Deck 7: Sampling and Inferential Statistics

Question 1

If not all members of a population have a non-zero chance of being selected for a sample, then

A) the sample may not be representative of the population.
B) there is a risk of inappropriately generalizing results beyond the sample.
C) the sample has been chosen using nonprobability sampling.
D) All of these are true.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

A researcher can guarantee the representativeness of the sample by

A) using stratified random sampling.
B) employing simple random sampling procedures.
C) using systematic sampling procedures.
D) using the whole population.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Exhibit 7-1: Choose the type of sample that matches the following characteristics of sampling procedures.
Refer to Exhibit 7-2.Weakest of all sampling procedures.

A) Convenience
B) Purposive
C) Quota

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Sampling error will be less when

A) the samples are small.
B) the population is heterogeneous.
C) the distribution is normal.
D) none of these are true.

Question 5

Exhibit 7-1: Choose the type of sample that matches the following characteristics of sampling procedures.
Refer to Exhibit 7-1.Naturally occurring groups are randomly selected.

A) simple random
B) stratified
C) cluster
D) systematic

Question 6

If a research finding is found to be statistically significant it

A) confirms the research hypothesis.
B) suggests the findings are significant contributions to the theory being tested.
C) suggests that similar results would be found if another sample was tested.
D) All of these are true.

Question 7

If your professor is only interested in the test performance of students in her class, the class is her

A) Pppulation.
B) random sample.
C) biased sample.
D) non-probability sample.

Question 8

The standard deviation of the population is ____ the standard error of the mean.

A) equal to
B) larger than
C) smaller than
D) not related to

Question 9

Exhibit 7-1: Choose the type of sample that matches the following characteristics of sampling procedures.
Refer to Exhibit 7-2.Also known as "Judgment sampling."

A) Convenience
B) Purposive
C) Quota

Question 10

Exhibit 7-1: Choose the type of sample that matches the following characteristics of sampling procedures.
Refer to Exhibit 7-2.Similar to stratified sampling, but without random selection.

A) Convenience
B) Purposive
C) Quota

Question 11

Exhibit 7-1: Choose the type of sample that matches the following characteristics of sampling procedures.
Refer to Exhibit 7-1.Individuals from defined subgroups are sampled.

A) simple random
B) stratified
C) cluster
D) systematic

Question 12

Exhibit 7-1: Choose the type of sample that matches the following characteristics of sampling procedures.
Refer to Exhibit 7-2.Taking subjects wherever you find them.

A) Convenience
B) Purposive
C) Quota

Question 13

Exhibit 7-1: Choose the type of sample that matches the following characteristics of sampling procedures.
Refer to Exhibit 7-1.Has the greatest sampling error.

A) simple random
B) stratified
C) cluster
D) systematic

Question 14

Exhibit 7-1: Choose the type of sample that matches the following characteristics of sampling procedures.
Refer to Exhibit 7-1.All individual cases have a non-zero chance of being selected.

A) simple random
B) stratified
C) cluster
D) systematic

Question 15

Exhibit 7-1: Choose the type of sample that matches the following characteristics of sampling procedures.
Refer to Exhibit 7-2.Chooses subjects that seem to be typical of a defined subgroup.

A) Convenience
B) Purposive
C) Quota

Question 16

After calculating the difference between sample means of all possible samples from a population and the population mean, we would expect the mean of these differences to be

A) equal to the population mean.
B) higher or less than the population mean.
C) zero.
D) None of these are true.

Question 17

The standard error of the mean

A) estimates the standard deviation of the population.
B) suggests how much sample means may vary due to treatment procedures.
C) is the standard deviation of the distribution of sample means.
D) All of these are true.

Question 18

Exhibit 7-1: Choose the type of sample that matches the following characteristics of sampling procedures.
Refer to Exhibit 7-2.Chooses subjects that seem to be typical of the population being studied.

A) Convenience
B) Purposive
C) Quota

Question 19

Exhibit 7-1: Choose the type of sample that matches the following characteristics of sampling procedures.
Refer to Exhibit 7-1.Only the first case is randomly selected.

A) simple random
B) stratified
C) cluster
D) systematic

Question 20

Inferential statistics are based on the assumption that the selection of cases is based on

A) probable sampling techniques.
B) non-probable sampling techniques.
C) both answers
D) neither answer

Question 21

Exhibit 7-4: A group of researchers has developed a method that they hypothesize will improve physics test scores.They randomly selected nine students to participate in their study.The nine students were administered an ACT test, trained in the new method, and then administered an alternate form of the ACT test.The following data are their scores:

Refer to Exhibit 7-4.What is the null hypothesis?

A) mTest 1 ³ mTest 2
B) mTest 1 £ mTest 2
C) mTest 1 = mTest 2
D) None of these are true.

Question 22

Exhibit 7-3: A researcher is examining the effects of a computer-based training program designed to teach algebra.The researcher randomly selects subjects for two groups and gives one group the computer training and the other standard teaching methods to see if the results of the two methods differ.The following scores are from the subjects' final test.

Refer to Exhibit 7-3.What is the null hypothesis?

A) mCBT ³ mControl
B) mCBT £ mControl
C) mCBT = mControl
D) None of these are true.

Question 23

Exhibit 7-4: A group of researchers has developed a method that they hypothesize will improve physics test scores.They randomly selected nine students to participate in their study.The nine students were administered an ACT test, trained in the new method, and then administered an alternate form of the ACT test.The following data are their scores:

Refer to Exhibit 7-4.The test is statistically significant at what level?

