Deck 10: Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

Jenna studies judiciously for three hours every day because she wants to ace her pre-final exams.The force that guides Jenna to engage in such behavior is called

A)motivation.
B)instinct.
C)apathy.
D)intuition.

Answer 1

motivation.

Question 2

Identify a true statement about the drive reduction theory.

A)Drive pertains to a physiological state,whereas need involves a psychological one.
B)Drive always follow from needs.
C)The goal of drive reduction theory is overlearning.
D)As a drive becomes stronger,an individual is motivated to decrease it.

Answer 2

As a drive becomes stronger,an individual is motivated to decrease it.

Question 3

Whenever a dog falls into a puddle of water,it shakes itself to dry its wet fur.Which of the following best describes the dog's pattern of behavior?

A)self-regulation
B)intuition
C)instinct
D)desire

Answer 3

instinct

Question 4

Which of the following best defines an instinct?

A)an aroused state that occurs because of a physiological need
B)a deprivation that energizes a drive to eliminate or reduce the deprivation
C)an innate biological pattern of behavior that is assumed to be universal throughout a species
D)a type of behavior that is inculcated through experience and learning

Question 5

Lorenzo is very sad that he fought with his best friend,Clarke.Lorenzo knows that a chocolate ice cream always helps him get rid of his sadness.In this case,Lorenzo's feeling of sadness represents his _____ for ice cream.

A)drive
B)desire
C)reflex
D)instinct

Question 6

Nate begins to feel very thirsty during an annual sports meet in his college.Since he forgot to carry a bottle of water,Nate decides to go to the cafeteria to get some soda.Which of the following is responsible for urging Nate to walk toward the cafeteria to quench his thirst?

A)instinct
B)intuition
C)drive
D)reflex

Question 7

Vineet is bored.He wants to play soccer with his friends.He goes to a store and buys himself a ball and then plays with his friends.In this case,Vineet is satisfying his

A)sensation.
B)need.
C)reflex.
D)perception.

Question 8

Camilla goes out to shop one afternoon on a hot summer day.Her body begins to sweat and releases the excess heat.Which of the following is responsible for this physiological change in Camilla's body?

A)diastases
B)self-actualization
C)self-regulation
D)homeostasis

Question 9

Drive pertains to a(n)_____,whereas need involves a physiological one.

A)innate state
B)psychological state
C)physical state
D)biological state

Question 10

After fasting for an entire day,Cecilia feels absolutely hungry.She wants to have a double burrito to satiate herself.In this case,the burrito represents her

A)instinct.
B)reflex.
C)drive.
D)neeD.

Question 11

Whenever Olivia watches a television commercial featuring food,she is ridden by a desire to eat.These feelings of hunger stimulate Olivia to go to the kitchen to search for food.Olivia's behavior can be studied by conducting research in the area of

A)intuition.
B)motivation.
C)sensation.
D)perception.

Question 12

Loggerhead turtles lay their eggs underground,in sandy beaches.As soon as the eggs hatch,the infant turtles crawl out of their nests and move toward the sea.Which of following best describes this pattern of behavior?

A)motivation
B)drive
C)instinct
D)desire

Question 13

The goal of the drive reduction theory is

A)overlearning.
B)self-regulation.
C)self-actualization.
D)homeostasis.

Question 14

_____ is the force that moves people to behave,think,and feel the way they do,resulting in behavior that is energized,directed,and sustained.

A)Intuition
B)Autonomy
C)Apathy
D)Motivation

Question 15

The feeling of hunger that initiates the act of opening a refrigerator for food best represents a(n)

A)instinct.
B)objective.
C)drive.
D)reflex.

Question 16

_____ is the body's tendency to maintain an equilibrium,or a steady state or balance.

A)Homeostasis
B)Self-regulation
C)Hypostasis
D)Self-actualization

Question 17

Veronica dives into a swimming pool on a chilly winter day.Initially,she feels very cold and begins to shiver.However,after a while,Veronica stops shivering as her body begins to use energy to maintain its normal temperature.This phenomenon can be best explained as

A)self-regulation.
B)homeostasis.
C)hypostasis.
D)self-actualization.

