Deck 13: Religion, Romanticism, and Reform

Question 1

The word teetotaler originated with a temperance society's use of the letter "T" to signify total abstinence.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Deists:

A) believed in an all-powerful God
B) argued for the literal truth of the Bible
C) included Founding Fathers such as Jefferson and Franklin
D) were basically atheists
E) felt the United States should have an official religion

Answer 2

included Founding Fathers such as Jefferson and Franklin

Question 3

Why were working class people attracted to Universalism?

A) It encouraged sinning.
B) It advocated for slavery and white superiority.
C) It claimed that people's fates had already been determined by God.
D) It stressed the possibility of salvation of all people.
E) It claimed that eternal punishment for sinners was not all that bad.

Answer 3

It stressed the possibility of salvation of all people.

Question 4

A major change in attitudes toward prisons during the 1830s was the idea that prisoners could not be rehabilitated.

Question 5

John Quincy Adams advocated for the "gag rule" that stifled debate over slavery in Congress.

Question 6

Many American Christians assumed that the United States had a "God-mandated mission" to provide the world with a shining example of republican virtue.

Question 7

Margaret Fuller edited The Dial, a transcendentalist journal.

Question 8

Universalists believed that:

A) the universe is continually expanding
B) rich people are blessed by God
C) God predestined only a few for salvation
D) everyone could be saved
E) Americans are God's chosen people

Question 9

Unitarianism stressed:

A) reason and conscience
B) creeds and confessions
C) belief in the Holy Trinity
D) ritualistic practices
E) belief in prophecy and miracles

Question 10

The "cult of domesticity" banned women from joining any professions.

Question 11

Horace Mann was a notable promoter of public schools.

Question 12

The women's rights movement secured the vote for women in several states before 1860.

Question 13

The American Colonization Society established the African nation of Liberia as a new home for free American blacks.

Question 14

The successful example of antebellum utopian communities converted many Americans to socialism.

Question 15

Frederick Douglass was a black abolitionist.

Question 16

Mormon leader Joseph Smith was an advocate of "monogamous marriage."

Question 17

A Treatise on Domestic Economy argued that men and women should share equally in completing the work of the household's domestic sphere.

Question 18

The rapidly growing church that broke away from Anglicanism in the 1780s was the ______ church.

A) Episcopalian
B) Methodist
C) Unitarian
D) Presbyterian
E) Baptist

Question 19

William Lloyd Garrison published a militant anti-slavery newspaper called the Liberator.

Question 20

The intellectual defenses of slavery in the South admitted that the institution offered no benefits to blacks.

Question 21

Brigham Young:

A) rejected Joseph Smith's teachings on plural marriage
B) completely revised the Book of Mormon
C) declared war on Joseph Smith's killers
D) led the Mormons to Utah
E) founded a Mormon university

Question 22

How did American literature develop during the half decade between 1850 and 1855?

A) It stagnated with only a few notable authors producing major literary works.
B) Due to the influence of the Second Great Awakening, American literature at this time only emphasized religious themes.
C) It is the only period in American history that did not produce a single "great author."
D) This era witnessed an outpouring of extraordinary literature by an array of authors who became giants of American literature.
E) Censorship following the Mexican War resulted in a limited number of literary subjects deemed permissible to write about.

Question 23

Which statement best describes the Transcendental Club that had its first meeting in the 1830s?

A) a tightly knit group of pro-slavery advocates who insisted that slavery should transcend sectional divisions
B) a loosely knit group of diverse, intellectually curious individualists who met to discuss philosophy, religion, and literature
C) a radical group of religious scholars who believed in reincarnation and possession
D) a conservative group of political leaders who promoted territorial expansion so that the U.S. would transcend its current boundaries
E) a meeting hall outside of Boston where political leaders met to discuss how they might transcend their differences

Question 24

By the 1840s, newspapers:

A) skyrocketed in circulation
B) were equally common in the North and South
C) covered only politics and serious news items
D) remained relatively expensive
E) were regulated by state and city governments

Question 25

Why might women be drawn to camp meetings?

