Deck 1: What Is Psychology

Question 1

Which of the following statements correctly differentiates between structuralism and functionalism in early psychology?

A)Functionalism focused on the elements of the mind;structuralism focused on the purpose of thoughts.
B)Functionalism focused on the functions of the mind;structuralism focused on the functions of behavior.
C)Functionalism relied on introspection;structuralism relied on a stream of consciousness.
D)Functionalism was about the "why" of the mind;structuralism was about the "what" of the minD.

Answer 1

Functionalism was about the "why" of the mind;structuralism was about the "what" of the minD.

Question 2

_____ is the systematic study of the structure,function,development,genetics,and biochemistry of the nervous system.

A)Neurokinesis
B)Neurohumor
C)Neuroscience
D)Neuroacanthocytosis

Answer 2

Neuroscience

Question 3

William James,a prominent American psychologist and philosopher,focused on human interactions with the outside world and the purpose of thoughts.His view is known as

A)psychoanalysis.
B)behaviorism.
C)functionalism.
D)structuralism.

Answer 3

functionalism.

Question 4

Dr.Stanley,a psychologist,conducts a study on the effect of the color red on babies.Although there is no visible change in the babies when they see the color,he studies their neural patterns and notes that specific sections of their brains are being stimulated by the color.In this scenario,which of the following approaches has Dr.Stanley used for his research?

A)The psychodynamic approach
B)The cognitive approach
C)The biological approach
D)The behavioral approach

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT true of the principle of natural selection proposed by Darwin?

A)Some members of a species are born with specific genetic mutations that help them adapt to a particular change in the environment.
B)When there is a change in the environment,the species with a characteristic that helps it to adapt to the change will survive.
C)A characteristic can be passed from one generation to the next without being recorded in the genes.
D)A species that produces many offspring will survive.

Question 6

Which of the following statements is true of functionalism?

A)It primarily uses introspection as a method of research.
B)It emphasizes the components of the mind.
C)It states that there are rigid structures in the mind.
D)It probes the purposes of the mind and behavior in an individual's adaptation to the environment.

Question 7

One way to tell that an explanation is pseudoscientific rather than scientific is to

A)see if the explanation is historically accurate.
B)look at the emotional impact of the explanation on people.
C)see if the explanation has scientific terminology in it.
D)look at how readily proponents of the explanation will accept evidence to the contrary.

Question 8

Which of the following is true of neuroscience as a contemporary approach to psychology?

A)It focuses on natural selection as the method of evolution for species.
B)It focuses on the unconscious elements of behavior,thought,and emotion.
C)It emphasizes that behavior can only be understood through direct observation.
D)It emphasizes that the brain is central to understanding behavior,thought,and emotion.

Question 9

William James called the natural flow of thought

A)free recall.
B)a stream of consciousness.
C)an association of ideas.
D)natural selection.

Question 10

Jake,a researcher,measures the levels of testosterone in adult males when they perform aggressive acts.He is of the opinion that hormone levels are the single-most prominent cause of male aggression.In this scenario,Jake is most likely using the _____ approach in his study.

A)evolutionary
B)humanistic
C)sociocultural
D)biological

Question 11

The _____ to psychology focuses on the body,especially the brain and nervous system.

A)biological approach
B)behavioral approach
C)psychodynamic approach
D)cognitive approach

Question 12

In psychology,William James was highly influential in developing the school of thought known as

A)psychodynamics.
B)behaviorism.
C)structuralism.
D)functionalism.

Question 13

In the field of psychology,individuals who advocate _____ are most likely to consider the mind as flexible and fluid,characterized by constant change in response to a continuous flow of information from the world.

A)structuralism
B)functionalism
C)the humanistic approach
D)the behavioral approach

Question 14

Which of the following is true about Wilhelm Wundt's early work in psychology?