Question 18

Dr.Know-it-All hosts a TV talk show.One of his guests,Joe Collins,complains of his intense annoyance with people who talk on their cell phones while driving.Joe asks Dr.Know-it-All to explain why he reacts so strongly to this type of situation.Dr.Know-it-All immediately exclaims that Joe has an instinct for cell phone irritation.Is Dr.Know-it-All correct to assume that instinct is the cause of Joe's behavior?

A)Yes,an instinct is the basis for all human behaviors.
B)Yes,an instinct is a person's primal reaction to all annoying behaviors.
C)No,an instinct can only explain adaptive human behaviors.
D)No,an instinct cannot explain complex human behaviors accurately.

Question 19

Jessica stayed up all night to study for a math exam.After the test,she returned to her dorm room and slept for seven hours to compensate for her lack of sleep.In the context of drive reduction theory,Jessica's sleeping behavior was regulated by her body's tendency to maintain

A)self-preservation.
B)self-regulation.
C)homeostasis.
D)hypostasis.

Question 20

As a person exercises,the oxygen levels in his body begin to drop.Hence,the person begins to breathe more rapidly in order to ensure an adequate supply of oxygen to his cells.This increase in his breathing rate is an attempt to restore

A)drive.
B)homeostasis.
C)hypostasis.
D)self-actualization.

Question 21

Which of the following is a role of the brain processes and blood chemistry on hunger?

A)Ventromedial hypothalamus is involved in reducing hunger.
B)Destruction of hypothalamus causes a rapid increase in the hunger levels of an individual.
C)Leptin increases food intake and reduces energy expenditure.
D)Serotonin antagonists cause obesity in humans.

Question 22

Gary wants to lose weight by reducing his caloric intake.He eats a candy bar for breakfast instead of a bowl of cereal because the candy bar has fewer calories.Is Gary doing the right thing?

A)Yes,the number of calories is the most important factor in losing weight.
B)Yes,the candy bar will keep Gary from getting hungry longer than if he had eaten the cereal.
C)No,the candy bar contains complex carbohydrates which will make Gary gain more weight.
D)No,the candy bar will make Gary hungry sooner than if he had eaten the cereal.

Question 23

Who among the following is most likely to be an advocate of the Yerkes-Dodson law?

A)Jacob,who believes that people perform best when their arousal is neither high nor low
B)Ranieri,who believes that people perform extremely well under conditions of high arousal
C)Sylvia,who believes that people's performance has no relation with their state of arousal
D)Christina,who believes that people perform poorly under conditions of moderate arousal

Question 24

Haruki is an excellent dancer.However,he claims that he can dance only when there are very few people watching his performance.He admits that his performance drastically declines when he dances alone because he does not feel motivated to dance for himself.His best performances are when there are just a moderate number of people watching his performance.Haruki's theory on his dancing is consistent with the

A)Cannon-Bard theory.
B)Yerkes-Dodson law.
C)self-regulation theory.
D)drive reduction theory.

Question 25

Debbie is interested in working on projects that will help fight childhood obesity.She is offered a job in a laboratory where researchers are studying the effects of leptin on weight control.Is the job relevant to Debbie's interest?

A)No,leptin is only relevant to animal weight control.
B)No,leptin is a neurotransmitter that is associated with memory.
C)Yes,leptin is a hormone that is involved in blood-sugar regulation.
D)Yes,leptin is a hormone that is linked to human weight loss.

Question 26

When a person's blood sugar level falls too low,he feels

A)energized.
B)hungry.
C)warm.
D)satiateD.

Question 27

Identify a true statement about leptin.

A)It increases body weight.
B)It increases energy metabolism.
C)It is associated with excess body fat.
D)It is strongly linked with binge eating.

Question 28

Identify a true statement about overlearning.

