Deck 19: An Introduction to Evolution and Population Genetics

Question 1

What is true of a fossil that is classified as a "transitional form"?

A)It has all of the traits of its ancestors and all of the traits of its descendants.
B)It has some of the traits of its ancestors and all of the traits of its descendants.
C)It has all of the traits of its ancestors and some of the traits of its descendants.
D)It has some of the traits of its ancestors and some of the traits of its descendants.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Peter and Rosemary Grant study natural selection in finches on the Galápagos Islands.They have hypothesized that dry conditions produce larger seeds and may result in larger beaks in succeeding generations of finches.The figure below shows their data from 1976 and 1978.The y-axis is the number of birds measured and the x-axis is the beak depth.Do their data support their hypothesis and why?

A)Yes;because there were more birds measured in 1978 after the drought,therefore they must have been able to get food and reproduce.
B)Yes;because the average beak depth of birds in the population increased from 8.8mm in 1976 to 9.8mm in 1978.
C)No;because even though more birds were measured in 1978,the beak size of the upper range was smaller.
D)No;because in 1976,before the drought,the largest beak depth was still 11.3mm.
E)No;more data would be necessary to show a support of their hypothesis.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

According to Thomas Malthus,food supplies tend to increase linearly while populations have the potential to increase exponentially,which means that resources will limit population growth.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

What field of study uses geographic distribution of extinct and living species to determine patterns of evolution?

A)Biology.
B)Geology.
C)Palentology.
D)Geography.
E)Biogeography.

Question 5

The process of natural selection results in:
Select all that apply.
__X__ Extinction
_____ Random genetic mutations
__X__ Adaptation
__X__ Speciation
_____ Genetic drift

Question 6

The term evolution is used to describe

A)heritable changes in characteristics of a population from one generation to the next.
B)any change in an individual that can be observed.
C)changes in the number of individuals in a population due to mating.
D)the ability of an individual organism to pass on what it has learned,through experience,to the next generation.
E)any change in an individual organism that occurs in somatic cells.

Question 7

A coral species that currently inhabits a single reef off the coast of Indonesia would be considered:

A)vestigial.
B)a transitional form.
C)endemiC.
D)exotic.
E)a convergent species.

Question 8

The interlocking rib cage of Titaalik roseae suggests that this transition organism had lungs.What other traits were found in T.roseae,but not in its ancestral form?

A)An upright stance.
B)Scales.
C)Primitive wrists and fingers.
D)Fins.
E)Eyes on the side of its head.

Question 9

During the Beagle journey,Darwin visited islands,allowing him to compare island species with continental species.In terms of framing his theory of evolution,why was this significant?

A)Because the island species had both similarities to their continental ancestors and unique adaptations to their island environments.
B)Because the island species no longer shared traits with their continental ancestors.
C)Because the species he saw on the islands had not changed from their ancestral continental form.
D)Because the island species had very low reproductive and survival rates as compared with their continental ancestors.
E)Because the island species had greater reproductive success than their continental ancestors.

Question 10

After his journey on the HMS Beagle,Charles Darwin bred pigeons,selectively mating those with particular characteristics in a process he termed artificial selection.The results of this artificial selection influenced and supported the ideas he presented in On the Origin of Species.What scientific tool(s)did Darwin use to develop his theory of evolution?

A)Experimentation.
B)Observation.
C)Both experimentation and observation.
D)Population genetics.
E)Both observation and population genetics.

Question 11

Some major changes that occurred in horse body size,foot anatomy,and tooth morphology are hypothesized to be due to natural selection because

A)changes in global climates resulted in a shift from forest to grassland environments.
B)changes in global climates resulted in a shift from from grassland to forest environments.
C)decreasing body size led to higher reproductive success.
D)changing climates that caused altitudinal shifts in forest environments.
E)a mass extinction of their major predators.

Question 12

What idea is shared by both Lamarck's and Darwin's theories of evolution?

