Deck 15: Testing for Differences Between Groups and for Relationships Among Variables

Question 1

To use the chi-square test,both variables in a 2 x 2 contingency table must be measured on a ratio scale.

Answer 1

False
A frequency count of data that nominally identify or categorically rank groups is acceptable.

Question 2

When no direction of a relationship is stated in the hypothesis,a one-tailed test is appropriate.

Answer 2

False
A two-tailed test is appropriate.

Question 3

Tests are bivariate tests of differences when they involve only two variables: a variable that acts like a dependent variable and a variable that acts as a classification variable.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

The degrees of freedom are calculated as
d.f. = n - 1 when using the t-test for comparing two means.

Question 5

The chi-square test requires the researcher to compare the observed frequencies of the groups with the expected frequencies of the groups.

Question 6

One way to test the significance of contingency tables is by means of the t-test.

Question 7

The first basic step in interpreting t-test results is to find the p-value associated with a particular t and the corresponding degrees of freedom.

Question 8

A Z-test for differences of proportions requires a sample size greater than 100.

Question 9

The t-test assumes that the two population means are equal.

Question 10

A pooled estimate of the standard error is a better estimate of the standard error than one based on the variance from either sample.

Question 11

A t-test is not appropriate and should not be used when the sample size is greater than 30.

Question 12

In practice,computer software is used to compute the t-test results.

Question 13

If a researcher is interested in whether adult males purchase a product more frequently than adult females,this is an example of univariate statistics.

Question 14

A paired-sample t-test is an appropriate test for comparing the scores of two interval variables drawn from related populations.

Question 15

The chi-square test requires that the expected frequency in each cell of the contingency table be at least 30.

Question 16

The reason that means that appear to be not so close could be concluded to be statistically the same is due to the variance.

Question 17

A cross-tabulation is a simple way to describe the relationships between two groups.

Question 18

The type of measurement,the nature of the comparison,and the number of groups to be compared influence the statistical choice.

Question 19

The independent samples t-test tests the differences between means taken from two independent samples or groups.

Question 20

The t-test for comparing the means of two groups assumes that the data are in nominal scales.

Question 21

The total mean is the mean of a variable over all observations.

Question 22

All of the following are true regarding cross-tabulation EXCEPT _____.

A) The x² distribution provides a means for testing the statistical significance of a contingency table.
B) The x² for a contingency table compares two means that are not from independent samples.
C) Cross-tabulations are much like tallying.
D) The x² test for a contingency table involves comparing the observed frequencies with the expected frequencies in each cell of the table.

Question 23

If 25 of the 35 females in a research study agree with a statement,and 15 of the 35 males agree with this statement,the expected value for males-agree is _____.

A) 15
B) 20
C) 25
D) 35

Question 24

In regression,the standardized Y-intercept term is always 1.

Question 25

A researcher hypothesizes that males and females differ with respect to attitude toward sports sponsorships.To investigate this hypothesis that these two groups' attitudes differ,he will use a _____.

A) bivariate test of differences
B) univariate test of differences
C) multivariate test of differences
D) cluster analysis

Question 26

The formula for the chi-square test uses _____.

A) observed and expected frequencies
B) observed and expected percentages
C) the two sample means
D) the two sample standard deviations

Question 27

In most business research,the estimate of a in a regression equation is most important.

Question 28

If the purpose of the regression analysis is forecasting,then standardized regression estimates must be used.

Question 29

In a brand awareness study,if 25 of a group of 35 males identify the brand correctly and 15 of a group of 35 females identify this brand correctly,the chi-square value for this study is approximately _____.

A) 3.26
B) 4.15
C) 5.84
D) 2.92

Question 30

The general linear model is a way of explaining and predicting a dependent variable based on fluctuations (variation)from its mean,with the fluctuations due to changes in independent variables.

Question 31

The F-test partitions the total variance into within-group variance and between-group variance.

Question 32

The business spreadsheet software,Excel,is capable of running statistical analyses.

Question 33

When a researcher needs to compare means for a variable grouped into two categories based on some less-than interval variable,a(n)_____ is appropriate.