A)It is ineffective in a state of crisis.
B)It adversely affects the performance of a task.
C)It reduces the ability of an individual to achieve homeostasis.
D)It is reliable under conditions of high arousal.

Question 29

A major criticism of the drive reduction theory is that it does not provide a comprehensive framework for understanding motivation because

A)all behaviors reduce drives.
B)people often behave in ways that increase drives.
C)there is no behavior that actually reduces drives.
D)the concept of drive reduction has never been proven.

Question 30

Soon after meeting with a car accident,Sally was rushed to the hospital.The doctors discovered that Sally's ventromedial hypothalamus had suffered some damage as a result of the accident.In the context of the biology of hunger,the doctor should expect that Sally will

A)lose weight rapidly.
B)lose weight gradually.
C)gain weight rapidly.
D)gain weight gradually.

Question 31

In humans,high concentrations of leptin has been linked with

A)increased food intake.
B)decreased energy metabolism.
C)binge eating.
D)weight loss.

Question 32

Paige is a good golfer but has no interest in the upcoming golf tournament.Mary is fairly good at golf and is somewhat excited,but not overly anxious about the tournament.Sara has only recently learned to play golf but has very high expectations and is really nervous about the tournament.Jenna is also a beginner,but she does not expect to play well.According to the Yerkes-Dodson law,who among the following will perform the best at the golf tournament?

A)Paige
B)Mary
C)Sara
D)Jenna

Question 33

The Yerkes-Dodson law states that

A)people at the low end of arousal are too lethargic to perform their tasks well.
B)people perform well when they are strained to focus on their tasks.
C)people perform poorly under conditions of moderate arousal.
D)people are motivated by their instincts rather than their state of arousal to perform a task.

Question 34

Who among the following is most likely to show no interest in eating?

A)Hagen,who has a destroyed lateral hypothalamus
B)Claudia,who has a damaged ventromedial hypothalamus
C)Divya,who has very low levels of leptin
D)Sharon,who has bulimia nervosa

Question 35

Because the brain critically depends on glucose for energy,a sprinter would best be served by eating _____ prior to a race.

A)candy
B)lasagna
C)steak
D)broccoli

Question 36

Which of the following is most closely related to blood sugar control?

A)leptin
B)epinephrine
C)insulin
D)cholecystokinin

Question 37

Darrin is a good pianist.However,when he is alone,he becomes lethargic and is not motivated to perform well.At recitals with strangers,Darrin gets very overly aroused and often makes mistakes.His best performance is typically when his family and friends are nearby.In such situations,Darrin isn't nervous and is only moderately aroused.This scenario best exemplifies

A)Yerkes-Dodson law.
B)two-factor theory.
C)James-Lange theory.
D)self-regulation.

Question 38

The hormone cholecystokinin (CCK)

A)signals the brain to stop digesting the food.
B)travels to the brain and triggers hunger.
C)travels to the stomach to aid in digestion.
D)signals a person to stop eating.

Question 39

Which of the following is true of the biology of hunger with regard to the human body?

A)The hormone cytokine helps start the digestion of food,travels to the brain through the bloodstream,and signals a person to stop eating.
B)Galactose is an important factor in hunger,probably because the brain critically depends on it for energy.
C)The lateral hypothalamus is involved in reducing hunger and restricting eating.
D)Hunger is triggered by a set of sugar receptors,located in the brain,when sugar levels fall too low.

Question 40

Leptin and cholecystokinin (CCK)are similar in that they are both associated with

A)decreasing food intake.
B)low blood-sugar levels.
C)high levels of insulin.
D)triggering feelings of hunger.

Question 41

_____ influences eating by inhibiting the production of a neurotransmitter in the hypothalamus that induces eating.

A)Adrenalin
B)Insulin
C)Leptin
D)Calcitonin

Question 42

Identify a true statement about adipose cells.

A)They are fat cells that are stored in one's body.
B)They are absent in normal-weight individuals.
C)They are less in obese individuals than in normal-weight individuals.
D)They reduce the capacity of obese individuals to consume more fooD.