A)Adaptation is driven by differences in survival and reproductive success.
B)Environmental changes can lead to the modification of traits.
C)Traits acquired during an individual's lifetime can be inherited by their offspring.
D)Evolution involves a continuous increase in complexity.

Question 13

An important message from the work of Thomas Malthus that influenced Charles Darwin was that

A)animals tended toward "human perfection."
B)only a fraction of any population will survive and reproduce.
C)the population size of humans only has the potential to increase linearly.
D)only catastrophic events have shaped the Earth's geology.

Question 14

Cacti in the deserts of southwestern North America and some euphorbs in the deserts of Africa have barrel-shaped stems,short-lived leaves,and spines,yet these two types of plants are from different evolutionary lineages.The similar morphology of the two groups of plants is an example of:

A)a developmental homology.
B)directional selection.
C)an anatomical homology.
D)convergent evolution.
E)stabilizing selection.

Question 15

Darwin's concept of evolution "the theory of descent with modification through variation and natural selection" can be demonstrated by which of the following examples?

A)A giraffe stretches his neck to reach higher branches.The exercise of stretching up strengthens the muscles in the neck and legs.This ability to stretch is also seen in the giraffe's offspring.
B)A monkey accidently drops her fruit in the salty water of a bay,she recovers the fruit and eats it.She discovers that the fruit is cleaner and tastes better after it has been in the salty water.She continues to wash fruit in the bay before eating.Her offspring see what she has done and also wash their fruit in the salty water.Soon the whole population is washing their fruit.
C)Several turtles hatch from a clutch of eggs buried in the sand on a beach.One of the turtles is the color of the sand,the others are darker in color.The turtles all scurry to the water,but one by one the dark turtles are eaten by birds,only the sand colored turtle survives.When it enters the water the sand color changes to a darker brown.The turtle grows,mates and has offspring that are also sand colored when they are born.
D)A female alligator gives birth to a male alligator that has the ability to change color to a bright white when it is in cold water.The baby male alligator is quickly spotted by a large bird of prey and eaten.

Question 16

Evolution,viewed on a small scale,as it relates to changes in a single gene or allele frequency in a population over time,is called

A)genetic drift.
B)Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
C)genetic evolution.
D)phenotypic evolution.
E)microevolution.

Question 17

English ivy (Hedera helix)and wintercreeper (Euonymus fortunei)are not closely related,yet both have aerial rootlets that allow them to climb up and stick to bark on trees.What type of evolution is this?

A)Analogous.
B)Convergent.
C)Homologous.
D)Diversifying.
E)Directional.

Question 18

You visit a pet store and decide to purchase a male guppy that has red,blue and green colors on its fins and tail.Your guppies at home do not have this combination of colors and you would like to own some that do.You place the new male in with three females for mating purposes.After three weeks you have many new baby guppies and with the new color combination! This is an example of which type of selection?

A)Natural.
B)Environmental.
C)Analogous.
D)Convergent.
E)Artificial.

Question 19

What scenario best illustrates the process of natural selection?

A)a population of mosquitoes develops resistance to a pesticide.
B)a plant loses its leaves in a drought.
C)a population of foxes increases as more prey becomes available.
D)a bear learns to find food at a garbage dump.
E)a chameleon's color changes to brown as it sits on a log.

Question 20

Selective breeding results from programs designed to modify traits in domesticated species.

Question 21

To analyze genetic variation in populations,one approach is to consider the frequency of alleles.When calculating allele frequency for a diploid species,how many copies of a given allele will be present for each gene?

A)1
B)2
C)It depends on the number of chromosomes in the species
D)4
E)It depends on whether the individual is heterozygous or homozygous

Question 22

The gene pool of the next generation is derived from

A)all individuals of a population.
B)only the female members of a population.
C)those individuals of a population that reproduce and have viable offspring.
D)individuals who are heterozygous for the genes in question.
E)individuals who are homozygous for the genes in question.

Question 23

A gene pool is

A)the genes that are unique to a species.
B)all the genes in a population.
C)all the similar genes in a gene family.
D)a group of species that look alike but are not located in the same area at the same time.