A) .05
B) .01
C) .001
D) It is not significant.

Question 24

Exhibit 7-4: A group of researchers has developed a method that they hypothesize will improve physics test scores.They randomly selected nine students to participate in their study.The nine students were administered an ACT test, trained in the new method, and then administered an alternate form of the ACT test.The following data are their scores:

Refer to Exhibit 7-4.What is the observed value for the chosen statistic?

A) .94
B) 1.172
C) 4.603
D) None of these are true.

Question 25

A school administrator finds no statistically significant difference in learning whether students are taught by computer or by books.She decides not to spend money on new computer equipment.Later, she finds that a neighboring district is very successful in implementing computer technology.

A) She may have committed a Type I error.
B) She may have committed a Type II error.
C) A Type I and Type II error may have occurred.
D) No error is possible in this situation.

Question 26

Exhibit 7-3: A researcher is examining the effects of a computer-based training program designed to teach algebra.The researcher randomly selects subjects for two groups and gives one group the computer training and the other standard teaching methods to see if the results of the two methods differ.The following scores are from the subjects' final test.

Refer to Exhibit 7-3.The researcher can conclude that:

A) there is no statistically significant evidence that students who use the computer training will do any better than students using the standard methods.
B) every student who used the computer program scored higher than any student who did not use the program.
C) there is a statistically significant difference between scores of those who had computerized algebra training and those who had standard teaching methods.
D) both b and c

Question 27

Exhibit 7-3: A researcher is examining the effects of a computer-based training program designed to teach algebra.The researcher randomly selects subjects for two groups and gives one group the computer training and the other standard teaching methods to see if the results of the two methods differ.The following scores are from the subjects' final test.

Refer to Exhibit 7-3.The test is statistically significant at what level (two-tailed)?

A) .05
B) .01
C) .001
D) It is not significant.

Question 28

Exhibit 7-3: A researcher is examining the effects of a computer-based training program designed to teach algebra.The researcher randomly selects subjects for two groups and gives one group the computer training and the other standard teaching methods to see if the results of the two methods differ.The following scores are from the subjects' final test.

Refer to Exhibit 7-3.The degrees of freedom for the test are the

A) number of rows -1 time the number of columns -1.
B) number of pairs of numbers -1.
C) total number of cases -2.
D) None of these are true.

Question 29

If a research study concludes that a new computer-based reading program teaches students how to read more quickly than the old method

A) a Type I error could have occurred.
B) a Type II error could have occurred.
C) both errors could have occurred.
D) neither error could have occurred.

Question 30

"Do athletes who include imaging their success as part of their practice do better than athletes who do not include imaging?" The null hypothesis is

A) athletes who image do better than athletes who do not image.
B) athletes who image do worse than athletes who do not image.
C) athletes who image do not differ from athletes who do not image.
D) the population mean of athletes who image is greater than the population mean of athletes who do not image.

Question 31

Exhibit 7-4: A group of researchers has developed a method that they hypothesize will improve physics test scores.They randomly selected nine students to participate in their study.The nine students were administered an ACT test, trained in the new method, and then administered an alternate form of the ACT test.The following data are their scores:

Refer to Exhibit 7-4.What test is most appropriate for this data and hypothesis?

A) Chi square
B) Correlated t-test
C) Independent t-test
D) Pearson's r

Question 32

Exhibit 7-3: A researcher is examining the effects of a computer-based training program designed to teach algebra.The researcher randomly selects subjects for two groups and gives one group the computer training and the other standard teaching methods to see if the results of the two methods differ.The following scores are from the subjects' final test.

Refer to Exhibit 7-3.What is the observed value for the chosen statistic?

A) .396
B) 2.846
C) 3.269
D) None of these are true.

Question 33

A researcher wants a 90 percent chance of rejecting the null hypothesis at the one-tailed .05 level with an effect size of .15.The sample size needed is about

A) 140.
B) 160.
C) 180.
D) 200.
E) 380

Question 34

Which one of the following statements is true?

A) Type I errors are inherently more serious than Type II errors.
B) Type II errors are inherently more serious than Type I errors.
C) The relative seriousness of a Type I or a Type II error is a judgment.
D) Typically in behavioral sciences, Type II errors are regarded as more serious.

Question 35

The greatest statistical power occurs when

A) the sample is small and heterogeneity is small.
B) the sample is small and heterogeneity is large.
C) the sample is large and heterogeneity is small.
D) the sample is large and heterogeneity is large.

Question 36

An administrator will implement a new science curriculum if there is good evidence that it is more effective than the present curriculum.Otherwise he will continue with the present curriculum.The administrator should use a

A) directional test.
B) non-directional test.
C) difference test.
D) non-difference test.

Question 37

Exhibit 7-3: A researcher is examining the effects of a computer-based training program designed to teach algebra.The researcher randomly selects subjects for two groups and gives one group the computer training and the other standard teaching methods to see if the results of the two methods differ.The following scores are from the subjects' final test.

Refer to Exhibit 7-3.Which test is most appropriate for these data and hypothesis?

A) Chi square
B) Correlated t-test
C) Independent t-test
D) Pearson's r

Question 38

If a test has been found to be statistically significant at the .05 level, the probability of getting this result by chance alone is

A) exactly 5 times out of 100.
B) equal to or more than 5 times out of 100.
C) equal to or less than 5 times out of 100.
D) more than 5 times out of 1,000.

Question 39

The null hypothesis states that

A) the effect of the treatment is negative.
B) the apparent relationship between variables is due to chance alone.
C) outcomes are affected by the experimental treatment.
D) the true relationship between variables can never be known.