A)He was the first person to think about the mind as a separate entity from the body.
B)He was the first person to connect the soul to the body.
C)He was the first person to connect the brain to the mind.
D)He was the first person to introduce the idea that mental processes could be measureD.

Question 15

Charles Darwin argued that _____ determines which species wins the competition for scarce resources.

A)pseudoscience
B)natural selection
C)passive ignorance
D)pseudoscepticism

Question 16

Wendy,a psychology student,is keen to learn why human beings cry when they are sad and laugh when they are happy.She wants to know how these emotions help human beings adapt to changes in the environment. Which historical perspective of psychology are Wendy's interests most reflective of?

A)Functionalism
B)Behaviorism
C)Socialism
D)Structuralism

Question 17

In a psychological study,Danny is asked to report the sensations he experiences when he is subjected to the persistent sound of an ambulance siren.In this scenario,Danny is most likely being studied through the method of

A)introspection.
B)pseudoscience.
C)functionalism.
D)psychoanalysis.

Question 18

Psychology is formally defined as

A)the study of the human brain.
B)the subjective study of human behavior.
C)the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
D)the exclusive study of abnormal behavior.

Question 19

When describing the process of natural selection,Charles Darwin claimed that

A)genes only carry physical traits and not the traits associated with survival and reproduction.
B)environments that do not favor certain organisms will help these organisms propagate their species.
C)organisms that are best adapted to their environment will survive and produce offspring.
D)genetic mutations are initiated by human beings and are not responsible for evolution.

Question 20

Psychologists use _____ to study the role of the brain in psychological processes.

A)neuroscience
B)pseudoscience
C)conjecture
D)introspection

Question 21

Professor Alan is studying the regions of the brain that are activated when his subjects view disturbing images from horror movies.In the context of perspectives in psychology,the professor is using the _____ approach in his study.

A)cognitive
B)psychodynamic
C)sociocultural
D)biological

Question 22

Which approach of psychology most clearly focuses on observable responses?

A)The abstractionist approach
B)The behavioral approach
C)The estradiol approach
D)The creationist approach

Question 23

Which of the following psychologists was a leading proponent of behaviorism?

A)Carl Rogers
B)B. F. Skinner
C)Ivan Pavlov
D)Sigmund Freud

Question 24

During a therapy session,Mrs.Brown's therapist,Donald,asks her about her dreams because he believes that they are the key to her unconscious mind.In this scenario,Donald is most likely using the _____ approach to psychology.

A)behavioral
B)cognitive
C)sociocultural
D)psychodynamic

Question 25

The _____ approach to psychology emphasizes the scientific study of observable responses and their environmental determinants.

A)humanistic
B)behavioral
C)psychodynamic
D)evolutionary

Question 26

Timothy is a behavioral psychologist.Which of the following techniques is he most likely to use to motivate a little girl to clean her room?

A)Stimulating certain parts of the little girl's brain
B)Suggesting the idea to the little girl while she is hypnotized
C)Letting the little girl feel a sense of intrinsic achievement
D)Offering the little girl $10 for cleaning her room

Question 27

Which of the following statements is true of behaviorists?

A)They believe that psychology should be about people's thoughts and feelings.
B)They emphasize the scientific study of observable behavioral responses.
C)They primarily use the method of introspection in their experimental studies.
D)They unanimously reject the importance of thought processes in psychology.

Question 28

The _____ approach to psychology emphasizes unconscious thought,the conflict between biological drives and society's demands,and early childhood family experiences.

A)evolutionary
B)behavioral
C)psychodynamic
D)cognitive

Question 29

Annette is an adolescent with extreme social anxiety.Dr.Benson's treatment plan for Annette focuses on rewarding her whenever she takes a step toward conquering her fears.In this scenario,Dr.Benson adheres most closely to the _____ approach to psychology.

A)cognitive
B)behavioral
C)psychodynamic
D)sociocultural

Question 30

Dr.White,a therapist,tells her clients that she is less interested in their day-to-day lives and more interested in their childhood experiences.Which approach to psychology is Dr.White most likely a proponent of?