Question 24

Molecular homology can be compared by analyzing the

A)sequences of amino acids of various proteins in different species.
B)elemental makeup of different species.
C)positions of genes on the chromosomes of different species.
D)vestigial structures of different species.
E)protein structure during development.

Question 25

What is illustrated by the amino acid sequence of the p53 protein in Figure 23.13?

A)no significant patterns of sequence similarity
B)greater sequence similarity within closely related groups
C)greater sequence similarity between distantly related groups
D)the gene for p53 protein originated in Homo sapiens

Question 26

In a population of 100 four-o'clock flowers there are 40 red-flowered plants (C^RC^R),38 pink-flowered plants (C^RC^W),and 22 white-flowered plants (C^WC^W).What is the frequency of the C^W allele in this population?

A)0.32 or 32%
B)0.6 or 60%
C)0.41 or 41%
D)0.09 or 9%
E)0.52 or 52%

Question 27

When humans are developing in utero they have characteristics that are not found in the fully developed infant.Which type of homology does this typify?

A)Developmental.
B)Structural.
C)Vestigal.
D)Molecular.
E)Endemic.

Question 28

If two genes are homologous,then it can be said that they are

A)derived from different ancestral genes but have a similar function.
B)derived from the same ancestral gene.
C)found only outside the nucleus in the mitochondrion or chloroplast.
D)derived from different ancestral genes and have different functions.
E)related through environmental natural selection.

Question 29

Fundamental similarity due to descent from a common ancestor is called

A)homology.
B)analogy.
C)speciation.
D)convergence.
E)selection.

Question 30

The smallest type of genetic change that can occur within a given gene is a _______.An example of this phenomenon occurs with __________.

A)gene deletion;chromosomal fragmentation.
B)single-nucleotide polymorphism;the b-globin gene.
C)gene duplication;mitosis.
D)codon substitution;phenylketonuria.

Question 31

You are at the aquarium looking at a freshwater mammal tank and an adult manatee swims close to the glass.On his front flippers you see fingernails.What is a likely explanation for the presence of fingernails on a manatee?

A)They are analogous to human fingernails.
B)They are homologous to fish fins.
C)They are a developmental homology.
D)They are analogous to bear claws.
E)They are vestigial structures.

Question 32

In the Hardy-Weinberg equation ,the genotype frequency of heterozygotes is represented by

A)p²
B)2pq
C)q²
D)p² +q²
E)p² + 2pq

Question 33

When observing the skeleton of a snake,you see the remains of hip and hind leg bones associated with four legged animals.These bones are called

A)convergent traits.
B)analogous structures.
C)vestigial structures.
D)homologous structures.
E)allelic traits.

Question 34

Select the examples that represent instances of a polymorphic trait.
_____ Hair loss is often found in malnourished,captive chimpanzees.
__X__ A population of lilies contains equal proportions of both blue and white flowering individuals.
__X__ The A,B,and O blood types found in humans.
_____ Arctic fox populations change from a white coat in winter to a brown coat in summer.
__X__ An estimated 75% of humans show some degree of lactose intolerance due to a decrease in the production of lactase,while about 25% do not decrease lactase production and are lactose tolerant.

Question 35

Which of the following are examples of molecular homologies? Select all that apply.
__X__ Use of DNA as an information storage molecule.
_____ The lack of an IGF-1 gene in prokaryotes.
__X__ Similarities among the metabolic processes for the breakdown of glucose.
__X__ The biochemical pathways for cellular respiration in plants and animals.
_____ The biochemical pathways for photosynthesis in plants and cellular respiration in animals.

Question 36

In humans,structures that show developmental homology with other chordates are

A)the eyes and nostrils.
B)gill ridges and a bony tail.
C)fore and hindlimbs.
D)the lungs and vertebrae.

Question 37

Scientists have found that the IGF1 gene,which encodes a growth hormone,has one allele (IGF1-A)that is commonly found in small dogs,but is nearly absent from dogs that are very large.Based on this finding,what can you conclude about the relationship between IGF1-A and body size in dogs?

