Question 1

In designing qualitative inquiry, a qualitative researcher is more likely to&#10;A) choose a design based on the assumed variables.&#10;B) specify all the variables before a study.&#10;C) test a specific null hypothesis.&#10;D) adapt the design as the study progresses.

Accepted Answer

In qualitative inquiry, the researcher often starts with a general idea or question and adapts the design as the study progresses based on new information and insights gained from data collection and analysis. This allows for flexibility and the ability to explore unexpected findings, rather than being limited by preconceived variables or hypotheses.

Question 2

Which of the following is a qualitative research problem?&#10;A) Is there a relationship between size of high school and the percent of its graduates attending college?&#10;B) How does the self-esteem of high-achieving and low-achieving high school students compare?&#10;C) How do immigrant high school age students from war-torn countries adjust when enrolled in a white suburban U.S.high school?&#10;D) What is the relationship of specified non-cognitive variables to achievement and persistence of minority students in a large research university?

Accepted Answer

Option C is a qualitative research problem because it focuses on understanding the experiences and adjustment processes of immigrant high school students from war-torn countries, which involves exploring their perspectives, feelings, and social contexts in a detailed and descriptive manner.

Question 3

According to Lincoln and Guba, the primary criterion of the adequacy of the sample size in a qualitative inquiry is&#10;A) data triangulation.&#10;B) data representation.&#10;C) data saturation.&#10;D) data stratification.

Accepted Answer

According to Lincoln and Guba, the primary criterion of the adequacy of the sample size in a qualitative inquiry is data saturation, which is the point in the research process where no new information or themes are emerging from the data being collected. It means that the researcher has reached a point of data saturation, and there is no need to gather more data as it would not contribute to the research findings. Therefore, data saturation is the most appropriate criterion to determine the adequacy of the sample size in qualitative research.

Question 4

Aspects of educational research for which qualitative methodology is especially appropriate are&#10;A) hypothesis testing.&#10;B) hypothesis generation.&#10;C) theory development.&#10;D) a and c&#10;E) b and c

Accepted Answer

Qualitative methodology is especially appropriate for hypothesis generation and theory development in educational research. Qualitative research methods, such as interviews, focus groups, and observation, allow researchers to explore complex social phenomena and produce rich and detailed descriptions of participants' experiences and perceptions. They also offer opportunities for participants to express their own ideas and perspectives, which can help generate new hypotheses and theory development. However, qualitative research methods do not typically involve hypothesis testing, which is more commonly associated with quantitative research methods.

Question 5

The most important criterion for selecting participants in a qualitative study is to select those who can&#10;A) provide information about the topic and setting being investigated.&#10;B) provide a representative sample of the target population.&#10;C) increase the dependability of the study.&#10;D) increase the transferability of the study's findings.

Accepted Answer

The most important criterion for selecting participants in a qualitative study is to select those who can provide in-depth information about the topic and setting being investigated. This criterion ensures that the study's research questions are addressed thoroughly and comprehensively. While representativeness, dependability, and transferability are important considerations in qualitative research, they are secondary to selecting participants who can provide rich data.

Question 6

A qualitative researcher who uses snowball sampling selects participants on the basis of&#10;A) their ability to maximize differences on certain characteristics.&#10;B) their homogeneity in attitudes and experiences.&#10;C) their representing negative or deviant cases.&#10;D) recommendations from participants.

Accepted Answer

Snowball sampling relies on recommendations from participants to identify additional participants who meet the criteria of the study. This method is often used when the population of interest is difficult to access or identify, such as marginalized or stigmatized groups. The researcher relies on the social networks of the initial participants to identify others who may be interested and eligible to participate in the study.

Question 7

Which of the following is not an assumption in qualitative research?&#10;A) Reality of socially constructed.&#10;B) Variables can be identified and measured.&#10;C) There is a need to understand the emic perspective.&#10;D) Variables are complex and difficult to measure.