Question 40

Exhibit 7-4: A group of researchers has developed a method that they hypothesize will improve physics test scores.They randomly selected nine students to participate in their study.The nine students were administered an ACT test, trained in the new method, and then administered an alternate form of the ACT test.The following data are their scores:

Refer to Exhibit 7-4.The degrees of freedom for the test are the

A) number of rows -1 time the number of columns -1.
B) number of pairs of numbers -1.
C) total number of cases -2.
D) none of these are true.

Question 41

Exhibit 7-6: A group of researchers hypothesizes that listening to music while studying for an exam influences test scores.They randomly selected 28 subjects and divided them into four groups.All groups studied silently for a test for an hour a day for a week.Group 1 studied without music.Group 2 studied with classical music in the background, Group 3 with country, and Group 4 with jazz.The following are the final test scores:
$\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{lll}\text { Group 1 } & \text { Group 2 } \\50 & 59 \\45 & 57 \\42 & 57 \\41 & 55 \\40 & 56 \\39 & 53 \\38 & 51\end{array}\begin{array}{lll}\text { Group 3} & \text { Group 4 } \\60 & 49 \\56 & 45 \\56 & 45 \\55 & 42 \\54 & 41 \\51 & 39 \\50 & 37\end{array}\end{array}$


-Refer to Exhibit 7-6.What is the value for the chosen statistic?

A) .70
B) 28.589
C) 49.333
D) None of these are true.

Question 42

Exhibit 7-6: A group of researchers hypothesizes that listening to music while studying for an exam influences test scores.They randomly selected 28 subjects and divided them into four groups.All groups studied silently for a test for an hour a day for a week.Group 1 studied without music.Group 2 studied with classical music in the background, Group 3 with country, and Group 4 with jazz.The following are the final test scores:
$\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{lll}\text { Group 1 } & \text { Group 2 } \\50 & 59 \\45 & 57 \\42 & 57 \\41 & 55 \\40 & 56 \\39 & 53 \\38 & 51\end{array}\begin{array}{lll}\text { Group 3} & \text { Group 4 } \\60 & 49 \\56 & 45 \\56 & 45 \\55 & 42 \\54 & 41 \\51 & 39 \\50 & 37\end{array}\end{array}$


-Refer to Exhibit 7-6.The test is statistically significant at what level?

A) .05.
B) .01
C) It is not significant.

Question 43

Exhibit 7-7: A group of curriculum designers has developed a new system for teaching phonics to young children.They randomly selected 24 kindergarten students to receive either the old phonics method or the new phonics method.The designers realized that kindergartens have morning and afternoon classes, so they wanted to build this factor into the research design.The following is the mean, standard deviation, and number for each group.
$\begin{array}{lll}\text { Morning } & {\text { Old }}{} & {\text { New }}{} \\ & 16.33 & 13.50 \\ &1.03 & 2.74 \\& 6 & 6 \\ \text { Afternoon } & 13.17 & 16.83 \\ & 3.55 & 2.14 \\ & 6 & 6\end{array}$
The following is an incomplete summary table of the analysis of variance:
$\begin{array}{ll}\underline { \text { Source }} & \underline { \text { SS }} & \underline { \text { df }} & \underline { \text { MS}} & \underline { \text { F}}\\\text { Time of Day } & 0.042 \\\text { Lesson Design } & 1.042 \\\text { Interaction }\\\text { Error } & 128.500 \\\text { Total } & 102950\end{array}$

-Refer to Exhibit 7-7.What are the degrees of freedom for Lesson Design?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 20
D) 24

Question 44

Exhibit 7-5: A researcher finds a .40 correlation between the number of years a student has access to a computer and his or her attitude toward mathematics.The study used 20 subjects.
Refer to Exhibit 7-5.The correlation is statistically significant at what level?

A) .05
B) .01
C) .001
D) None of these are true.

Question 45

Exhibit 7-6: A group of researchers hypothesizes that listening to music while studying for an exam influences test scores.They randomly selected 28 subjects and divided them into four groups.All groups studied silently for a test for an hour a day for a week.Group 1 studied without music.Group 2 studied with classical music in the background, Group 3 with country, and Group 4 with jazz.The following are the final test scores:
$\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{lll}\text { Group 1 } & \text { Group 2 } \\50 & 59 \\45 & 57 \\42 & 57 \\41 & 55 \\40 & 56 \\39 & 53 \\38 & 51\end{array}\begin{array}{lll}\text { Group 3} & \text { Group 4 } \\60 & 49 \\56 & 45 \\56 & 45 \\55 & 42 \\54 & 41 \\51 & 39 \\50 & 37\end{array}\end{array}$


-Refer to Exhibit 7-6.The degrees of freedom for the test are the:

A) 3 and 6.
B) 4 and 27.
C) 3 and 24.
D) None of these are true.

Question 46

Exhibit 7-6: A group of researchers hypothesizes that listening to music while studying for an exam influences test scores.They randomly selected 28 subjects and divided them into four groups.All groups studied silently for a test for an hour a day for a week.Group 1 studied without music.Group 2 studied with classical music in the background, Group 3 with country, and Group 4 with jazz.The following are the final test scores:
$\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{lll}\text { Group 1 } & \text { Group 2 } \\50 & 59 \\45 & 57 \\42 & 57 \\41 & 55 \\40 & 56 \\39 & 53 \\38 & 51\end{array}\begin{array}{lll}\text { Group 3} & \text { Group 4 } \\60 & 49 \\56 & 45 \\56 & 45 \\55 & 42 \\54 & 41 \\51 & 39 \\50 & 37\end{array}\end{array}$


-Refer to Exhibit 7-6.What is the null hypothesis?

