Deck 14: Basic Data Analysis

Question 1

Coding using the rule that a male appearing in an advertisement is coded as "1," a female is "2," a child is "3," and an animal is "4," is an example of class coding.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Discrete coding can be used for dichotomous responses like "yes "or "no."

Answer 2

False
Dummy coding is used for this type of data.

Question 3

Cross-tabulation allows the inspection and comparison of differences among groups based on interval or ratio measures.

Answer 3

False
Cross-tabulation allows the inspection and comparison of differences among groups based on nominal or ordinal categories.

Question 4

A simple tabulation of a variable's frequency distribution is sometimes called a marginal tabulation.

Question 5

All statistics that are appropriate to use for higher-order scales (ratio scales are the highest)are also appropriate to use with lower-order scales (nominal scales are the lowest).

Question 6

Coding is the process of assigning a numerical score or other character symbol to previously edited data.

Question 7

Researchers usually are most interested in the marginals in a contingency table.

Question 8

The reference base is the number of respondents or observations (in a row or column)used as a basis for computing percentages in a cross-tabulation.

Question 9

Tabulation refers to the orderly arrangement of data in a table or other summary format.

Question 10

The type of measurement scale used in the research study determines the possible statistical tests that can be used appropriately with the resulting data.

Question 11

The row and column totals in a contingency table are called subtotals because they are less than the total.

Question 12

A contingency table is a data matrix that displays the frequency of some combination of possible responses to multiple variables.

Question 13

Combining the data from adjacent categories of a Likert-scale item is a common form of data transformation.

Question 14

A category split means respondents below the observed median go into one category and respondents above the median go into another.

Question 15

A 3 x 4 table represents a contingency table with twelve variables.

Question 16

The researcher examining descriptive statistics for any particular variable is using univariate statistics.

Question 17

A planogram is a graphical way of showing the frequency distribution in which the height of a bar corresponds to the frequency of a category.

Question 18

A common form of elaboration analysis is to do cross-tabulation of data within subgroups of the sample under study.

Question 19

When a third variable inserted into the analysis changes the results when two other variables were studied previously,this third variable is called a moderator variable.

Question 20

The process of changing data from their original form to a format that more closely fits the research objectives of the research study is called data transformation.

Question 21

Which of the following is an alternative to dummy coding using the values of -1 and +1 to represent two categories of responses?

A) reverse coding
B) inverse coding
C) effects coding
D) verified coding

Question 22

A statistical test's significance level or p-value becomes a key indicator of whether or not a hypothesis can be supported.

Question 23

Index numbers allow researchers to track a variable's value over time and compare a variable with other variables.

Question 24

Multivariate statistic analyses require five or more variables.

Question 25

A significance level is a critical probability associated with a statistical hypothesis test that indicates how likely it is that an inference supporting a difference between an observed value and some statistical expectation is true.

Question 26

Assigning a "1" or "0" code where each number represents an alternate response such as "yes" or "no," is an example of _____.

A) editing
B) dummy coding
C) reverse coding
D) plugging

Question 27

Monovariate statistical analysis tests hypotheses involving only one variable.

Question 28

Codes are rules for ______ data.

A) interpreting
B) classifying
C) recording
D) all of these choices

Question 29

All of the following are examples of descriptive statistics EXCEPT _____.

A) p-value
B) average
C) range
D) standard deviation

Question 30

The transformation of raw data into a form that makes the data easier to understand and to interpret is called _____.

A) descriptive analysis
B) outlier analysis
C) computer mapping
D) creating a box and whisker plot

Question 31

Assigning males the value of zero and females the value of one in a database to record the gender of the respondents is an example of _____.

A) coding
B) test tabulation
C) editing
D) verification

Question 32

The researcher examining descriptive statistics for any particular variable is using which type of statistics?

A) multivariate
B) interval
C) nominal
D) univariate

Question 33

The t-test is most appropriate for small samples (e.g.,smaller than 30).