A) They provided an outlet for women to exhibit their preaching skills.
B) They provided women with opportunities to participate as equals in public rituals.
C) They were not open to male participation.
D) They allowed women to edit the Bible to reflect their own ideals.
E) They provided the only avenue of higher education available to women.

Question 26

Joseph Smith:

A) started the Unitarian church in Utah
B) was a great revivalist preacher from New England
C) founded the Mormon Church in western New York
D) claimed to be God's only prophet
E) was a "circuit rider" preacher from the South

Question 27

Which of the following individuals was NOT considered an American literary giant?

A) Brigham Young
B) Emily Dickinson
C) Edgar Allan Poe
D) Nathaniel Hawthorne
E) Herman Melville

Question 28

Which Protestant denomination "stressed the equality of all before God" and had no authority higher than the congregation?

A) Baptist
B) Lutheran
C) Methodist
D) Presbyterian
E) Mormon

Question 29

All of the following are reasons Mormons generated hostility from non-Mormons EXCEPT:

A) they denied the legitimacy of civil governments
B) they refused to abide by local laws
C) they did not recognize the legitimacy of the U.S. Constitution
D) they denied they were Christians
E) they practiced "plural marriage"

Question 30

The first American college to admit both blacks and women was:

A) Duke
B) Oberlin
C) Vassar
D) William and Mary
E) Yale

Question 31

For all their differences, the variety of reform movements that arose in the United States during the first half of the nineteenth century had what in common?

A) a commitment to abolitionism
B) an absence of female membership and involvement
C) a prohibition against black participation
D) an impulse to "perfect" people and society
E) the rejection of the idea that America had a divine mission

Question 32

Which of the following statements is true about the number of newspapers in the United States by 1850?

A) The number of newspapers lagged significantly behind Britain.
B) The United States had more newspapers than any other nation in the world.
C) The United States had the least number of newspapers for any country in the industrialized world.
D) The "Old South" was the driving force behind newspaper expansion, with North Carolina alone having four times as many newspapers as all of New England.
E) The year 1850 saw the founding of the first independent American newspaper.

Question 33

In 1840, most colleges:

A) admitted women
B) had thousands of students
C) allowed students to take elective courses
D) emphasized technical training
E) were affiliated with churches

Question 34

In 1840, American literacy rates:

A) had begun to decline
B) were lowest in New England
C) were the highest in the Western world
D) remained shockingly low
E) were impressive due to compulsory school laws

Question 35

The Southern state that by 1860 had done the most to advance public education was:

A) Virginia
B) Texas
C) Alabama
D) Georgia
E) North Carolina

Question 36

Who was considered the "high priest" of transcendentalism?

A) John Quincy Adams
B) Joseph Smith
C) William Garrison
D) William Ellery Channing
E) Ralph Waldo Emerson

Question 37

A minister on horseback who travelled the frontier to preach was called

A) a Unitarian
B) a Deist
C) an outlaw
D) a teacher
E) a circuit rider

Question 38

Why did workers favor expanding the number of public schools?

A) The quality of education was better than the private schools operated in most cities.
B) Workers chose to go back to school rather than labor in factories.
C) Workers hoped to become public school teachers rather than laborers.
D) Workers wanted free schools to give their children an equal chance to pursue the American dream.
E) Building public schools promised to expand the number of construction jobs and therefore improve employment prospects.

Question 39

African Americans found the Methodist and Baptist churches especially attractive because of their:

A) belief in salvation for all
B) condemnation of slavery
C) emotional church services
D) emphasis upon Bible studies
E) rapid growth in the South

Question 40

The rise of Romanticism indicated:

A) recognition of the limits of science and reason
B) a belief that Americans were too religious
C) a desire for art and literature that was uniquely American
D) a longing for love and passion in daily life
E) a growing belief that man should dominate nature

Question 41

All of the following are true of Brook Farm EXCEPT:

A) it was established by Transcendentalists
B) it was an effort in cooperative living
C) it was long lasting
D) it was located near Boston
E) it was a secular utopian community

Question 42

Dorothea Lynde Dix directed her reform efforts at:

A) insane asylums
B) public education
C) women's rights
D) slavery
E) temperance

Question 43

Why was John Humphrey Noyes, founder of the Oneida Community, arrested and ultimately forced to flee New York?