A) p-test
B) t-test
C) x² test
D) univariate test

Question 34

The null hypothesis for an ANOVA test comparing the means of three groups is: m₁ ¹ m₂ ¹ m₃.

Question 35

Multicollinearity in regression analysis refers to the extent to which the independent variables are redundant.

Question 36

A(n)_____ is a test for hypotheses stating that the mean scores from some interval- or ratio-scaled variable group based on some less-than interval classificatory variable are not the same.

A) regression
B) cluster analysis
C) x² test
D) independent samples t-test

Question 37

how do you determine the degrees of freedom in a four-cell chi-square test?

A) (R + 1)
B) (R - 1)
C) (R - 1)(C - 1)
D) R(C - 1)

Question 38

In order to use the chi-square test,the expected frequency in each of the cells of the contingency table should be at least _____.

A) 2
B) 5
C) 30
D) 40

Question 39

Multiple regression analysis includes a single independent variable but several dependent variables.

Question 40

A _____ is an investigation of a hypothesis stating that two (or more)groups differ with respect to measures on a variable.

A) statistical conclusions
B) descriptive analysis
C) paired comparison
D) test of differences

Question 41

In a study comparing the means of two groups in which there are 45 males in Group 1 and 37 females in Group 2,the degrees of freedom for this study when using the t-test for the difference between means is:

A) 84
B) 80
C) 82
D) 160

Question 42

The Z-test for comparing two proportions is appropriate with which null hypothesis (H₀)?

A) π₁ = π₂.
B) π₁ ≠ π₂.
C) π₁ x π₂ = 1
D) π₁ - π₂ = 1

Question 43

Which test is appropriate for comparing the scores of two interval variables drawn from related populations?

A) ANOVA
B) relative t-test
C) relative x² test
D) pair-samples t-test

Question 44

The F-distribution is a function of _____.

A) SSB - SSE
B) SSE - SSB
C) SSB/SSE
D) SSE/SSB

Question 45

The key statistical test for an ANOVA model is the _____.

A) x² test
B) t-test
C) F-test
D) Z-test

Question 46

Which of the following is a requirement for using the Z-test for differences of proportions?

A) common sample
B) degrees of freedom of at least 50
C) sample size greater than 30
D) ratio measurement of all variables

Question 47

Multivariate dependence techniques are variants of the _____,which is a way of modeling some process based on how different variables cause fluctuations from the average dependent variable.

A) ordinary linear model (OLM)
B) weighted average model (WAM)
C) general linear model (GLM)
D) metric scaling model (MSM)

Question 48

In the regression equation,Y =α+ β X,Y is the _____.

A) dependent variable
B) slope
C) independent variable
D) y-intercept

Question 49

The mean of a variable over all observations is called the _____.

A) master mean
B) average mean
C) grand mean
D) ANOVA mean

Question 50

When a researcher is attempting to predict sales volume by using building permits,amount of advertising,and the income levels of residents,the researcher is using _____.

A) univariate analysis
B) a chi-square analysis
C) multiple regression analysis
D) factor analysis

Question 51

The sum of the differences between observed values and the group mean for a given set of observations is known as the _____.

A) within-group error
B) between-groups variance
C) F-ratio
D) g statistic

Question 52

Practically speaking,what is the first thing a researcher should do when interpreting ANOVA results?

A) examine the actual means for each group
B) determine the between-groups variance
C) examine the total variance
D) check whether or not the overall model F is significant

Question 53

Which should be used when comparing the means of three groups to see if they are significantly different from one another?

A) One-group t-test
B) ANOVA
C) Three-group t-test
D) Chi-square test

Question 54

Suppose that you used a 9-point rating scale and that you wanted to compare men who had an annual income over $50,000 (Group 1)with men who had an annual income less than or equal to $50,000 (Group 2)on their liking of a new product.If you studied 40 men in Group 1 and they have a mean of 7 and a standard deviation of 2.5,while the 35 men in Group 2 have a mean of 5 and a standard deviation of 1.4,what is the approximate value of t using the t-test?