A)Body size in dogs depends upon whether a dog is homo- or heterozygous for IGF1-A.Dogs that are homozygous (two copies of IGF1-A)tend to grow larger than dogs that are heterozygous (only one copy of IGF1-A).
B)Body size in dogs depends on whether or not the IGF1-A allele is present.A dog with IGF1-A will tend to grow larger than a dog without IGF1-A.
C)Body size in dogs depends on whether or not the IGF1-A allele is present.A dog with IGF1-A will tend to be smaller than a dog without IGF1-A.
D)Small dogs have more growth hormone released during fetal development,but none released after the birthing process.
E)Body size in dogs depends upon whether a dog is homo- or heterozygous for IGF1-A.Dogs that are homozygous (two copies of IGF1-A)tend to be smaller than dogs that are heterozygous (only one copy of IGF1-A).

Question 38

The most important concept in the field of population genetics is

A)natural selection.
B)population size.
C)rates of mutation.
D)genetic variation.
E)phenotypic variation.

Question 39

While hiking in Central Florida,you are lucky enough to see many swallowtail tiger butterflies.You observe that there are two types,or morphs,of the butterflies - a yellow morph and a black morph.What is a likely explanation for this?

A)The swallowtail tiger butterfly has undergone artificial selection.
B)The swallowtail tiger butterfly has undergone gene inversion for the gene that determines color.
C)The swallowtail tiger butterfly has more than one allele for the gene that determines color.
D)The swallowtail tiger butterfly has a single allele for the gene that determines color.

Question 40

Similarity in evolutionarily unrelated groups due to adaptation to similar environments is called

A)homologous evolution.
B)convergent evolution.
C)biogeographic evolution.
D)Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.

Question 41

What mechanism leads to changes in allele frequencies through random chance?

A)Genetic drift
B)Natural selection
C)Sexual selection
D)Neutral variation
E)Gene flow

Question 42

The human b-globin gene has two alleles,H^S and H^A,individuals that are homozygous for H^S have sickle-cell anemia and a lower fitness.Individuals that are heterozygotes (H^SH^A)do not show sickle-cell symptoms and have a resistance to malaria.Individuals that are homozygous for H^A have the highest fitness but are susceptible to malaria.If a vaccine for malaria was created that was 100% effective,affordable,and widely available,how would the frequency of the H^S allele be most likely to change?

A)The H^S allele would increase in regions where malaria is prevalent and decrease in regions where malaria is absent or rare.
B)The H^S allele would decrease in regions where malaria is prevalent and increase in regions where malaria is absent or rare.
C)Due to balancing selection,the frequency of the H^S allele would remain stable in all regions.
D)The H^S allele would increase in regions where malaria is prevalent and remain stable in regions where malaria is absent or rare.
E)The H^S allele would decrease in regions where malaria is prevalent and remain stable in regions where malaria is absent or rarE.

Question 43

Select the examples that can undergo microevolution.
_____ A poison ivy vine growing up an oak tree.
__X__ A small group of Cactus finches living in the Galapagos Islands.
_____ An Emperor penguin encountering melting ice due to climate change.
__X__ A cluster of endangered Venus Flytraps in North Carolina's Green Swamp.
__X__ A large herd of caribou in Alaska.

Question 44

The human b-globin gene has two alleles,H^S and H^A,individuals that are homozygous for H^S have sickle-cell anemia and a lower fitness.Individuals that are heterozygotes (H^SH^A)do not show sickle-cell symptoms and have a resistance to malaria.Individuals that are homozygous for H^A have the highest fitness but are susceptible to malaria.In areas where malaria is prevalent the H^S allele is maintained in the population.Which type of selection is occurring with the b-globin gene?