A) $\mu$ _{Group 1} $\geq$ ( $\mu$ _{Group 2} + $\mu$ _{Group 3} + $\mu$ _{Group 4}) /3
B) $\mu$ _{Group 1} $\leq$ ( $\mu$ _{Group 2} + $\mu$ _{Group 3} + $\mu$ _{Group 4}) /3
C) $\mu$ _Group1 = $\mu$ _{Group 2} = $\mu$ _{Group 3} = $\mu$ _{Group 4}
D) None of these are true.

Question 47

Exhibit 7-5: A researcher finds a .40 correlation between the number of years a student has access to a computer and his or her attitude toward mathematics.The study used 20 subjects.
Refer to Exhibit 7-5.A correlation that is not statistically significant leads to the conclusion that:

A) the correlation in the population is actually 0.
B) there is not enough evidence of a correlation between variables.
C) computer use and math attitude are not related.
D) all of these are true.

Question 48

Exhibit 7-7: A group of curriculum designers has developed a new system for teaching phonics to young children.They randomly selected 24 kindergarten students to receive either the old phonics method or the new phonics method.The designers realized that kindergartens have morning and afternoon classes, so they wanted to build this factor into the research design.The following is the mean, standard deviation, and number for each group.
$\begin{array}{lll}\text { Morning } & {\text { Old }}{} & {\text { New }}{} \\ & 16.33 & 13.50 \\ &1.03 & 2.74 \\& 6 & 6 \\ \text { Afternoon } & 13.17 & 16.83 \\ & 3.55 & 2.14 \\ & 6 & 6\end{array}$
The following is an incomplete summary table of the analysis of variance:
$\begin{array}{ll}\underline { \text { Source }} & \underline { \text { SS }} & \underline { \text { df }} & \underline { \text { MS}} & \underline { \text { F}}\\\text { Time of Day } & 0.042 \\\text { Lesson Design } & 1.042 \\\text { Interaction }\\\text { Error } & 128.500 \\\text { Total } & 102950\end{array}$

-Refer to Exhibit 7-7.What are the degrees of freedom for Time of Day?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 20
D) 24

Question 49

Exhibit 7-7: A group of curriculum designers has developed a new system for teaching phonics to young children.They randomly selected 24 kindergarten students to receive either the old phonics method or the new phonics method.The designers realized that kindergartens have morning and afternoon classes, so they wanted to build this factor into the research design.The following is the mean, standard deviation, and number for each group.
$\begin{array}{lll}\text { Morning } & {\text { Old }}{} & {\text { New }}{} \\ & 16.33 & 13.50 \\ &1.03 & 2.74 \\& 6 & 6 \\ \text { Afternoon } & 13.17 & 16.83 \\ & 3.55 & 2.14 \\ & 6 & 6\end{array}$
The following is an incomplete summary table of the analysis of variance:
$\begin{array}{ll}\underline { \text { Source }} & \underline { \text { SS }} & \underline { \text { df }} & \underline { \text { MS}} & \underline { \text { F}}\\\text { Time of Day } & 0.042 \\\text { Lesson Design } & 1.042 \\\text { Interaction }\\\text { Error } & 128.500 \\\text { Total } & 102950\end{array}$

-Refer to Exhibit 7-7.What is the mean square for Lesson Design?

A) .042
B) 1.042
C) 63.375
D) None of these are true.

Question 50

Exhibit 7-7: A group of curriculum designers has developed a new system for teaching phonics to young children.They randomly selected 24 kindergarten students to receive either the old phonics method or the new phonics method.The designers realized that kindergartens have morning and afternoon classes, so they wanted to build this factor into the research design.The following is the mean, standard deviation, and number for each group.
$\begin{array}{lll}\text { Morning } & {\text { Old }}{} & {\text { New }}{} \\ & 16.33 & 13.50 \\ &1.03 & 2.74 \\& 6 & 6 \\ \text { Afternoon } & 13.17 & 16.83 \\ & 3.55 & 2.14 \\ & 6 & 6\end{array}$
The following is an incomplete summary table of the analysis of variance:
$\begin{array}{ll}\underline { \text { Source }} & \underline { \text { SS }} & \underline { \text { df }} & \underline { \text { MS}} & \underline { \text { F}}\\\text { Time of Day } & 0.042 \\\text { Lesson Design } & 1.042 \\\text { Interaction }\\\text { Error } & 128.500 \\\text { Total } & 102950\end{array}$

-Refer to Exhibit 7-7.What is the mean square for the Interaction?

A) .042
B) 1.042
C) 63.375
D) None of these are true.

Question 51

Exhibit 7-7: A group of curriculum designers has developed a new system for teaching phonics to young children.They randomly selected 24 kindergarten students to receive either the old phonics method or the new phonics method.The designers realized that kindergartens have morning and afternoon classes, so they wanted to build this factor into the research design.The following is the mean, standard deviation, and number for each group.
$\begin{array}{lll}\text { Morning } & {\text { Old }}{} & {\text { New }}{} \\ & 16.33 & 13.50 \\ &1.03 & 2.74 \\& 6 & 6 \\ \text { Afternoon } & 13.17 & 16.83 \\ & 3.55 & 2.14 \\ & 6 & 6\end{array}$
The following is an incomplete summary table of the analysis of variance:
$\begin{array}{ll}\underline { \text { Source }} & \underline { \text { SS }} & \underline { \text { df }} & \underline { \text { MS}} & \underline { \text { F}}\\\text { Time of Day } & 0.042 \\\text { Lesson Design } & 1.042 \\\text { Interaction }\\\text { Error } & 128.500 \\\text { Total } & 102950\end{array}$

-Refer to Exhibit 7-7.What is the F value for Time of Day?