Question 34

A survey question asked respondent how much of the Super Bowl they watched by asking them to check one of the four following choices: "all of it," "most of it," "some of it," or "none of it." How many dummy variables would a researcher need to dummy code this question?

A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four

Question 35

The researcher using sampling runs the risk of committing two types of errors: primary errors and secondary errors.

Question 36

The term p-value stands for power-value.

Question 37

Coding that assigns numbers to categories in an arbitrary way merely as a means of identifying some characteristic is called _____.

A) nominal coding
B) descriptive coding
C) labeling
D) class coding

Question 38

A Type I error occurs when a condition that is true in the population is rejected based on statistical observations.

Question 39

When a data set is bimodal,a median split of the data will lead to error.

Question 40

The assignment of numbers to edited data is known as _____.

A) editing
B) adjusting with a plug value
C) coding
D) all of the above

Question 41

If a business wants to know if more males or females purchase their product or a competitor's product,which of the following answers this question?

A) regression analysis
B) cluster analysis
C) cross-tabulation
D) interaction analysis

Question 42

Another name for data transformation is _____.

A) index analysis
B) data conversion
C) quadrant analysis
D) data exchange

Question 43

If a researcher wants to summarize the responses of subjects by gender and awareness of a particular brand ("Yes" or "No"),he or she would use a ______ contingency table.

A) 1 x 2
B) 2 x 2
C) 2 x 3
D) normal

Question 44

Counting the number of responses to questions in a survey by hand is called _____.

A) index analysis
B) tallying
C) elaboration analysis
D) moderator analysis

Question 45

Which of the following is a graphical way of showing the frequency distribution in which the height of a bar corresponds to the frequency of a category?

A) perceptual map
B) histogram
C) contingency table
D) frequency chart

Question 46

Arranging data into a table is called _____.

A) tabulation
B) frequency
C) analysis
D) interpretation

Question 47

Which of the following is the appropriate technique for addressing research questions involving relationships among multiple less-than interval variables?

A) cross-tabulation
B) ANOVA
C) regression
D) cluster analysis

Question 48

It is hypothesized that an individual's style of processing information (i.e.,verbal or visual)will influence the impact an advertising execution will have on attitudes toward the brand advertised.Style of processing,then,is considered which type of variable?

A) dependent variable
B) external variable
C) internal variable
D) moderating variable

Question 49

Arranging data so that the number of times each category occurs is called a _____ table.

A) cross-tabulation
B) frequency
C) percentage
D) pre-coding

Question 50

Breaking down the answer to the question: "Have you ever purchased a ticket online for an American Airlines flight?" into subgroups based on gender and zip code is an example of _____.

A) a box and whisker plot analysis
B) an index number
C) elaboration analysis
D) interquartile analysis

Question 51

Counting the number of responses to different parts of a question in a survey and arranging these responses in a frequency distribution is called _____.

A) elaboration analysis
B) spurious analysis
C) marginal tabulation
D) index analysis

Question 52

The number of respondents or observations (in a row or column)used as a basis for computing percentages in a contingency table is referred to as a(n)_____.

A) reference point
B) moderator
C) statistical base
D) analytical point

Question 53

When a researcher combines the "Strongly Disagree" and "Disagree" responses on a Likert scale item to a single "Strongly Disagree/Disagree" percentage,this is an example of _____.

A) data indexing
B) collapsing the data
C) the outlier effect
D) a box and whisker plot

Question 54

A researcher interested in a data matrix that displays the frequency of some combination of possible responses to multiple variables should construct a _____.

A) perceptual map
B) contingency table
C) regression equation
D) marginal table

Question 55

A researcher is examining the row and column totals in a contingency table of stores shopped at by gender.What are these called?

A) marginals
B) subtotals
C) totals
D) running totals

Question 56

When a third variable is included in the analysis that is studying the relationship between an independent variable and a dependent variable,and this third variable changes the relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable in an important way,this third variable is called a(n)_____.