A)The psychodynamic approach
B)The behavioral approach
C)The evolutionary approach
D)The humanistic approach

Question 31

A psychologist who is more interested in what a person does than how a person feels,has most likely adopted the _____ approach to psychology.

A)behavioral
B)cognitive
C)humanistic
D)psychodynamic

Question 32

After a few months of therapy,Michelle's therapist,Allen,reveals to her that her symptoms of anxiety are most likely a result of her troubled childhood,which was spent in fear of a very strict father.Which of the following approaches to psychology is Allen most likely using to understand and explain Michelle's symptoms?

A)The evolutionary approach
B)The behavioral approach
C)The psychodynamic approach
D)The sociocultural approach

Question 33

Individuals who believe that rewards and punishments determine our actions are following the _____ approach to psychology.

A)psychodynamic
B)biological
C)behavioral
D)evolutionary

Question 34

Which of the following is most likely to be the focus of study for a behavioral psychologist?

A)the feelings of rejection a person experiences during childhood
B)the sensations a person reports when he or she is tapped on the knee
C)the effect of rewards and punishments on a child's behavior
D)the mental images a person conjures up when reflecting on a pleasant vacation

Question 35

Which of the following best describes B. F. Skinner's beliefs about studying human behavior?

A)Adult behaviors are best understood by examining childhood experiences.
B)Psychology should be about people's thoughts,feelings,and goals.
C)Psychology should be about what people do.
D)The structure of the mind can be understood through the use of introspection.

Question 36

Katherine,a socially inhibited teenager,has always been withdrawn and isolated at her rehabilitation center. However,one day she voluntarily initiates and maintains a conversation with another teenager.Which of the following explanations is most applicable to her behavior in the context of the behavioral approach?

A)She has finally recognized her need for affiliation.
B)She is using a defense mechanism.
C)She has been promised a reward if she initiates contact with another person.
D)She has been prescribed a drug that makes her less socially awkwarD.

Question 37

Which of the following statements is true of the practitioners of the psychodynamic approach?

A)They believe that personality is shaped entirely by genetic factors.
B)They believe that sexual and aggressive impulses buried deep within the unconscious mind influence the way people think.
C)They emphasize that psychology should be about what people do and should not concern itself with things that cannot be seen,such as thoughts,feelings,and goals.
D)They use evolutionary ideas such as adaptation,reproduction,and natural selection as the basis for explaining specific human behaviors.

Question 38

Eva is a five-year-old girl who has been brought to Dr.Frost for therapy because she has suddenly stopped speaking;she answers no questions and communicates with no one.Dr.Frost uses techniques intended to uncover Eva's unconscious thoughts or experiences.He believes that the answer lies within her mind.In this scenario,Dr.Frost is following the _____ approach to psychology.

A)psychodynamic
B)biological
C)behavioral
D)humanistic

Question 39

In his psychotherapeutic practice,Dr.Wagner stresses on his clients' unconscious processes as well as their unresolved conflicts.Dr.Wagner most likely adheres to the _____ approach to psychology.

A)behavioral
B)cognitive
C)psychodynamic
D)sociocultural

Question 40

A family therapist tells Mr.and Mrs.Johnson that they will have to take away some of their son's privileges if they want him to stop bullying his younger brother.In the context of psychological perspectives,the family therapist most likely follows the _____ approach to psychology.

A)evolutionary
B)cognitive
C)behavioral
D)psychodynamic

Question 41

The humanistic approach to psychology and the behavioral approach to psychology differ in that the behavioral approach states that humans are driven by

A)unconscious impulses,whereas the humanistic approach states that humans are driven by external rewards.
B)evolutionary factors,whereas the humanistic approach states that humans are driven by unconscious impulses.
C)mental processes,whereas the humanistic approach states that humans are driven by free will.
D)biological factors,whereas the humanistic approach states that humans are driven by evolutionary factors.