A) .006
B) .162
C) 63.375
D) None of these are true.

Question 52

Exhibit 7-7: A group of curriculum designers has developed a new system for teaching phonics to young children.They randomly selected 24 kindergarten students to receive either the old phonics method or the new phonics method.The designers realized that kindergartens have morning and afternoon classes, so they wanted to build this factor into the research design.The following is the mean, standard deviation, and number for each group.
$\begin{array}{lll}\text { Morning } & {\text { Old }}{} & {\text { New }}{} \\ & 16.33 & 13.50 \\ &1.03 & 2.74 \\& 6 & 6 \\ \text { Afternoon } & 13.17 & 16.83 \\ & 3.55 & 2.14 \\ & 6 & 6\end{array}$
The following is an incomplete summary table of the analysis of variance:
$\begin{array}{ll}\underline { \text { Source }} & \underline { \text { SS }} & \underline { \text { df }} & \underline { \text { MS}} & \underline { \text { F}}\\\text { Time of Day } & 0.042 \\\text { Lesson Design } & 1.042 \\\text { Interaction }\\\text { Error } & 128.500 \\\text { Total } & 102950\end{array}$

-Refer to Exhibit 7-7.What are the degrees of freedom for the Interaction?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 20
D) 24

Question 53

Exhibit 7-6: A group of researchers hypothesizes that listening to music while studying for an exam influences test scores.They randomly selected 28 subjects and divided them into four groups.All groups studied silently for a test for an hour a day for a week.Group 1 studied without music.Group 2 studied with classical music in the background, Group 3 with country, and Group 4 with jazz.The following are the final test scores:
$\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{lll}\text { Group 1 } & \text { Group 2 } \\50 & 59 \\45 & 57 \\42 & 57 \\41 & 55 \\40 & 56 \\39 & 53 \\38 & 51\end{array}\begin{array}{lll}\text { Group 3} & \text { Group 4 } \\60 & 49 \\56 & 45 \\56 & 45 \\55 & 42 \\54 & 41 \\51 & 39 \\50 & 37\end{array}\end{array}$


-Refer to Exhibit 7-6.The researchers can conclude that:

A) Groups 2 and 3 are statistically significantly different from Groups 1 and 4.
B) there is a statistically significant difference among these groups.
C) Groups 2, 3 and 4 are statistically significantly different from the control group.
D) none of these are true.

Question 54

Exhibit 7-7: A group of curriculum designers has developed a new system for teaching phonics to young children.They randomly selected 24 kindergarten students to receive either the old phonics method or the new phonics method.The designers realized that kindergartens have morning and afternoon classes, so they wanted to build this factor into the research design.The following is the mean, standard deviation, and number for each group.
$\begin{array}{lll}\text { Morning } & {\text { Old }}{} & {\text { New }}{} \\ & 16.33 & 13.50 \\ &1.03 & 2.74 \\& 6 & 6 \\ \text { Afternoon } & 13.17 & 16.83 \\ & 3.55 & 2.14 \\ & 6 & 6\end{array}$
The following is an incomplete summary table of the analysis of variance:
$\begin{array}{ll}\underline { \text { Source }} & \underline { \text { SS }} & \underline { \text { df }} & \underline { \text { MS}} & \underline { \text { F}}\\\text { Time of Day } & 0.042 \\\text { Lesson Design } & 1.042 \\\text { Interaction }\\\text { Error } & 128.500 \\\text { Total } & 102950\end{array}$

-Refer to Exhibit 7-7.What is the mean square for Error?

A) .042
B) 1.042
C) 63.375
D) None of these are true.

Question 55

Exhibit 7-7: A group of curriculum designers has developed a new system for teaching phonics to young children.They randomly selected 24 kindergarten students to receive either the old phonics method or the new phonics method.The designers realized that kindergartens have morning and afternoon classes, so they wanted to build this factor into the research design.The following is the mean, standard deviation, and number for each group.
$\begin{array}{lll}\text { Morning } & {\text { Old }}{} & {\text { New }}{} \\ & 16.33 & 13.50 \\ &1.03 & 2.74 \\& 6 & 6 \\ \text { Afternoon } & 13.17 & 16.83 \\ & 3.55 & 2.14 \\ & 6 & 6\end{array}$
The following is an incomplete summary table of the analysis of variance:
$\begin{array}{ll}\underline { \text { Source }} & \underline { \text { SS }} & \underline { \text { df }} & \underline { \text { MS}} & \underline { \text { F}}\\\text { Time of Day } & 0.042 \\\text { Lesson Design } & 1.042 \\\text { Interaction }\\\text { Error } & 128.500 \\\text { Total } & 102950\end{array}$

-Refer to Exhibit 7-7.What is the sum of squares for the interaction?

A) 63.375
B) 64.459
C) 127.416
D) None of these are true.