A)stabilizing
B)directional
C)disruptive
D)balancing
E)negative frequency dependent

Question 45

Blue flower color (B allele)is dominant to white (b allele).If a population of plants contains white flowers (bb)at a frequency of 0.04,what is the frequency of the blue flower allele (B)?
4-9-2013

A)0.2 or 20%
B)0.64 or 64%
C)0.32 or 32%
D)0.8 or 80%
E)0.96 or 96%

Question 46

Fitness is a measure of reproductive success.If an individual with genotype BB produces 6 offspring,and a heterozygous individual (Bb)produces 10 offspring,and a third individual with genotype bb produces 5 offspring,what is the fitness value for the individual with BB genotype?

A)1.0.
B)0.5.
C)0.6.
D)0.4.
E)1.1

Question 47

Over generations in a population,individuals with higher fitness values will

A)become less prevalent in the population.
B)become more prevalent in the population.
C)stay at the same frequency in the population.
D)decrease the population's mean fitness.

Question 48

If a population satisfies the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium model,what can you assume about that population?

A)It is relatively small.
B)Evolution is occurring.
C)Gene flow is occurring.
D)Allele and genotype frequencies are stable.

Question 49

In _____ selection,individuals intermediate in a phenotypic distribution have greater reproductive success.

A)stabilizing
B)directional
C)disruptive
D)balancing
E)negative frequency-dependent

Question 50

Microevolution involves

A)changes to the number of individuals in a population.
B)changes in a population's gene pool.
C)a change in the ratio of males to females in a population.
D)the fixation of an allele over a long period of time.

Question 51

A population undergoing microevolution would show Hardy-Weinberg disequilibrium.

Question 52

In a species of salamander,there are two forms,red and yellow.As the yellow form becomes less common due to predation and the red form more common,the yellow form becomes less likely to be eaten and more likely to survive and reproduce.The yellow form then becomes more common and roles of red and yellow forms reverse.This is an example of

A)negative frequency-dependent selection.
B)directional selection.
C)disruptive selection.
D)balancing selection.
E)intrasexual selection.

Question 53

Blue flower color (B allele)is dominant to white (b allele).If a population of plants contains white flowers (bb)at a frequency of 0.04,what is the frequency of the heterozygous genotype?

A)0.96 or 96%
B)0.2 or 20%
C)0.32 or 32%
D)0.64 or 64%
E)0.8 or 80%

Question 54

What would be the frequency of pink flowers in a population where the allele frequency of C^R is 0.4 and the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? Assume that C^R C^R is red,C^RC^W is pink,and C^wC^w is white.

A)0.04 or 4%
B)0.16 or 16%
C)0.2 or 20%
D)0.8 or 80%
E)0.48 or 48%

Question 55

In red-wing blackbirds,females tend to choose males with the most desirable territories and males compete with each other for territories.
True or false: Redwing blackbirds demonstrate both intersexual selection and intrasexual selection.

Question 56

A mutation arises in an individual that decreases its fitness.This means that this individual's

A)probability of survival will decrease.
B)ability to find food will decrease.
C)ability to migrate long distances will decrease.
D)contribution to the gene pool of the next generation will decrease.
E)likelihood of having healthy offspring will increasE.

Question 57

What phenomenon would violate the conditions for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

A)The population is isolated from other populations.
B)Females select males based on secondary sex traits.
C)The population is large.
D)No genotypes within the population have a reproductive advantage.
E)Genetic drift within the population does not change allele frequencies.

Question 58

What are the two principal factors that lead to microevolution?

A)new genetic variation and genetic mutations
B)genetic mutations and evolutionary mechanisms
C)new genetic variation and evolutionary mechanisms
D)evolutionary mechanisms and migration
E)nonrandom mating and new genetic variation

Question 59

A population of voles (small mammals)lives in a shady forest.Originally,the voles are a light tan color,but then a dark brown coloration arises by a new mutation.The darker voles are harder for predators to see in the leaf litter,thus they are less susceptible to predation.After 10 generations,the majority of voles in the population are the dark brown color.In the figure below,the solid red line represents the number of light colored individuals before the mutation and the black dashed line represents the number of dark brown individuals after 10 generations.What type of natural selection is the population of voles experiencing?