Question 42

With which of the following psychological approaches is Sigmund Freud associated?

A)The psychodynamic approach
B)The humanistic approach
C)The cognitive approach
D)The sociocultural approach

Question 43

In the _____ view of psychology,an individual's mental processes are in control of behavior through memories,perceptions,images,and thinking.

A)sociocultural
B)cognitive
C)behavioral
D)biological

Question 44

Dr.Jackson has spent a lifetime studying how adults solve problems.It is likely that Dr.Jackson specializes in the _____ approach to psychology.

A)behavioral
B)cognitive
C)sociocultural
D)evolutionary

Question 45

Which of the following statements is true of cognitive psychologists?

A)They stress that people lack the ability to control their lives.
B)They view the mind as an active and aware problem-solving system.
C)They emphasize that people are simply controlled by the environment in which they live.
D)They believe that humans are purely motivated by external rewards.

Question 46

According to the _____ approach to psychology,a person is in control of his or her life and has the capacity for positive growth.

A)humanistic
B)psychodynamic
C)evolutionary
D)biological

Question 47

How do today's psychodynamic theories differ from Freud's original psychodynamic approach to psychology?

A)Freud's original psychodynamic approach did not pay any attention to unconscious motivation.
B)Freud's original psychodynamic approach was focused primarily on observable behaviors.
C)Today's theories place less emphasis on sexual drives as determinants of behavior.
D)Today's theories place less emphasis on social and cultural experiences as determinants of behavior.

Question 48

The humanistic approach to psychology emphasizes the role of _____ as a determinant of behavior.

A)proprioception
B)unconscious impulses
C)free will
D)external rewards

Question 49

Cognitive psychology is best described as

A)a study of the mental processes involved in knowing how we solve problems.
B)the therapeutic applications of critical thinking.
C)an area of psychology that attempts to reduce the focus on internal processes.
D)a subspecialty of psychology based exclusively on observable behavior.

Question 50

Abe and Carl are psychologists who believe that people have free will and can make choices based on higher human values.Abe's and Carl's views reflect the _____ approach to psychology.

A)sociocultural
B)behavioral
C)humanistic
D)psychodynamic

Question 51

Henry,the seven-year-old subject of an experiment,acts out by hitting his little brother often.Observing psychologists attempt to explain Henry's violent behavior.Which of the following explanations would most likely be provided by a humanistic psychologist?

A)Henry's aggression is caused by a chemical imbalance in his brain.
B)Henry's aggression is facilitated by the feelings of abandonment he experienced as a toddler.
C)Henry's aggression is facilitated by the attention he receives when he hits his brother.
D)Henry's aggression is caused by Henry's use of free will.

Question 52

Nineteen-year-old Steve is extremely antisocial.He often gets into trouble with the law and is unable to hold on to any part-time job for long.His best friend is determined to find out about his childhood because she believes that his experiences as a child will help explain his adjustment problems as an adult.In this scenario,his best friend's approach is most similar to the _____ approach to psychology.

A)evolutionary
B)psychodynamic
C)behavioral
D)humanistic

Question 53

Dennis,a psychologist,conducts a survey on why most people tend to help a crying child.After the survey,he explains that most people help a crying child because they choose to live by higher human values such as altruism.In this scenario,Dennis's explanation is reflective of the _____ approach to psychology.

A)biological
B)behavioral
C)humanistic
D)psychodynamic

Question 54

Which of the following psychological perspectives endorses a view of the mind as an active and aware problem-solving system?