A) He advocated complete sexual freedom.
B) He argued for the establishment of total socialism.
C) He preached interracial marriage.
D) He practiced compete sexual abstinence.
E) He offered euthanasia for the elderly.

Question 44

All of the following are true about Sojourner Truth, EXCEPT that she:

A) had been born a slave
B) spoke for women's rights and abolition
C) changed her name (from Isabella) after a mystical conversation with God
D) killed her master to escape from slavery
E) was born in New York in the late 1790s

Question 45

The cult of domesticity was the idea that:

A) women deserved education
B) professions should be open to women
C) romantic love was the basis of successful marriage
D) large families were beneficial
E) a woman's place is in the home

Question 46

The Seneca Falls Convention:

A) celebrated the cult of domesticity
B) demanded equal rights for women
C) showed the mass appeal of temperance
D) reflected female dominance of the abolitionist movement
E) brought immediate improvements in women's lives

Question 47

The American Temperance Union lost many members in 1836 when it:

A) allowed women to join
B) called for abstinence from all alcoholic beverages
C) allowed members to drink beer and wine
D) began to push immigration reform as "the only sure way to rid America of demon rum"
E) became too involved in politics

Question 48

All of the following statements about the American Colonization Society are true EXCEPT:

A) free black leaders supported it
B) it was founded in the late 1810s
C) it was backed by many prominent politicians
D) it proposed to send blacks back to Africa
E) it did not reduce the total number of slaves

Question 49

Members of the Shaker community:

A) believed that Jesus Christ had returned to earth in the 1820s
B) practiced free love and polygamy
C) were not permitted to leave after their "initiation"
D) practiced celibacy and owned everything in common
E) increased their numbers by having large families

Question 50

Why did the American Anti-Slavery Society split into competing factions?

A) Some prominent members demanded the pursuit of societal reforms beyond abolition, including women's rights.
B) Some prominent members argued that capitalism should be dismantled.
C) Some prominent members suggested that the North make peace with slavery.
D) Some prominent members advocated the practice of "free love" at meetings.
E) Some prominent members owned slaves themselves.

Question 51

Mother Ann Lee was:

A) a "free love" advocate
B) an early feminist
C) organizer of the Seneca Falls Convention
D) founder of the Shakers
E) leader of the New Harmony community

Question 52

Most of the utopian communities of the early nineteenth century:

A) received funding from the government
B) saw their ideas quickly become accepted by the public
C) were established inside major cities
D) quickly became failures
E) were led by religious extremists

Question 53

Regarding the penitentiary established at Auburn, New York, in 1816, all the following statements are true EXCEPT:

A) discipline was severe
B) prisoners were not allowed to talk to one another
C) it was an institution that primarily emphasized punishment
D) its system and methods were widely copied across the nation
E) prisoners performed labor and produced goods that could be sold for a profit

Question 54

The Liberty Party advocated:

A) socialism
B) anarchy
C) abolitionism
D) free trade
E) free love

Question 55

One reason the American Colonization Society acquired the land in West Africa that eventually became the country of Liberia was:

A) the Society saw it as a source of new slaves for the American South
B) the Society saw it as a location to build a "white" nation on the African continent
C) the Society saw it as a place to transport potentially troublesome free blacks and freed slaves
D) the Society saw it as a land they could rule over like a kingdom
E) the Society saw it as a valuable source of coal and diamonds

Question 56

Frederick Douglass:

A) was the founder of the Underground Railroad
B) became a notable black preacher
C) wrote a famous account of his life as a slave
D) was captured in the North and returned to slavery
E) helped abolish slavery in the British West Indies

