Deck 12: Personality

Question 1

For Sigmund Freud,which of the following was the most important motivator in human life?

A)financial security
B)the sexual drive
C)self-respect
D)the superego

Answer 1

the sexual drive

Question 2

According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory,the _____ operates according to the pleasure principle.

A)superego
B)animus
C)id
D)ego

Answer 2

id

Question 3

Which of the following statements best defines personality?

A)It is a pattern of enduring,distinctive thoughts,emotions,and behaviors that characterize the way an individual adapts to the world.
B)It refers to the tactics the ego uses to reduce anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.
C)It refers to the impersonal,deepest layer of the unconscious mind,shared by all human beings because of their common ancestral past.
D)It is a behavioral pattern that aims to regulate arousal around an individual's baseline level.

Answer 3

It is a pattern of enduring,distinctive thoughts,emotions,and behaviors that characterize the way an individual adapts to the world.

Question 4

According to Freud,the ego acts as a mediator because it

A)is the first to form and therefore the most established personality structure.
B)functions primarily in the unconscious mind.
C)balances the demands of the id,superego,and the real world.
D)is the only personality structure that generates psychic energy.

Question 5

According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory,the _____ evaluates the morality of an individual's behavior.

A)id
B)superego
C)persona
D)ego

Question 6

According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory,the ego abides by the _____ principle.

A)pleasure
B)self-actualization
C)reality
D)all-or-none

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a belief of the psychodynamic perspectives of personality?

A)Childhood experiences shape adult personality.
B)A person's personality can be truly understood by focusing exclusively on his or her behavior.
C)Aspects of individuals' personalities are unconscious because they must be.
D)The enduring patterns that make up personality are largely unavailable to an individual's conscious awareness.

Question 8

According to the Freudian structure of personality,the id is

A)the harsh,internal judge of an individual's behavior.
B)an individual's reservoir of sexual energy.
C)the structure that deals with the demands of reality.
D)an individual's center for higher mental functions.

Question 9

Kiara finds an abandoned wallet with $300 in it and no identification.In the context of Freud's psychoanalytic theory,Kiara's decision to keep the money or turn it in will cause the greatest conflict between her

A)conscious mind and collective unconscious.
B)id and superego.
C)ego and superego.
D)physiological need and self-actualization neeD.

Question 10

Brandon attempts to convince his girlfriend,Katherine,to have sex with him.Even though Katherine loves and desires him,her religious beliefs do not permit her to have sex before marriage.According to Freud's structures of personality,Katherine's desire to have sex with Brandon is most likely dictated by her Her decision not to engage in premarital sex is most likely dictated by her

A)id;ego
B)ego;superego
C)superego;id
D)id;superego

Question 11

The Freudian term for the tactics that the ego uses to reduce anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality is

A)fixation.
B)hysteria.
C)ego wellness.
D)defense mechanisms.

Question 12

_____ perspectives on personality emphasize that personality is primarily unconscious.

A)Humanistic
B)Psychodynamic
C)Social cognitive
D)Trait

Question 13

In the context of structures of personality described by Freud,who among the following is most likely acting according to the demands of the id?

A)Santiago,a 20-year-old,who refrains from smoking and drinking
B)Kate,a teenager,who always practices safe sex
C)John,a two-year-old,who snatches a toy from another child
D)Lisa,a 35-year-old,who yells at her children every time she fights with her husband

Question 14

Tanya makes impulse purchases.In the context of Freud's structures of personality,Tanya's impulsive shopping is driven by the

A)alter ego
B)superego
C)id
D)collective unconscious

Question 15

Jake,an 18-year-old,refrains from downloading pirated movies online as he believes it is immoral to engage in such practices According to Freud's structures of personality,Jake is most likely acting according to the demands of the

A)id.
B)ego.
C)superego.
D)libido.

Question 16

Jonathan,a 15-year-old,loves ice cream and finishes an entire tub of ice cream for dinner.In the context of Freud's structures of personality,which of the following most likely dictates his behavior?

A)eros
B)id
C)superego
D)thanatos

Question 17

As a teenage daughter of divorced parents,Kelly has always been impulsive and thoughtless.After a near death experience,she begins considering other people's feelings and feels remorse for her earlier actions.In the context of Freud's psychoanalytic theory,Kelly is most likely experiencing a strengthening of her

A)id.
B)defense mechanisms.
C)superego.
D)collective unconscious.

Question 18

If Marcy is feeling guilty about lying to her mother,supporters of Freud's psychoanalytic theory would most likely argue that her _____ is making her feel this way.

A)id
B)anima
C)superego
D)ego

Question 19

Meyer plans to obtain quick money through gambling,but he realizes that he might get arrested by the police.This prevents him from going ahead with his gambling plan.According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory,which of the following structures most likely stopped Meyer from going ahead with his plan?

A)superego
B)ego
C)id
D)animus

Question 20

Animated movies sometimes depict an individual's personal conflict by showing the individual with an angel on one shoulder and a devil on the other.The angel is most analogous to Freud's idea of the _____ and the devil is most analogous to Freud's idea of the

A)superego;id
B)ego;superego
C)ego;id
D)superego;ego

Question 21

According to Freud's stages of psychosexual development,which of the following statements best indicates that 30-year-old Gayle is fixated at the oral stage?