A)The psychodynamic perspective
B)The biological perspective
C)The behavioral perspective
D)The cognitive perspective

Question 55

The cognitive approach to psychology differs from the behavioral approach to psychology in that the cognitive approach

A)believes that people are controlled by genetic factors,whereas the behavioral approach believes that people are controlled by psychodynamic factors.
B)views the mind as an active and aware problem-solving system,whereas the behavioral approach portrays behavior as governed by external forces.
C)emphasizes that people are controlled by their environment,whereas the behavioral approach emphasizes that people's personalities are influenced by genetic factors.
D)believes that humans are purely motivated by external rewards,whereas the behavioral approach emphasizes that people are influenced by unconscious processes.

Question 56

A psychologist following the humanistic approach to psychology would be most interested in how

A)children learn about relationships by observing their parents' interactions.
B)people make choices that lead to positive growth.
C)drugs affect one's capability to accurately judge one's abilities.
D)people interpret behavior according to the cultures they belong to.

Question 57

Dr.Brian,a therapist,explains to 15-year-old Darcy's parents that Darcy fears his stepmother because most of the fairy tales he heard in his childhood portrayed stepmothers as evil people.Which of the following approaches is Dr.Brian using to explain Darcy's behavior?

A)The psychodynamic approach
B)The humanistic approach
C)The cognitive approach
D)The sociocultural approach

Question 58

Peter,a psychology student,is working on identifying the ways in which adults interpret information and then use the information to solve problems and make decisions.In this scenario,Peter's research most likely reflects the _____ approach to psychology.

A)behavioral
B)cognitive
C)biological
D)sociocultural

Question 59

Anna and Diane are psychologists.Anna follows a psychodynamic perspective,while Diane embraces a humanistic perspective.Although they disagree in a number of ways,their approaches are similar in that both

A)emphasize the importance of biological and genetic factors.
B)acknowledge the importance of internal mental processes.
C)owe their philosophical roots to British empiricism.
D)focus exclusively on the impact of culture and society on an individual.

Question 60

Which of the following psychological approaches focuses on the mental processes involved in knowing how we direct our attention,perceive,remember,think,and solve problems?

A)The psychodynamic approach
B)The behavioral approach
C)The humanistic approach
D)The cognitive approach

Question 61

_____ psychologists believe that their approach provides an umbrella that unifies the diverse fields of psychology.

A)Evolutionary
B)Psychodynamic
C)Industrial
D)Cognitive

Question 62

Which of the following is a criticism of the evolutionary approach to psychology?

A)It inaccurately explains why men and women have different social roles.
B)It considers the influence of cultural diversity in shaping personalities.
C)It deemphasizes the role of environment in human psychology.
D)It considers the role of human experience in shaping personalities.

Question 63

Which of the following statements is true of psychologists?

A)Psychologists who engage in clinical practice differ from psychiatrists in that they can prescribe drugs.
B)Psychologists who primarily provide therapy engage in evidence-based practice.
C)Psychologists employed at universities are actively discouraged from doing research.
D)Psychologists are required to do eight years of graduate work with three years of internship to be eligible to practice clinical psychology.

Question 64

Which of the following statements is true of psychiatrists?

A)They specialize in solving sociocultural issues.
B)They have a doctoral degree in psychology.
C)They are psychologists who study genetics.
D)They can prescribe medication.

Question 65

Elixir Inc.has a recruitment policy that favors hiring people from minority groups.To ensure that its diverse workforce helps rather than hinders business development,Elixir is seeking the guidance of a psychologist. Keeping its needs in mind,Elixir will most likely hire a

A)psychotherapist.
B)neuroscientist.
C)socioculturalist.
D)psychoanalyst.

Question 66

In the context of careers in psychology,research has shown that more psychologists work in _____ than in any other setting.

A)corporate environments
B)psychiatric hospitals
C)academic environments
D)rehabilitation centers

Question 67

The _____ to psychology focuses on ideas such as adaptation,reproduction,and natural selection as the basis for explaining scientific human behaviors.