A)Directional selection
B)Stabilizing selection
C)Diversifying selection
D)Balancing selection
E)Negative frequency-dependent selection

Question 60

In the Hardy-Weinberg equation,p + q =_______,where p and q represent _________.

A)0,allele frequencies
B)1,genotype frequencies
C)2,allele frequencies
D)2,genotype frequencies
E)1,allele frequencies

Question 61

GGG and GGC are codons for the amino acid,glycine.A mutation caused the insertion of a cytosine in place of the guanine during DNA replication.Over many generations the DNA changes so that the frequency of GGC is similar to that of GGG.What effect does this mutation have on the population's mean fitness?

A)As the frequency of the GGC codon increases,the population's mean fitness level will remain the same.
B)As the frequency of the GGC codon increases,the population's mean fitness level will initially increase,but once GGC and GGG occur with equal frequency,the mean fitness will decrease.
C)As the frequency of the GGC codon increases,the population's mean fitness level will decrease.
D)As the frequency of the GGC codon increases,the population's mean fitness level will increase.

Question 62

Genotype Qq produces 10 offspring per year.Genotype QQ has a fitness value of 0.4 and genotype qq has a fitness value of 0.2.How many offspring does genotype qq produce each year?

A)4
B)1
C)6
D)2
E)8

Question 63

GGG and GGC are codons for the amino acid,glycine.A mutation caused the insertion of a cytosine in place of the guanine during DNA replication.Over many generations the DNA changes so that the frequency of GGC is similar to that of GGG.What is this phenomenon called?

A)directional selection
B)bottleneck effect
C)stabilizing selection
D)adaptive variation
E)neutral variation

Question 64

The effect of inbreeding is

A)a decrease of homozygotes in succeeding generations.
B)a decrease of heterozygotes in succeeding generations.
C)stable frequencies of genotypes in succeeding generations.
D)eventual elimination of deleterious recessive alleles.

Question 65

The figure shows three mouse populations and their associated changes in the frequency of B,the allele for dark fur.The recessive b allele codes for white fur.After 20 generations,in which population would you be most likely to encounter a white mouse?

A)N₁
B)N₂
C)N₃
D)There is an equal probability of encountering a white mouse in all three populations.
E)There is an equal probability of encountering a white mouse in populations N₁ and N₃ and this is higher than in N₂.

Question 66

The theory of neutral evolution is supported by the observation that most changes in codons occur in the third position within the codon,which often has no effect on the sequence of amino acids in the protein.

Question 67

There is a population of frogs living in a pond: 25 are green,25 are brown,25 are yellow with green spots,and 25 are all yellow.A drought occurred and 75% of the frogs died.The remaining frogs were green and brown.After 25 generations,the frogs still were green and brown,yellow frogs never appeared in the population again.Which of the following best explains this phenomenon?

A)Sexual selection.
B)Balancing selection.
C)Bottleneck effect.
D)Heterozygote advantage.
E)Founder effect.

Question 68

In a small population,both _________ and __________ would violate the conditions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.

A)random mating;genetic drift
B)gene flow,random mating
C)lack of natural selection,gene flow
D)sexual selection,lack of new mutations
E)gene flow,genetic drift

Question 69

Which of the following is NOT related to genetic drift?

A)Founder effect
B)Bottleneck effect
C)Sexual selection
D)Neutral variation

Question 70

What phenomena tends to increase genetic variation in a population?

A)Gene flow
B)Population bottleneck
C)Assortative mating
D)Genetic drift
E)Founder effect

Question 71

What scenario would be most likely to result in a bottleneck event?

A)A small population of geese migrates and joins a large flock of the same species.The two groups subsequently begin interbreeding.
B)A mutation occurs in an individual poison ivy plant,doubling the number of seeds it produces.The mutation is inherited by future generations.
C)A hurricane blows through a coastal swamp inhabited by an apple snail population.The hurricane drastically changes the hydrology of the swamp,killing 98% of the apple snails.
D)A population of broomsedge grass is studied and determined to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
E)Two populations of lizards were separated for many years by a river.The river's course has been diverted and migration between the two lizard populations can now occur.