Question 57

The woman who wrote the profoundly influential A Treatise on Domestic Economy was:

A) Catharine Beecher
B) Harriet Hunt
C) Lucretia Mott
D) Lucy Stone
E) Emily Dickinson

Question 58

William Lloyd Garrison:

A) demanded immediate emancipation of slaves
B) organized an anti-slavery political party
C) used calm, moderate language to oppose slavery
D) caused the Nat Turner revolt
E) believed slaveholders should be paid to free their slaves

Question 59

The temperance movement was motivated by all the following EXCEPT:

A) binge-drinking among college students
B) religious concerns
C) the need for a sober industrial labor force
D) the effects of alcoholism on women and families
E) the desire of reformers to improve society

Question 60

Prison reformers of the early 1800s saw a major objective of the penitentiary as:

A) religious conversion
B) rehabilitation
C) corporal punishment
D) providing prisoners an education
E) patriotic indoctrination

Question 61

Trace the evolution of early American literature. Who were the major writers? Discuss their works.

Question 62

Detail the rise of the temperance movement in American society. What was the outcome of this movement's efforts?

Question 63

George Fitzhugh's major pro-slavery argument was that:

A) slavery was justified in the Bible
B) southern slavery was better for workers than the "wage slavery" of northern industry
C) blacks were the product of a separate creation
D) blacks and whites could not live together without risk of race war except for slavery
E) slavery allowed so many whites to make a good living

Question 64

Describe the various trends in the rise of education (public, private, and higher) during this period.

Question 65

Describe the various facets and accomplishments of the women's movement in the first half of the nineteenth century.

Question 66

Discuss the concept of Deism and its influence on the development of American society.

Question 67

Discuss the emergence of a popular press in antebellum America.

Question 68

The killing of Elijah Lovejoy showed:

A) the violent tactics of abolitionists
B) the danger of encouraging slave rebellion
C) the end of a free press
D) growing support for black equality
E) support of slavery extended into the North

Question 69

On what basis did John Quincy Adams, "Old Man Eloquent," protest the "gag rule" concerning abolition petitions?

A) It went against common sense.
B) It was clearly a bias against the North.
C) It was enforced illegally.
D) It violated the First Amendment.
E) He liked to provoke pro-slavery congressmen.

Question 70

The debate over slavery:

A) moved Methodists and Baptists to take an anti-slavery position
B) moved Methodists and Baptists to take a pro-slavery position
C) split Methodists and Baptists into northern and southern denominations
D) was generally ignored by Methodists and Baptists until the Civil War
E) caused many Methodists and Baptists to be less religious

Question 71

Southerners used all of the following to justify slavery EXCEPT:

A) claims of black racial inferiority
B) biblical support of slavery
C) fear of a race war if slavery were abolished
D) Thomas Jefferson's words in the Declaration of Independence
E) the superior life Africans enjoyed in the southern states

Question 73

By the 1830s, John C. Calhoun was arguing that:

A) blacks deserved equality
B) the Bible opposed slavery
C) slavery should be phased out
D) plantations were no longer profitable
E) slavery was a "positive good"

Question 74

Describe the various religious movements of the era-the "rational religions," the Second Great Awakening, the Mormons, etc.-characterizing the origin and adherents of each.

Question 75

According to the text, the Romantic movement was a "great victory of heart over head." Explain this statement.

Question 76

Trace the reforms in prisons and asylums in America. Include the major changes in the treatment of prisoners, the disabled, and dependent children in antebellum America.

Question 77

Evaluate the black abolitionist movement. Who were some of the major leaders, and what methods did they use to promote their cause?

Question 78

Evaluate the goals, methods, and leadership of the abolitionist movement. Which of the methods were most effective? Why?

Question 79

Using specific examples, discuss the objectives, membership, practices, and success of the nineteenth-century utopian communities.

Question 80

Describe the southern defense of slavery before and after 1830. How did this change affect the intellectual life of the Old South?