Question 56

Exhibit 7-6: A group of researchers hypothesizes that listening to music while studying for an exam influences test scores.They randomly selected 28 subjects and divided them into four groups.All groups studied silently for a test for an hour a day for a week.Group 1 studied without music.Group 2 studied with classical music in the background, Group 3 with country, and Group 4 with jazz.The following are the final test scores:
$\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{lll}\text { Group 1 } & \text { Group 2 } \\50 & 59 \\45 & 57 \\42 & 57 \\41 & 55 \\40 & 56 \\39 & 53 \\38 & 51\end{array}\begin{array}{lll}\text { Group 3} & \text { Group 4 } \\60 & 49 \\56 & 45 \\56 & 45 \\55 & 42 \\54 & 41 \\51 & 39 \\50 & 37\end{array}\end{array}$


-Refer to Exhibit 7-6.What test is most appropriate for this data and hypothesis?

A) Chi Square Goodness of Fit
B) Independent t-test
C) One-way Analysis of Variance
D) Multifactor Analysis of Variance

Question 57

Exhibit 7-5: A researcher finds a .40 correlation between the number of years a student has access to a computer and his or her attitude toward mathematics.The study used 20 subjects.
Refer to Exhibit 7-5.What are the degrees of freedom in this case?

A) 39
B) 38
C) 19
D) 18

Question 58

Exhibit 7-4: A group of researchers has developed a method that they hypothesize will improve physics test scores.They randomly selected nine students to participate in their study.The nine students were administered an ACT test, trained in the new method, and then administered an alternate form of the ACT test.The following data are their scores:

Refer to Exhibit 7-4.The researchers can conclude that:

A) there is no statistically significant evidence that students who use the new ACT training will improve their ACT scores.
B) the evidence suggests the new training improves ACT scores.
C) the evidence suggests the new ACT training decreases ACT scores.
D) none of these are true.

Question 59

Exhibit 7-7: A group of curriculum designers has developed a new system for teaching phonics to young children.They randomly selected 24 kindergarten students to receive either the old phonics method or the new phonics method.The designers realized that kindergartens have morning and afternoon classes, so they wanted to build this factor into the research design.The following is the mean, standard deviation, and number for each group.
$\begin{array}{lll}\text { Morning } & {\text { Old }}{} & {\text { New }}{} \\ & 16.33 & 13.50 \\ &1.03 & 2.74 \\& 6 & 6 \\ \text { Afternoon } & 13.17 & 16.83 \\ & 3.55 & 2.14 \\ & 6 & 6\end{array}$
The following is an incomplete summary table of the analysis of variance:
$\begin{array}{ll}\underline { \text { Source }} & \underline { \text { SS }} & \underline { \text { df }} & \underline { \text { MS}} & \underline { \text { F}}\\\text { Time of Day } & 0.042 \\\text { Lesson Design } & 1.042 \\\text { Interaction }\\\text { Error } & 128.500 \\\text { Total } & 102950\end{array}$

-Refer to Exhibit 7-7.What is the F value for Lesson Design?

A) .006
B) .162
C) 9.864
D) None of these are true.

Question 60

Exhibit 7-7: A group of curriculum designers has developed a new system for teaching phonics to young children.They randomly selected 24 kindergarten students to receive either the old phonics method or the new phonics method.The designers realized that kindergartens have morning and afternoon classes, so they wanted to build this factor into the research design.The following is the mean, standard deviation, and number for each group.
$\begin{array}{lll}\text { Morning } & {\text { Old }}{} & {\text { New }}{} \\ & 16.33 & 13.50 \\ &1.03 & 2.74 \\& 6 & 6 \\ \text { Afternoon } & 13.17 & 16.83 \\ & 3.55 & 2.14 \\ & 6 & 6\end{array}$
The following is an incomplete summary table of the analysis of variance:
$\begin{array}{ll}\underline { \text { Source }} & \underline { \text { SS }} & \underline { \text { df }} & \underline { \text { MS}} & \underline { \text { F}}\\\text { Time of Day } & 0.042 \\\text { Lesson Design } & 1.042 \\\text { Interaction }\\\text { Error } & 128.500 \\\text { Total } & 102950\end{array}$

-Refer to Exhibit 7-7.What is the mean square for Time of Day?

A) .042
B) 1.042
C) 63.375
D) None of these are true.

Question 61

Exhibit 7-7: A group of curriculum designers has developed a new system for teaching phonics to young children.They randomly selected 24 kindergarten students to receive either the old phonics method or the new phonics method.The designers realized that kindergartens have morning and afternoon classes, so they wanted to build this factor into the research design.The following is the mean, standard deviation, and number for each group.
$\begin{array}{lll}\text { Morning } & {\text { Old }}{} & {\text { New }}{} \\ & 16.33 & 13.50 \\ &1.03 & 2.74 \\& 6 & 6 \\ \text { Afternoon } & 13.17 & 16.83 \\ & 3.55 & 2.14 \\ & 6 & 6\end{array}$
The following is an incomplete summary table of the analysis of variance:
$\begin{array}{ll}\underline { \text { Source }} & \underline { \text { SS }} & \underline { \text { df }} & \underline { \text { MS}} & \underline { \text { F}}\\\text { Time of Day } & 0.042 \\\text { Lesson Design } & 1.042 \\\text { Interaction }\\\text { Error } & 128.500 \\\text { Total } & 102950\end{array}$

-Refer to Exhibit 7-7.What are the degrees of freedom for Error?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 20
D) 24

Question 62

Exhibit 7-10: Choose the appropriate statistic for the following situations.
Refer to Exhibit 7-10.Is the proportion of people who like Cola A different from the proportion of people who like Cola B?

A) Chi Square
B) Multifactor Analysis of Variance
C) t-test for dependent means
D) t-test for independent means
E) None of these are true.