Accepted Answer

The assumption that variables can be identified and measured is more commonly associated with quantitative research. Qualitative research tends to prioritize the understanding of subjective experiences and the meanings individuals attach to them, rather than focusing on measurable variables. Instead, qualitative research assumes that variables are complex and difficult to measure, and that there is a need to understand the emic perspective (i.e. the perspectives and meanings that are culturally relevant to the participants). Additionally, qualitative research assumes that reality is socially constructed, meaning that what is considered "real" is shaped by cultural and societal factors.

Question 8

In a qualitative investigation, sampling that eliminates any extreme cases is described as&#10;A) maximum variation.&#10;B) comprehensive.&#10;C) extreme case.&#10;D) typical case.

Accepted Answer

The sampling that eliminates any extreme cases is referred to as typical case sampling. This method involves selecting participants who are representative of the typical or average experience of the population being studied, rather than selecting outliers or extreme cases.

Question 9

Quantitative and qualitative inquiry agree on&#10;A) the basic research assumptions of the physical sciences.&#10;B) the aim of scientific discovery.&#10;C) the type of methodology to be used.&#10;D) None of these are true.

Accepted Answer

Both quantitative and qualitative inquiry aim for scientific discovery, although they may differ in their approach and the types of questions they ask. A is not true because qualitative research often operates under different assumptions than the physical sciences, and quantitative research may also deviate from these assumptions in certain cases. C is not true because quantitative and qualitative inquiry often use different methodologies, and may even employ both approaches within the same study.

Question 10

In contrast to quantitative research, qualitative research is least concerned with&#10;A) observation.&#10;B) subjects.&#10;C) conclusions.&#10;D) generalizations.

Accepted Answer

Qualitative research is focused on gathering in-depth understanding of individual experiences, perspectives, and behaviors. It does not aim to generalize findings to a larger population, which is a key concern in quantitative research. Qualitative research is also less concerned with specific subjects, and more interested in the richness and complexity of their experiences. Observation and drawing conclusions are still important elements of qualitative research, but they are not the primary focus.

Question 11

Which of the following is not a major characteristics of qualitative inquiry&#10;A) humans are the primary data collection instrument.&#10;B) use of descriptive data.&#10;C) deductive analysis.&#10;D) emergent design.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is not a...

Question 12

The sampling technique sometimes used in qualitative studies but not recommended because it lacks credibility is&#10;A) convenience.&#10;B) unique case&#10;C) network.&#10;D) maximum variation.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The sampling technique sometimes used in qualitative...

Question 13

Qualitative inquiry states that human behavior&#10;A) can be generalized from setting to setting.&#10;B) can be generalized if the variables are controlled.&#10;C) is bound to the context of the setting.&#10;D) is universal in nature.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Qualitative inquiry states that human behavior&#10;A) can...

Question 14

According to the text, which of the following is not a suggestion for choosing a problem for qualitative research in education? The problem should&#10;A) be interesting and one for which the researcher's skills are adequate.&#10;B) make a contribution to the body of knowledge in education.&#10;C) be one in which the researcher is directly involved, such as a problem in one's own school.&#10;D) be limited in scope so that it can be completed in a reasonable amount of time.

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to the text, which of the...

Question 15

In a qualitative investigation, sampling that focuses on atypical cases is described as&#10;A) maximum variation.&#10;B) comprehensive.&#10;C) typical case.&#10;D) extreme case.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In a qualitative investigation, sampling that focuses...

Question 16

Which of the following terms best describes the type of sampling used in qualitative research?&#10;A) Random&#10;B) Stratified&#10;C) Purposive&#10;D) Proportional

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following terms best describes...

Question 17

Topics not often investigated through qualitative methods include those that involve&#10;A) activities in a natural setting.&#10;B) the study of roles and perspectives.&#10;C) prediction of behaviors&#10;D) closed cultures.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Topics not often investigated through qualitative methods...

Question 18

Qualitative researchers believe that values&#10;A) play a role in every study.&#10;B) must be identified and acknowledged as part of the research process.&#10;C) must be controlled using objective procedures.&#10;D) a and b&#10;E) b and c

Accepted Answer

The answer of Qualitative researchers believe that values&#10;A) play a...