Question 43

Who among the following is most likely to be suffering from anorexia nervosa?

A)Essme,who refuses to eat any meal for fear of gaining weight
B)Alison,who recurrently binge eats in her apartment when her parents are away
C)Amira,who binges and purges on a regular basis
D)Layla,who eats excessively among friends but not when alone

Question 44

Danielle is a woman of normal weight,whereas Ron is an obese man.Whenever they go out to dinner together,Ron always eats more food.Ron,a psychology major,correctly explains this difference in food intake by pointing out that

A)males release leptin at a slower rate than females.
B)he has more fat cells than Danielle and he is not satiated until all his fat cells are filled.
C)the ventromedial hypothalamus of his brain induces in him an urge to take in large portions of food.
D)males and females have different levels of the hormone cholecystokinin.

Question 45

Identify a feature of anorexia nervosa.

A)Anorexia nervosa is rare among teens.
B)People with anorexia nervosa refuse to maintain weight at a healthy level.
C)People with anorexia nervosa have an intense fear of losing weight.
D)Anorexia nervosa has the lowest mortality rate of any physiological disorder.

Question 46

Which of the following is true of an individual suffering from obesity?

A)An obese individual can have up to 10 to 20 billion fat cells.
B)An obese individual has to eat more to feel satisfied.
C)An obese individual has an intense fear of gaining weight that does not decrease with weight loss.
D)An obese individual weighs less than 85 percent of what is considered normal for age and height.

Question 47

Mariah is an adolescent.She idolizes Gisele Bundchen,the famous supermodel.Mariah desires to be skinny like Gisele because she believes that being thin is considered attractive.In her pursuit of losing weight,Maria often refrains from eating for several full days.She begins to fear the thought of gaining weight and is not satisfied even when she loses weight.Mariah is most likely suffering from

A)bulimia nervosA.
B)obesity.
C)binge eating disorder.
D)anorexia nervosa.

Question 48

Which of the following is associated with anorexia nervosa?

A)high blood pressure
B)thickening of bones and hair
C)binge-and-purge eating pattern
D)severe constipation

Question 49

Sean is an obese teenager.He has strong cravings for food.He eats large portions of food every day.His mother,Anita,is worried about his eating habits as well as the health hazards that might arise as a result of overeating.Which of the following measures can prove most effective in curbing Sean's obesity?

A)Sean should only eat until he is satiated.
B)Anita should compel Sean to finish all the food in his plate.
C)Anita should serve food to Sean in a small-sized plate and bowl.
D)Sean should follow a binge-and-purge eating pattern.

Question 50

Amber wants to reduce her weight.She is already below the normal weight level for her age group.She goes on a strict diet to reduce her weight and refuses to eat anything for fear of gaining weight.Amber is most likely suffering from

A)gender dysphoriA.
B)binge eating disorder.
C)schizophrenia.
D)anorexia nervosa.

Question 51

Paris thinks her friend,Nicole,may be suffering from an undiagnosed case of anorexia nervosa.She shares her concerns with Nicole,but Nicole insists that anorexia nervosa is a trivial issue.Which of the following is the most serious consequence of anorexia nervosa?

A)It can cause damage to the thyroid.
B)It can cause extreme changes in personality.
C)It can cause volatile mood swings.
D)It can severely impair logical thinking.

Question 52

Though her weight is normal,Ashley is terrified of gaining extra pounds.She knows she should stick to a healthy diet,but she often consumes huge servings of junk food-up to 5,000 calories in one sitting.Desperate to keep her weight under control,she then uses laxatives and diuretics to purge the calories.Ashley is suffering from:

A)anorexia nervosA.
B)bulimia nervosa.
C)obesity.
D)binge eating disorder.

Question 53

Bianca is very self-conscious about her weight.She indulges in strict dieting and often skips her meals.As a result,she was recently diagnosed with osteoporosis,an abnormal condition related to the thinning of bones.Bianca is most likely to be diagnosed with

A)somnambulism.
B)anorexia nervosa.
C)bulimia nervosa.
D)binge eating disorder.