Question 63

Exhibit 7-8: A pet store owner buys equal amounts of supplies for all types of animals.She wonders if the proportions of her customers are equal or are the same.She collected the following data over a period of a week:


$\begin{array}{lccc}&&& \underline { \text { Products for }}\\&\underline { \text { Dogs }} & \underline { \text { Cats }} & \underline { \text { Fish }} & \underline { \text { Birds}} & \underline { \text { Rodents }}\\\text { Customers }&46&48&35&28&28\end{array}$


-Refer to Exhibit 7-8.The store owner

A) should continue to buy supplies in equal quantities.
B) should adjust the quantity of supplies.
C) does not have enough evidence to make a decision.
D) None of these are true.

Question 64

Exhibit 7-9: A group of 100 college students and 100 college graduates was asked to reply to the question, "In general, do you enjoy reading a college textbook?" The following are the results:

Refer to Exhibit 7-9.How many degrees of freedom are there for the statistic?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 5
D) 1 and 5

Question 65

Exhibit 7-9: A group of 100 college students and 100 college graduates was asked to reply to the question, "In general, do you enjoy reading a college textbook?" The following are the results:

Refer to Exhibit 7-9.What is the value for the statistic?

A) 5.32
B) 8.56
C) 12.99
D) None of these are true.

Question 66

Exhibit 7-9: A group of 100 college students and 100 college graduates was asked to reply to the question, "In general, do you enjoy reading a college textbook?" The following are the results:

Refer to Exhibit 7-9.The researcher can conclude that

A) students who have graduated read more than current college students.
B) there is not enough evidence to make a decision.
C) there is an association between being a student or a graduate and enjoying textbook reading.
D) None of these are true.

Question 67

Exhibit 7-10: Choose the appropriate statistic for the following situations.
Refer to Exhibit 7-10.Do first-year college students differ from college seniors on a reading attitude scale?

A) Chi Square
B) Multifactor Analysis of Variance
C) t-test for dependent means
D) t-test for independent means
E) None of these are true.

Question 68

Exhibit 7-7: A group of curriculum designers has developed a new system for teaching phonics to young children.They randomly selected 24 kindergarten students to receive either the old phonics method or the new phonics method.The designers realized that kindergartens have morning and afternoon classes, so they wanted to build this factor into the research design.The following is the mean, standard deviation, and number for each group.
$\begin{array}{lll}\text { Morning } & {\text { Old }}{} & {\text { New }}{} \\ & 16.33 & 13.50 \\ &1.03 & 2.74 \\& 6 & 6 \\ \text { Afternoon } & 13.17 & 16.83 \\ & 3.55 & 2.14 \\ & 6 & 6\end{array}$
The following is an incomplete summary table of the analysis of variance:
$\begin{array}{ll}\underline { \text { Source }} & \underline { \text { SS }} & \underline { \text { df }} & \underline { \text { MS}} & \underline { \text { F}}\\\text { Time of Day } & 0.042 \\\text { Lesson Design } & 1.042 \\\text { Interaction }\\\text { Error } & 128.500 \\\text { Total } & 102950\end{array}$

-Refer to Exhibit 7-7.Which sources of variance are significant?

A) Time of Day
B) Lesson Design
C) Interaction
D) a and b
E) None of these are true.

Question 69

Exhibit 7-10: Choose the appropriate statistic for the following situations.
Refer to Exhibit 7-10.The mean grade for an advanced statistics course will be higher than the mean grade for an introductory course in statistics.

A) Chi Square
B) Multifactor Analysis of Variance
C) t-test for dependent means
D) t-test for independent means
E) None of these are true.

Question 70

Exhibit 7-9: A group of 100 college students and 100 college graduates was asked to reply to the question, "In general, do you enjoy reading a college textbook?" The following are the results:

Refer to Exhibit 7-9.What is the appropriate statistic for this data?

A) Chi Square Goodness of Fit
B) Chi Square Test of Independence
C) Analysis of Variance
D) None of these are true.

Question 71

Exhibit 7-10: Choose the appropriate statistic for the following situations.
Refer to Exhibit 7-10.A significantly greater proportion of special education teachers have "burned out" compared to the proportion of regular classroom teachers.

A) Chi Square
B) Multifactor Analysis of Variance
C) t-test for dependent means
D) t-test for independent means
E) None of these are true.

Question 72

Exhibit 7-7: A group of curriculum designers has developed a new system for teaching phonics to young children.They randomly selected 24 kindergarten students to receive either the old phonics method or the new phonics method.The designers realized that kindergartens have morning and afternoon classes, so they wanted to build this factor into the research design.The following is the mean, standard deviation, and number for each group.
$\begin{array}{lll}\text { Morning } & {\text { Old }}{} & {\text { New }}{} \\ & 16.33 & 13.50 \\ &1.03 & 2.74 \\& 6 & 6 \\ \text { Afternoon } & 13.17 & 16.83 \\ & 3.55 & 2.14 \\ & 6 & 6\end{array}$
The following is an incomplete summary table of the analysis of variance:
$\begin{array}{ll}\underline { \text { Source }} & \underline { \text { SS }} & \underline { \text { df }} & \underline { \text { MS}} & \underline { \text { F}}\\\text { Time of Day } & 0.042 \\\text { Lesson Design } & 1.042 \\\text { Interaction }\\\text { Error } & 128.500 \\\text { Total } & 102950\end{array}$

-Refer to Exhibit 7-7.The designers can conclude

A) there is evidence to suggest a difference between the morning and afternoon classes.
B) there is evidence to suggest a difference between the old and new lesson designs.
C) there is evidence to suggest that the lesson design effect in the morning is different from the lesson design effect in the afternoon.
D) None of these are true.