Question 19

In a qualitative investigation, sampling that involves selecting participants who exhibit different levels of the phenomenon of interest is called&#10;A) critical case.&#10;B) theoretical.&#10;C) intensity.&#10;D) homogenous.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In a qualitative investigation, sampling that involves...

Question 20

The initial topic that a qualitative researcher chooses for investigation is called the&#10;A) emergent design.&#10;B) grounded problem.&#10;C) inductive hypothesis.&#10;D) focus of inquiry.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The initial topic that a qualitative researcher...

Question 21

An advantage of participant observation is that the procedure reduces the tendency for&#10;A) the group being observed to try to keep the observer from learning what is going on.&#10;B) some subjects in the group to hide their identity.&#10;C) the observer to use technical language or jargon.&#10;D) the subjects to deny the observer access to relevant activities.

Accepted Answer

The answer of An advantage of participant observation is that...

Question 22

A limitation in qualitative research is that subjects being observed in a setting may not behave naturally.This problem is referred to as&#10;A) observer bias.&#10;B) observer effect.&#10;C) participant effect.&#10;D) context bias.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A limitation in qualitative research is that...

Question 23

In participant observation, a major disadvantage of letting subjects know the researcher and his/her purpose is that&#10;A) only the simplest behaviors can be observed.&#10;B) the researcher's presence may change the situation.&#10;C) it is more difficult to ask questions and record observations.&#10;D) it is unethical to let the people become aware of the purpose.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In participant observation, a major disadvantage of...

Question 24

Which of the following does not describe the qualitative approach&#10;A) Searches for larger patterns.&#10;B) Looks for complexity.&#10;C) Uses induction.&#10;D) Uses abstract language in reporting.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following does not describe...

Question 25

Questions that ask about how a phenomenon occurs are called&#10;A) Particularizing questions.&#10;B) Generic questions.&#10;C) Process questions.&#10;D) Variance questions

Accepted Answer

The answer of Questions that ask about how a phenomenon...

Question 26

The best way to reduce observer effect in qualitative studies is to use ____observation.&#10;A) unstructured&#10;B) structured&#10;C) obtrusive&#10;D) unobtrusive

Accepted Answer

The answer of The best way to reduce observer effect...

Question 27

A qualitative researcher who becomes a member of a group in order to observe the group but maintains distance from the group is called a(n)&#10;A) participant observer.&#10;B) observer participant.&#10;C) nonparticipant observer&#10;D) complete observer.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A qualitative researcher who becomes a member...

Question 28

A major distinction between participant and non-participant observation is that the non-participant observer&#10;A) can gain sensitive information more easily.&#10;B) can remain more emotionally detached in the research setting.&#10;C) can more easily conceal his/her role as observer.&#10;D) can more easily develop interpersonal relationships.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A major distinction between participant and non-participant...

Question 29

A qualitative researcher negotiates entry to a particular site by adopting a role as&#10;A) participant observer.&#10;B) observer participant.&#10;C) collaborative partner.&#10;D) any one of the above.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A qualitative researcher negotiates entry to a...

Question 30

When the observer's attitudes and values affect an observation or the interpretation of the observation, this is known as&#10;A) observer effect.&#10;B) observer bias.&#10;C) participant effect.&#10;D) context bias.

Accepted Answer

The answer of When the observer's attitudes and values affect...

Question 31

The kind of information typically recorded in field notes is&#10;A) observer interpretations and conclusions about a setting.&#10;B) descriptions about participants/setting and verbatim quotes.&#10;C) observer comments and descriptions of the participants/setting.&#10;D) observer comments and interpretations about a setting.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The kind of information typically recorded in...

Question 32

A major problem associated with observation in qualitative research is the&#10;A) bias induced by the participants.&#10;B) lack of standardized instruments for observation.&#10;C) limited range of behavior that can be observed.&#10;D) presence of the observer may change the situation.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A major problem associated with observation in...