Question 54

Which of the following is true of anorexia nervosa?

A)Anorexia nervosa is much more common in boys and men than in girls and women.
B)People suffering from this disorder weigh more than 85 percent of what is considered normal for age and height.
C)Most individuals with anorexia nervosa are Latin American female adolescents or young adults from low income families.
D)Anorexia nervosa is said to have the highest mortality rate of any psychological disorder.

Question 55

Edna loves McDonald's sweet tea.Whenever she sees the famous "golden arches",she drives right in and orders a sweet tea.This best illustrates the effect of _____ on her eating behavior.

A)learned associations
B)negative reinforcement
C)avoidance learning
D)modeling

Question 56

Identify a true statement about bulimia nervosa.

A)It is more common in males than in females.
B)It typically begins in late adolescence.
C)It is the easiest disorder to detect as it occurs within a normal weight range.
D)It is associated with high levels of self-efficacy in individuals.

Question 57

Rachel is a young woman of medium build.On a professional level,she has very high standards but suffers from low confidence.Rachel often engages in impulsive eating.However,after eating,she purges by self-induced vomiting because she has a fear of gaining weight.Rachel is most likely to be diagnosed with

A)bulimia nervosA.
B)obesity.
C)bipolar disorder.
D)anorexia nervosa.

Question 58

_____ refers to the weight maintained when the individual makes no effort to gain or lose weight.

A)Basal metabolic rate
B)Resting metabolic rate
C)Set point
D)Body mass index.

Question 59

Brianna has a sweet tooth.She cannot resist the urge to eat fudge brownies and chocolate tarts.She relishes feasting on sugary food items.However,being of a slim build,she wants to maintain her weight.She often gets depressed about her uncontrollable eating urges and consumes emetic,a drug to induce barfing.Brianna is most likely suffering from

A)bulimia nervosA.
B)obesity.
C)bipolar disorder.
D)anorexia nervosa.

Question 60

_____ antagonists have been used to treat obesity in humans.

A)Dopamine
B)Serotonin
C)Acetylcholine
D)Norepinephrine

Question 61

Adam is a teenager with a huge appetite.He has an uncontrollable urge to eat large portions of junk food within very short intervals of time.He is embarrassed by his eating disorder and hence prefers eating alone.Adam is most likely suffering from

A)binge eating disorder.
B)anorexia nervosa.
C)bulimia nervosa.
D)bipolar disorder.

Question 62

Which of the following health complications is related to binge eating disorder (BED)?

A)tooth decay
B)thinning of bones and hair
C)hypertension
D)kidney problems

Question 63

While free meals provided at schools are an attempt to satisfy one of Maslow's hierarchy of needs,students may still fail to experience a strong sense of acceptance and belonging unless they

A)reach self-actualization.
B)feel like they are leaders.
C)feel safe at school.
D)have advanced thinking abilities.

Question 64

Which of the following is true of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

A)The weakest needs are at the base of the hierarchy,and the strongest are at the top.
B)Self-actualization is possible before the other needs in the hierarchy are met.
C)Most people continue moving up the hierarchy after they have developed a high level of esteem.
D)The higher-level needs can only be observed in a person who is relatively satisfied in the most basic needs.

Question 65

In accordance with Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory,which of the following factors can best explain a person's difficulty in committing to a relationship?

A)He does not have financial security.
B)He has not achieved self-actualization.
C)He likes to be alone.
D)His esteem needs are not fulfilled yet.

Question 66

In the context of Maslow's hierarchy of needs,identify a true statement about self-actualization.

A)It is the least elusive of Maslow's needs.
B)It is fulfilled before fulfilling safety and esteem needs.
C)It is the highest of Maslow's needs.
D)It is the motivation of an individual to attain his or her need for belongingness.