A) spurious variable
B) moderator variable
C) contingency variable
D) outlier variable

Question 57

A researcher is creating a table to present to a client that gives the number of respondents selecting the various product concepts of interest in the study.The client will use this information in the decision of which product concept to pursue.This table is referred to as a _____.

A) frequency table
B) concept table
C) results table
D) decision table

Question 58

An analysis of the basic cross-tabulation for each level of a variable not previously considered,such as subgroups of the sample,is referred to as _____.

A) group analysis
B) cluster analysis
C) ANOVA
D) elaboration analysis

Question 59

When a respondent's answers to ten Likert-scale items are added up to form a total subtest score for these questions,this is an example of _____.

A) data indexing
B) data transformation
C) contingency analysis
D) data indexing

Question 60

If 60 males are asked if they recognize the brand name,"Focus," and 35 of them correctly identify the product as a model of Ford's product line within Ford Motor Co.,the proportion of males in the sample who recognize this brand name is approximately _____.

A) 0.60
B) 0.58
C) 0.35
D) 0.79

Question 61

Data with which type of distribution are appropriate for division based on the median split?

A) normally distributed
B) unimodal distribution
C) bimodal distribution
D) uniform distribution

Question 62

Failing to identify a hypothesized difference using a sample result when one really does exist in the population is which type of error?

A) primary
B) secondary
C) Type I
D) Type II

Question 63

Which of the following becomes a key indicator of whether or not a hypothesis can be supported?

A) critical value
B) significance level
C) chi-square
D) degrees of freedom

Question 64

If the price of Brand A is transformed to a value of 100 and Brand B's value is 75,indicating its price is 25 percent lower than Brand A's price,100 and 75 represent _____.

A) nominal rankings
B) bivariate statistics
C) p-values
D) index numbers

Question 65

Which test is appropriate for testing hypotheses involving an observed mean against a specified value?

A) F-ratio
B) µ-test
C) t-test
D) β-test

Question 66

When a researcher sets an acceptable significance level a priori (a),he or she is determining how much tolerance he or she has for which type of error?

A) Type I
B) Type II
C) Type A
D) Type B

Question 67

Which type of error occurs when the researcher concludes a relationship exists when in fact one does not exist?

A) Type I
B) Type II
C) Type A
D) Type B

Question 68

Dividing a data set into two categories by placing respondents below the median in one category and respondents above the median in another is called a(n)_____.

A) median split
B) mediation
C) elaboration analysis
D) bimodal split

Question 69

The appropriate technique for addressing research questions involving relationships among multiple less-than interval variables is _____.

Question 70

_____ analysis is the elementary transformation of data in a way that describes the basic characteristics such as central tendency,distribution,and variability.

Question 71

The two types of errors researcher run the risk of committing when sampling are _____.

A) primary and secondary errors
B) Type I and Type II errors
C) critical and noncritical errors
D) Type A and Type B errors

Question 72

Which type of statistical analysis test hypotheses involves only one variable?

A) primary statistical analysis
B) bivariate statistical analysis
C) univariate statistical analysis
D) monovariate statistical analysis

Question 73

Which of the following is used to simplify and clarify data?

A) tables
B) graphs
C) charts
D) all of these choices

Question 74

The arrangement of data into a row-and-column format that gives the number of responses for each category of the variable is known as a(n)______ table.

Question 75

Index numbers require which level of measurement?

A) nominal
B) interval
C) ratio
D) ranked

Question 76

The orderly arrangement of data into a table is known as ______.

Question 77

When tabulation is done by hand to create a frequency table,this is called ______ the data.

Question 78

When the probability of a Type II error is ______ ,the probability of a Type I error is _____.

A) reduced, increased
B) reduced; reduced
C) increased; increased
D) none of these choices

Question 79

Scores or observations recalibrated to indicate how they relate to a base number are referred to as _____.

A) index numbers
B) rank orders
C) elaborated numbers
D) real numbers

Question 80

Assigning numbers to edited data is known as _____.