Question 33

&#34;Naturalistic inquiry&#34; is&#10;A) a method of uncovering the physical laws of nature.&#10;B) the quantitative contribution to qualitative inquiry&#10;C) the same as &#34;naturalism.&#34;&#10;D) the study of subjects in their natural environment.

Accepted Answer

The answer of &#34;Naturalistic inquiry&#34; is&#10;A) a method of uncovering...

Question 34

Direct observation of behavior in a naturalistic situation, as compared with observation in a situational test, requires that&#10;A) predetermined hypotheses be tested.&#10;B) the situation be less structured, with behaviors more spontaneous.&#10;C) the observation be more obtrusive and more short-range.&#10;D) the task each subject is asked to perform is the same.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Direct observation of behavior in a naturalistic...

Question 35

Qualitative inquirers collect data through&#10;A) observation.&#10;B) interviews.&#10;C) document analysis.&#10;D) All of these are true.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Qualitative inquirers collect data through&#10;A) observation.&#10;B) interviews.&#10;C)...

Question 36

Which of the following activities is not typical of researchers doing participant observation?&#10;A) Using personal experiences as useable data&#10;B) Becoming totally immersed in the setting&#10;C) Being totally objective in data collection and interpretation&#10;D) Revising hypotheses as the research proceeds

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following activities is not...

Question 37

Questions that ask about what is happening in a specific context are called&#10;A) Particularizing questions.&#10;B) Generic questions.&#10;C) Process questions.&#10;D) Variance questions

Accepted Answer

The answer of Questions that ask about what is happening...

Question 38

Field notes typically contain the researcher's&#10;A) reflections.&#10;B) descriptions.&#10;C) interpretations.&#10;D) a and b above&#10;E) a, b, and c above

Accepted Answer

The answer of Field notes typically contain the researcher's&#10;A) reflections.&#10;B)...

Question 39

Which of the following is not involved in a researcher's becoming part of a site for qualitative research?&#10;A) getting permission from the site&#10;B) setting up visitation schedule at the site&#10;C) asking participants what they want investigated at the site&#10;D) preparing answers to questions that participants have

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is not involved...

Question 40

Which of the following is not a criterion used in evaluating the design of a qualitative study&#10;A) Efficiency in data collection&#10;B) Precision of measures&#10;C) Informational adequacy.&#10;D) Ethical considerations

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is not a...

Question 41

Which is more characteristic of quantitative research?&#10;A) The operational definitions of variables are determined before the study begins.&#10;B) The design emerges as the study proceeds.&#10;C) Studies human experience holistically.&#10;D) Human experience is studied in naturally occurring settings.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which is more characteristic of quantitative research?&#10;A)...

Question 42

Special ethical issues that might occur related to qualitative research include&#10;A) guilty knowledge.&#10;B) reciprocation.&#10;C) lack of anonymity.&#10;D) alteration of the research plan.&#10;E) All of these are true.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Special ethical issues that might occur related...

Question 43

An individual person, organization, setting, group, event, artifact or document selected as part of a qualitative study is referred to as a&#10;A) Case.&#10;B) Subject&#10;C) Sample&#10;D) Unit

Accepted Answer

The answer of An individual person, organization, setting, group, event,...

Question 44

A strategy used in interviewing that helps lead to more detailed responses is&#10;A) audio taping.&#10;B) fixed response format .&#10;C) the probe.&#10;D) the grand tour question.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A strategy used in interviewing that helps...

Question 45

Which of the following would be less likely to occur in conducting a focus group interview&#10;A) Group think&#10;B) Difficulty scheduling.&#10;C) Socially acceptable answers.&#10;D) Deep emotional insights

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following would be less...