Question 73

Exhibit 7-8: A pet store owner buys equal amounts of supplies for all types of animals.She wonders if the proportions of her customers are equal or are the same.She collected the following data over a period of a week:


$\begin{array}{lccc}&&& \underline { \text { Products for }}\\&\underline { \text { Dogs }} & \underline { \text { Cats }} & \underline { \text { Fish }} & \underline { \text { Birds}} & \underline { \text { Rodents }}\\\text { Customers }&46&48&35&28&28\end{array}$


-Refer to Exhibit 7-8.What is the appropriate statistic for this question?

A) Chi Square Test of Independence
B) Chi Square Goodness of Fit
C) Analysis of Variance
D) None of these are true.

Question 74

Exhibit 7-10: Choose the appropriate statistic for the following situations.
Refer to Exhibit 7-10.Do college graduation and generation membership influence the amount of money people are willing to be spend on a house?

A) Chi Square
B) Multifactor Analysis of Variance
C) t-test for dependent means
D) t-test for independent means
E) None of these are true.

Question 75

Exhibit 7-10: Choose the appropriate statistic for the following situations.
Refer to Exhibit 7-10.The proportion of teachers who take summer courses is greater than the proportion of businesspersons who take summer courses.

A) Chi Square
B) Multifactor Analysis of Variance
C) t-test for dependent means
D) t-test for independent means
E) None of these are true.

Question 76

Exhibit 7-7: A group of curriculum designers has developed a new system for teaching phonics to young children.They randomly selected 24 kindergarten students to receive either the old phonics method or the new phonics method.The designers realized that kindergartens have morning and afternoon classes, so they wanted to build this factor into the research design.The following is the mean, standard deviation, and number for each group.
$\begin{array}{lll}\text { Morning } & {\text { Old }}{} & {\text { New }}{} \\ & 16.33 & 13.50 \\ &1.03 & 2.74 \\& 6 & 6 \\ \text { Afternoon } & 13.17 & 16.83 \\ & 3.55 & 2.14 \\ & 6 & 6\end{array}$
The following is an incomplete summary table of the analysis of variance:
$\begin{array}{ll}\underline { \text { Source }} & \underline { \text { SS }} & \underline { \text { df }} & \underline { \text { MS}} & \underline { \text { F}}\\\text { Time of Day } & 0.042 \\\text { Lesson Design } & 1.042 \\\text { Interaction }\\\text { Error } & 128.500 \\\text { Total } & 102950\end{array}$

-Refer to Exhibit 7-7.What is the F value for the Interaction?

A) .006
B) .162
C) 9.864
D) None of these are true.

Question 77

Exhibit 7-8: A pet store owner buys equal amounts of supplies for all types of animals.She wonders if the proportions of her customers are equal or are the same.She collected the following data over a period of a week:


$\begin{array}{lccc}&&& \underline { \text { Products for }}\\&\underline { \text { Dogs }} & \underline { \text { Cats }} & \underline { \text { Fish }} & \underline { \text { Birds}} & \underline { \text { Rodents }}\\\text { Customers }&46&48&35&28&28\end{array}$


-Refer to Exhibit 7-8.What are the degrees of freedom for the statistic?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 4
D) 1 and 5

Question 78

Exhibit 7-7: A group of curriculum designers has developed a new system for teaching phonics to young children.They randomly selected 24 kindergarten students to receive either the old phonics method or the new phonics method.The designers realized that kindergartens have morning and afternoon classes, so they wanted to build this factor into the research design.The following is the mean, standard deviation, and number for each group.
$\begin{array}{lll}\text { Morning } & {\text { Old }}{} & {\text { New }}{} \\ & 16.33 & 13.50 \\ &1.03 & 2.74 \\& 6 & 6 \\ \text { Afternoon } & 13.17 & 16.83 \\ & 3.55 & 2.14 \\ & 6 & 6\end{array}$
The following is an incomplete summary table of the analysis of variance:
$\begin{array}{ll}\underline { \text { Source }} & \underline { \text { SS }} & \underline { \text { df }} & \underline { \text { MS}} & \underline { \text { F}}\\\text { Time of Day } & 0.042 \\\text { Lesson Design } & 1.042 \\\text { Interaction }\\\text { Error } & 128.500 \\\text { Total } & 102950\end{array}$

-Refer to Exhibit 7-7.Which of the following is associated with greatest power

A) small effect size, small number, small heterogeneity.
B) large effect size, small number, small heterogeneity.
C) large effect size, large number, small heterogeneity.
D) large effect size, large number, large heterogeneity.

Question 79

Exhibit 7-8: A pet store owner buys equal amounts of supplies for all types of animals.She wonders if the proportions of her customers are equal or are the same.She collected the following data over a period of a week:


$\begin{array}{lccc}&&& \underline { \text { Products for }}\\&\underline { \text { Dogs }} & \underline { \text { Cats }} & \underline { \text { Fish }} & \underline { \text { Birds}} & \underline { \text { Rodents }}\\\text { Customers }&46&48&35&28&28\end{array}$


-Refer to Exhibit 7-8.What is the value for the statistic?

A) 1.05
B) 5.45
C) 9.95
D) None of these are true.

Question 80

Exhibit 7-10: Choose the appropriate statistic for the following situations.
Refer to Exhibit 7-10.Do customers spend more through a store's catalog or in person at the store?

A) Chi Square
B) Multifactor Analysis of Variance
C) t-test for dependent means
D) t-test for independent means
E) None of these are true.