A)evolutionary approach
B)psychodynamic approach
C)cognitive approach
D)structuralism approach

Question 68

The College of Architecture in the city of Exodia has a student population comprised largely of foreign students.The dean of the college has hired a psychologist to help the faculty understand and manage the needs of these foreign students.In this scenario,the psychologist hired by the dean is most likely a

A)podiatrist.
B)neuroscientist.
C)socioculturalist.
D)paleontologist.

Question 69

If a person goes to medical school and specializes in psychological disorders,he or she will most likely practice

A)health psychology.
B)counseling psychology.
C)psychiatry.
D)pathology.

Question 70

Which of the following statements accurately differentiates between psychiatrists and clinical psychologists?

A)Psychiatrists need to have at least one year of internship in a mental health facility to practice psychology,whereas clinical psychologists are only required to do graduate work to practice psychology.
B)Psychiatrists have medical degrees,whereas clinical psychologists have doctoral degrees.
C)Psychiatrists are not licensed to practice therapy,whereas clinical psychologists are licensed to practice therapy.
D)Psychiatrists follow the psychodynamic approach to solve sociocultural issues,whereas clinical psychologists follow the biological approach to study evolutionary psychology.

Question 71

Which of the following accurately describes what evolutionary psychologists believe?

A)The traits of the living members of a species are a result of the survival of the fittest.
B)The traits that one looks for in a potential spouse are based on characteristics that have allowed humans to survive.
C)Some behaviors are ingrained into a species as they assist in maintaining the reproductive ability of the species.
D)All of these answers are correct.

Question 72

In psychology,individuals who are primarily engaged in helping others are often called _____ of psychology.

A)practitioners
B)antagonists
C)propagandists
D)cynics

Question 73

According to evolutionary psychologists

A)human behavior is traceable to problems early humans faced in adapting to their environments.
B)sexual and aggressive impulses buried deep within the unconscious mind influence the way people think,feel,and behave.
C)people have the ability to control their lives and are not simply controlled by the environment.
D)an individual's mental processes are in control of behavior through memories,perceptions,images,and thinking.

Question 74

If a psychologist studies about the behavioral differences between people from two religions,he or she is most likely following the _____ approach to psychology.

A)psychodynamic
B)cognitive
C)humanistic
D)sociocultural

Question 75

Dr.Smith is conducting research on the levels of achievement motivation in the country of Spadia.He is studying the behaviors of different religious groups to determine the correlation between religious upbringing and the need to achieve.In this scenario,Dr.Smith is most likely using the _____ approach in his research.

A)sociocultural
B)biological
C)cognitive
D)psychodynamic

Question 76

Professor McDonald believes that most women prefer tall and physically strong partners because this preference has been known to enhance the survival of their species.This opinion best illustrates the _____ approach to psychology.

A)industrial
B)cognitive
C)evolutionary
D)psychodynamic

Question 77

Which of the following statements is true about the sociocultural approach to psychology?

A)It claims that human behavior cannot be understood without understanding the physiology of the brain.
B)It faces the danger of being replaced by the psychoanalytic approach to behavior.
C)It becomes less important as the nations of the world become increasingly economically interdependent.
D)It argues that understanding a person's behavior requires knowing about the ethnic context in which the behavior occurs.

Question 78

Dr.Vance,a psychologist,performs a test that requires its participants to solve a puzzle.If Dr.Vance's study is to find out how the human mind solves puzzles,he is most likely a

A)psychoanalyst.
B)behaviorist.
C)cognitive psychologist.
D)humanistic psychologist.

Question 79

When psychologists who primarily provide therapy engage in evidence-based practice,they are using

A)pseudoscience to determine mental processes.
B)speculation to establish explanations for human behavior.
C)therapeutic tools whose effectiveness is supported by empirical research.
D)the trial-and-error method for the purpose of subjectivity in research.

Question 80

In the context of careers in psychology,a specialist with a medical degree who specializes in abnormal behavior is known as a(n)

A)behaviorist.
B)organizational psychologist.
C)developmental psychologist.
D)psychiatrist.