Question 67

Dennis works as a salesman at a large retail store.He is happily married and lives in a safe neighborhood.He earns enough of money to eat and provide for his family.According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs,which of the following needs is Dennis most likely to fulfill next?

A)physiological needs
B)self-actualization
C)esteem
D)love and belongingness

Question 68

According to self-determination theory,which of the following constitutes the three basic organismic needs of human beings?

A)competence,thirst,and sex
B)hunger,security,and love
C)competence,autonomy,and relatedness
D)hunger,esteem,and relatedness

Question 69

In the context of Maslow's hierarchy of needs,identify a true statement about physiological needs.

A)It is the most elusive of Maslow's needs.
B)It is fulfilled before safety needs are fulfilled.
C)It is the highest of Maslow's needs.
D)It is fulfilled after need for self-actualization is fulfilleD.

Question 70

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory,the strongest human needs are

A)physiological needs.
B)the needs for self-actualization.
C)the needs for self-esteem.
D)safety needs.

Question 71

At the age of 33,Ricky is a highly-ranked partner in a law firm.He lives by himself and doesn't find the time to socialize.He has a lavish house with an elaborate security system and owns a luxurious sports car.According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory,which of the following can best explain Ricky's discontentment with life?

A)Ricky's physiological needs are not being met.
B)Ricky's need for belongingness is not being met.
C)Ricky has not reached self-actualization.
D)Ricky does not feel safe at home.

Question 72

Amir works as a senior engineer in a firm.Despite getting a good salary,he feels unhappy that he has never received the "best employee" award for his work efforts.He feels that people do not appreciate his work and he seeks a non-monetary appreciation of his work.In the context of Maslow's hierarchy of need,this illustrates Amir's

A)safety needs.
B)esteem needs.
C)need for belongingness.
D)self-actualization needs.

Question 73

The highest and most elusive of Maslow's hierarchy of needs is

A)esteem.
B)self-actualization.
C)belongingness.
D)competence.

Question 74

Which of the following is true of individuals with binge eating disorder (BED)?

A)They feel complete control over eating.
B)They do not try to compensate for what they have eaten by purging.
C)They do not feel ashamed or disgusted after bingeing.
D)They frequently eat in public and among friends and feel positively strong about their eating behavior.

Question 75

Jared is a salesman at a large retail store.Upon meeting his monthly sales target,he is honored with the title of "Star Salesman" by the management.Despite the recognition,Jared is not very happy.He feels that the management should have rewarded him with a bonus instead of a title.According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs,which of the following needs is Jared seeking to fulfill?

A)safety needs
B)physiological needs
C)esteem needs
D)self-actualization needs

Question 76

Which of the following is true of the causes and treatments of bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa?

A)Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa only occur in cultures that emphasize the ideal of thinness.
B)Problems in regulating the neurotransmitter dopamine are related to both anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.
C)Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa affect the body but do not have any effect on the brain.
D)Although anorexia and bulimia nervosa are serious disorders,recovery is possible.

Question 77

Individuals with binge eating disorder (BED)

A)purge multiple times a day.
B)place less value on their appearance than obese individuals who do not suffer from BED.
C)place great value on their body shape than obese individuals who do not suffer from BED.
D)eat less food for longer hours in a day.

Question 78

Rahul wants to be a nuclear physicist.He believes that he can compete with his peers and achieve his goal of becoming the best nuclear physicist in the world.In the context of competence motivation,his beliefs represent his

A)mastery.
B)impulsivity.
C)relatedness.
D)self-efficacy.

Question 79

Lidia graduated from college 10 years ago and is considering a career change.She is eager to find a position that provides her with challenges and allows her to grow as a person.To learn about potential career paths,she signs up for classes at the local community college.According to self-determination theory,Lidia's desire to explore and grow as a person reflects

A)relatedness.
B)extrinsic motivation.
C)competence.
D)homeostasis.

Question 80

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory,before a person can feel safe,he needs to

A)satisfy his physiological needs.
B)find intimacy.
C)achieve self-actualization.
D)develop high self-esteem.