical applications of the findings
D) practical applications of the findings;potential risks to the participants

Question 40

Which of the following is NOT a procedural alternative to deception?

A) Role-playing
B) Simulation studies
C) Psychodrama
D) Honest experiments

Question 41

The real purpose of the Milgram study was to investigate

A) the effect of electric shock.
B) memory and learning.
C) the effects of punishment.
D) obedience to authority.

Question 42

The Tri-Council Policy Statement (TCPS)principle of respect for persons or autonomy is best addressed by which of the following applications?

A) Risk-benefit analysis
B) Informed consent
C) The freedom of the researcher to select a topic of interest
D) Respect for a researcher's findings that contradict yours

Question 43

The Tri-Council Policy Statement is legally considered to be a set of guidelines as opposed to rules.Name one reason for this distinction.

A) The Tri-Council Policy Statement cannot be applied to research projects that are not funded by the Tri-Council.
B) It is impossible to develop rules to govern all possible future research as that would require us to predict what that future research would be.
C) There is widespread concern in the scientific community that ethical legislation will prevent all forms of scientific innovation.
D) For such laws to be effective,every country in the world would have to agree to abide by the TCPS.

Question 44

In the Milgram obedience experiment,participants were deceived concerning the hypothesis when they were told that the purpose of the experiment was to study

A) the effect of electric shock.
B) memory and learning.
C) the effects of punishment.
D) obedience to authority.

Question 45

With regard to animal research,

A) ethics is of little concern because animals have no feelings.
B) there are explicit guidelines to protect animals as well as human participants.
C) very little has been written about ethics in animal research.
D) animals are not used for psychological research.

Question 46

A researcher's results should be considered fraudulent if

A) you disagree with someone's results on philosophical,political,or religious grounds.
B) you cannot replicate the results of someone's study.
C) the data are changed in order to support the hypotheses.
D) the published data fit perfectly with the hypothesis being tested.

Question 47

Jack wants to conduct an experiment on people's perceptions of tattoos.He plans to manipulate the experimental conditions by having participants receive real tattoos on their arms.The tattoos will vary in size and colour.An ethical review board would most likely be concerned about

A) the size and colour of the tattoo.
B) people's perceptions of tattoos.
C) the physical risk to the participants.
D) the monetary cost of the tattoo.

Question 48

The most difficult ethical concern with regard to the privacy issue has to do with whether or not to use

A) concealed observation of behaviour in a public place.
B) concealed observation of behaviour in a private setting.
C) simulation studies with the participant's consent.
D) simulation studies without the participant's consent.

Question 49

Evidence collected by Milgram indicated that

A) there was no need to worry about deception.
B) debriefing was effective in removing any negative effects of participation.
C) some participants suffered permanent negative effects from participation.
D) most participants were sorry that they had participated.

Question 50

Eva tells participants that they will be receiving some painful electric shocks,bringing about fear and anxiety for the participants.However,the shocks are never actually received.This procedure would be an example of producing what type of stress?

A) Physical
B) Psychological
C) Somatic
D) Social

Question 51

Ultimately,who is most directly responsible for ensuring that a research project conducted within a university conforms to the ethical guidelines outlined in the Tri-Council Policy Statement (TCPS)?

A) The Vice President (Research)of the university
B) The chair of the Research Ethics Board (REB)of the university
C) The federal government
D) Individual researchers conducting the research project

Question 52

Studies that employ elaborate deceptions are becoming less common.Which of the following is NOT a reason for this reduction?

A) More researchers have become interested in cognitive variables rather than emotions,and tend to use methods which do not require deception.
B) Ethics committees review proposals more carefully and are less likely to allow studies that involve deception.
C) The use of deception has become too expensive to employ.
D) An increase in the awareness of ethical issues involved in using deception has led researchers to conduct studies in other ways.

Question 53

Asking participants to read a description of a situation and predict how they would respond in that situation is called

A) role-playing.
B) simulation.
C) straightforward manipulation.
D) psychodrama.

Question 54

Which of the following is NOT a member of the Tri-Council in Canada,from which the Tri-Council Policy Statement (TCPS)derives its name?

A) National Research Council Canada (NRC)
B) Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)
C) Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC)
D) Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR)

Question 55

The Zimbardo prison study had to be stopped in fewer than six days because

A) the participants had been deceived and did not know what was expected of them.
B) the participants did not understand the experiment well enough to carry it out successfully.
C) the participants took the roles they were playing too seriously.
D) experienced actors are necessary for this kind of experiment to be successful.

Question 56

Ethical approval for a research project involving humans must be applied for and received before

A) any applications for research funding for the project are submitted by a researcher.
B) research begins on the project.
C) the research findings can be published in peer reviewed journals.
D) the research project can be expanded through international collaborations.