Question 46

MATCHING&#10;Match the sampling strategies below with the examples provided.&#10;a.Comprehensive &#10;b.Critical case &#10;c.Maximum variation &#10;d.Extreme/deviant/unique &#10;e.Typical &#10;f.Negative/discrepant &#10;g.Opportunistic &#10;h.Convenience&#10;i.Homogenous&#10;j.Snowball/chain/network&#10;k.Intensity&#10;l.Stratified purposeful&#10;m.Random purposeful&#10;n.Theoretical&#10;o.Criterion&#10;Selecting children who have a history of abuse to better understand avoidant attachment disorder which research suggests is a result of abusive or neglectful caregivers.

Accepted Answer

The answer of MATCHING&#10;Match the sampling strategies below with the...

Question 47

MATCHING&#10;Match the sampling strategies below with the examples provided.&#10;a.Comprehensive &#10;b.Critical case &#10;c.Maximum variation &#10;d.Extreme/deviant/unique &#10;e.Typical &#10;f.Negative/discrepant &#10;g.Opportunistic &#10;h.Convenience&#10;i.Homogenous&#10;j.Snowball/chain/network&#10;k.Intensity&#10;l.Stratified purposeful&#10;m.Random purposeful&#10;n.Theoretical&#10;o.Criterion&#10;Selecting highly successful individuals from families where all other siblings are in prison or living in poverty to determine what factors supported them in avoiding similar circumstances.

Accepted Answer

The answer of MATCHING&#10;Match the sampling strategies below with the...

Question 48

Which of the following is not suggested in qualitative interviewing&#10;A) Avoid leading questions.&#10;B) Share your own experiences.&#10;C) Avoid reinforcing responses&#10;D) Ask open ended questions

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is not suggested...

Question 49

Questions that would be more likely found in a quantitative study are&#10;A) Particularizing questions.&#10;B) Generic questions.&#10;C) Process questions.&#10;D) Variance questions

Accepted Answer

The answer of Questions that would be more likely found...

Question 50

Which is not a category into which documents can be classified&#10;A) Personal documents&#10;B) Private records&#10;C) Physical materials .&#10;D) Researcher-generated documents.&#10;E) Public records.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which is not a category into which...

Question 51

MATCHING&#10;Match the sampling strategies below with the examples provided.&#10;a.Comprehensive &#10;b.Critical case &#10;c.Maximum variation &#10;d.Extreme/deviant/unique &#10;e.Typical &#10;f.Negative/discrepant &#10;g.Opportunistic &#10;h.Convenience&#10;i.Homogenous&#10;j.Snowball/chain/network&#10;k.Intensity&#10;l.Stratified purposeful&#10;m.Random purposeful&#10;n.Theoretical&#10;o.Criterion&#10;Selecting members of your own church to study faith,

Accepted Answer

The answer of MATCHING&#10;Match the sampling strategies below with the...

Question 52

The following is not an advantage of using a focus group as a data collection tool&#10;A) They bring several different perspectives into contact.&#10;B) They are economical is use of time.&#10;C) They are flexible and open.&#10;D) They are easy to control.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The following is not an advantage of...

Question 53

Which of the data collection strategies is least likely to be used in a qualitative study&#10;A) Individual interviews.&#10;B) Observations.&#10;C) Standardized tests.&#10;D) Document review

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the data collection strategies is...

Question 54

In qualitative research, the point at which data collection is halted because no new information is forthcoming is called&#10;A) Data maximization.&#10;B) Data saturation.&#10;C) Maximum sampling.&#10;D) Data triangulation

Accepted Answer

The answer of In qualitative research, the point at which...

Question 55

MATCHING&#10;Match the sampling strategies below with the examples provided.&#10;a.Comprehensive &#10;b.Critical case &#10;c.Maximum variation &#10;d.Extreme/deviant/unique &#10;e.Typical &#10;f.Negative/discrepant &#10;g.Opportunistic &#10;h.Convenience&#10;i.Homogenous&#10;j.Snowball/chain/network&#10;k.Intensity&#10;l.Stratified purposeful&#10;m.Random purposeful&#10;n.Theoretical&#10;o.Criterion&#10;Selecting all teachers in a school to interview about a new program they are implementing.

Accepted Answer

The answer of MATCHING&#10;Match the sampling strategies below with the...