A) 3.43
B) 4.19
C) 2.64
D) not enough information to determine

Question 55

Supposed you used a 10-point rating scale to measure intention-to-buy (1 = definitely would not buy and 10 = definitely would buy).If a group of 40 males had a mean of 7 and a standard deviation of 2.5,while a group of 35 females had a mean of 5 and a standard deviation of 1.4,the standard error of the difference between the means would be approximately _____.

A) 0.48
B) 1.36
C) 2.45
D) not enough information to determine

Question 56

Which of the following is the sum of differences between the group mean and the grand mean summed over all groups for a given set of observations?

A) between-groups variance
B) total error variance
C) F-statistic
D) x² value

Question 57

In using the t-test to compare the means of two groups,the degrees of freedom are calculated as _____.

A) n₁ - n₂ - 2
B) n₁ + n₂ - 2
C) n₁ x n₂ -2
D) n₁ / n₂ - 2

Question 58

In regression analysis,the symbol X is commonly used for the ______ variable,and the symbol Y is commonly used for the ______ variable.

A) dependent; moderating
B) independent; dependent
C) dependent; independent
D) independent; moderating

Question 59

All of the following are software that researchers can use to perform statistical calculations EXCEPT _____.

A) Excel
B) SAS
C) ANOVA
D) JMP

Question 60

In practice,what is the first step in interpreting the t-test when comparing two means?

A) compute the t-test value
B) find the p-value associated with the t and the corresponding degrees of freedom
C) examine the difference in means to find the "direction" of any difference
D) examine if there is a difference at the 50 percent confidence interval before examining the 95 percent confidence interval

Question 61

The statistical test for an ANOVA model is the ______.

Question 62

An appropriate test for comparing the scores of two interval variables drawn from related populations is the _____.

Question 63

The sum of differences between the group mean and the grand mean summed over all groups for a given set of observations is called _____ variance.

Question 64

The formula for determining the degrees of freedom for a chi-square test is ______.

Question 65

The statistical significance of a regression model is determined using which test?

A) t-test
B) x²
C) F-test
D) Z-test

Question 66

Which of the following provides a common metric allowing regression results to be compared to one another no matter what the original scale range may have been?

A) standardized regression coefficient (b)
B) x²
C) coefficient of determination (R2)
D) raw parameter estimates

Question 67

The ______ test studies the significance of a contingency table.

Question 68

_____ is the appropriate statistical tool to use when comparing the means of three or more groups to see if they are significantly different from one another.

Question 69

Lance is studying the relationship between sales training of the sales force and customer satisfaction and loyalty.When researchers like Lance are focused on explanation rather than prediction,then which of the following is most appropriate when using simple regression?

A) standardized regression coefficient (b)
B) Y-intercept a
C) x²
D) raw parameter estimates

Question 70

Which of the following is most appropriate if the purpose of the regression analysis is forecasting?

A) standardized regression coefficient (β)
B) Y-intercept a
C) coefficient of determination (R²)
D) raw parameter estimates

Question 71

One way to interpret the meaning of the results of the t-test is to focus on the ________ and the group means.

Question 72

In the regression equation,Y α + β X ,β is the _____.

A) y-intercept
B) independent variable
C) slope of the regression line
D) dependent variable

Question 73

In using the t-test to compare the difference between the means of two groups,the formula for determining the degrees of freedom is ______.

Question 74

When a researcher needs to compare means for a variable grouped into two categories based on some less-than interval variable,a(n)_____ test is appropriate.

Question 75

A test of a hypothesis to determine if two groups differ with respect to the scores on one variable is called a(n)______.

Question 76

If the regression equation is: Y = 24.35 - 14.2 X ,then 24.35 is the ______ ,while -14.2 is the ______.

A) slope; y-intercept
B) independent variable; slope
C) dependent variable; y-intercept
D) y-intercept; slope

Question 77

The F-test partitions total variance into ______ variance and ______ variance.

Question 78

Multivariate dependence techniques are variants of the _____.

Question 79

The _____ is the mean of a variable over all observations.

Question 80

SPSS and SAS are examples of _____.