Question 56

MATCHING&#10;Match the sampling strategies below with the examples provided.&#10;a.Comprehensive &#10;b.Critical case &#10;c.Maximum variation &#10;d.Extreme/deviant/unique &#10;e.Typical &#10;f.Negative/discrepant &#10;g.Opportunistic &#10;h.Convenience&#10;i.Homogenous&#10;j.Snowball/chain/network&#10;k.Intensity&#10;l.Stratified purposeful&#10;m.Random purposeful&#10;n.Theoretical&#10;o.Criterion&#10;Selecting participants who score high, low, and moderate on a measure of anxiety to study feelings of anxiety

Accepted Answer

The answer of MATCHING&#10;Match the sampling strategies below with the...

Question 57

MATCHING&#10;Match the sampling strategies below with the examples provided.&#10;a.Comprehensive &#10;b.Critical case &#10;c.Maximum variation &#10;d.Extreme/deviant/unique &#10;e.Typical &#10;f.Negative/discrepant &#10;g.Opportunistic &#10;h.Convenience&#10;i.Homogenous&#10;j.Snowball/chain/network&#10;k.Intensity&#10;l.Stratified purposeful&#10;m.Random purposeful&#10;n.Theoretical&#10;o.Criterion&#10;Selecting an urban, rural and suburban school to study bullying behavior among students.

Accepted Answer

The answer of MATCHING&#10;Match the sampling strategies below with the...

Question 58

Selecting a single unit to examine qualitatively in order to test a theory is called&#10;A) Unique case sampling.&#10;B) Discrepant case sampling.&#10;C) Critical case sampling.&#10;D) Typical case sampling

Accepted Answer

The answer of Selecting a single unit to examine qualitatively...

Question 59

Selecting study participants because they are very similar in attitudes, experiences, or other characteristics is known as&#10;A) Homogenous sampling.&#10;B) Network sampling.&#10;C) Comprehensive sampling.&#10;D) Critical case sampling

Accepted Answer

The answer of Selecting study participants because they are very...

Question 60

Which is more characteristic of qualitative research?&#10;A) Hypotheses are made before observation begins.&#10;B) Assumes that human behavior is context-bound.&#10;C) Subjects are randomly assigned to treatments.&#10;D) The interpretation of data is done at the conclusion of the study.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which is more characteristic of qualitative research?&#10;A)...

Question 61

MATCHING&#10;Match the sampling strategies below with the examples provided.&#10;a.Comprehensive &#10;b.Critical case &#10;c.Maximum variation &#10;d.Extreme/deviant/unique &#10;e.Typical &#10;f.Negative/discrepant &#10;g.Opportunistic &#10;h.Convenience&#10;i.Homogenous&#10;j.Snowball/chain/network&#10;k.Intensity&#10;l.Stratified purposeful&#10;m.Random purposeful&#10;n.Theoretical&#10;o.Criterion&#10;Selecting in-state, out-of-state, and international college students to interview based on the percentages of each group in the total student population.

Accepted Answer

The answer of MATCHING&#10;Match the sampling strategies below with the...

Question 62

Explain the difference between particularizing and process questions and give an example of each.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain the difference between particularizing and process...

Question 63

MATCHING&#10;Match the sampling strategies below with the examples provided.&#10;a.Comprehensive &#10;b.Critical case &#10;c.Maximum variation &#10;d.Extreme/deviant/unique &#10;e.Typical &#10;f.Negative/discrepant &#10;g.Opportunistic &#10;h.Convenience&#10;i.Homogenous&#10;j.Snowball/chain/network&#10;k.Intensity&#10;l.Stratified purposeful&#10;m.Random purposeful&#10;n.Theoretical&#10;o.Criterion&#10;Selecting a school to study that has demonstrated average performance for the past five years.

Accepted Answer

The answer of MATCHING&#10;Match the sampling strategies below with the...

Question 64

Describe at least four of the major characteristics of qualitative research.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe at least four of the major...

Deck 15: Defining and Designing Qualitative Research