A)He is excessively concerned about cleanliness.
B)He has a puritanical attitude toward sex.
C)He is stubborn and prefers simplicity and structure.
D)He is addicted to smoking cigarettes.

Question 22

Patrick has been confused about his sexual orientation for a few years.Even though he has had many girlfriends,he often feels attracted to men.However,in college,he strongly opposes the idea of same-sex relationships among his friends.According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory,Patrick's supposed homophobia best illustrates the defense mechanism of

A)reaction formation.
B)denial.
C)sublimation.
D)regression.

Question 23

According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory,_____ occurs when the ego replaces a less acceptable motive with a more acceptable one.

A)regression
B)sublimation
C)rationalization
D)displacement

Question 24

Each time Antony,a 30-year-old architect,experiences hardship,he goes home to his parents to find comfort. According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory,Antony is unconsciously engaging in

A)reaction formation.
B)regression.
C)repression.
D)displacement.

Question 25

When the ego attributes personal shortcomings,faults,and problems to others,it is referred to as the defense mechanism of

A)fixation.
B)sublimation.
C)repression.
D)projection.

Question 26

Which of the following is a defense mechanism according to Freud's psychoanalytic theory?

A)castration anxiety
B)Oedipus complex
C)fixation
D)sublimation

Question 27

Who among the following is using reaction formation as a defense mechanism?

A)Leah,who refuses to accept that she is suffering from acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
B)Chris,who dislikes his colleague but ends up being extremely polite toward that colleague
C)Farah,who stays at her parents' house every time she has a rough day at work
D)Matt,who does not remember anything about the traumatic car accident that he was in

Question 28

George's cubicle at work is spotless.Every item on his desk is arranged according to how frequently he needs it.He gets agitated if something is moved or rearranged.A proponent of Freud's psychoanalytic theory might argue that George is fixated at the _____ stage of psychosexual development.

A)oral
B)anal
C)phallic
D)genital

Question 29

Jeff has been extremely aggressive since childhood.He pursues a career in boxing,which provides a socially acceptable channel to express his aggression.This scenario best illustrates the defense mechanism of

A)regression.
B)sublimation.
C)repression.
D)rationalization.

Question 30

Margot,a 30-year-old woman,was sexually abused as a child.She has no memory of the abuse or the trauma she went through as a child.However,during a session of hypnotic therapy,Margot recalls the experience vividly.This scenario best illustrates the defense mechanism of

A)regression.
B)repression.
C)displacement.
D)sublimation.

Question 31

Chad is keen on getting into the best college in the state.However,the college rejects his application.When comforted by his parents,Chad explains that he is not disappointed because if he had been accepted by the college,he would have had to move away from home.In this scenario,Chad's explanation best illustrates the defense mechanism of

A)rationalization.
B)repression.
C)sublimation.
D)regression.

Question 32

Gia,a 30-year-old,is extremely disorganized and untidy.She is talkative and indulges in bathroom humor.In the context of Freud's psychosexual stages of personality development,Gia is most likely fixated at the

A)phallic stage.
B)oral stage.
C)anal stage.
D)latent stage.

Question 33

According to Freud's psychosexual stages of development,the latency period occurs

A)during infancy.
B)during an age when most children go through toilet training.
C)immediately after the phallic stage.
D)in adolescence and adulthooD.

Question 34

According to Freud's stages of psychosexual development,if Jade is fixated at the oral stage and uses sublimation as a defense mechanism,she is most likely to

A)be overly giving.
B)be extremely disgusted with feces.
C)display excessive modesty.
D)seek knowledge,humor,and wit.

Question 35

Darin had an automobile accident in which his brother and another passenger were killed.Even though Darin was driving,he survived the accident with only a few bruises.However,he is unable to recall any of the details related to this accident.In the context of Freud's defense mechanisms,Darin's inability to recall the accident best illustrates

A)displacement.
B)rationalization.
C)sublimation.
D)repression.

Question 36

Which of the following statements is true of defense mechanisms?

A)Defense mechanisms are unconscious.
B)Defense mechanisms are the strategies used by the superego.
C)The use of defense mechanisms involves an honest acceptance of reality.
D)The use of defense mechanisms increases one's anxiety levels.

Question 37

Marcus and his wife are friends with their neighbors Allen and Jane.Marcus is sexually attracted to Jane. He,however,accuses his wife of being attracted to Allen.Marcus's behavior best illustrates the defense mechanism of

A)sublimation.
B)regression.
C)projection.
D)rationalization.

Question 38

Kimberly and Daniel,two psychology majors,argue about the psychodynamic perspective of personality.Kimberly believes in Karen Horney's sociocultural approach,whereas Daniel believes in Freud's psychoanalytic theory.Which of the following is Karen most likely to state to support her argument?

A)Anatomy is destiny.
B)Both sexes envy the attributes of the other.
C)Sex is the prime motive in human existence.
D)Women envy the penis because of unconscious issues.

Question 39

_____ is the defense mechanism used when the ego shifts feelings toward an unacceptable object to another,more acceptable object.

A)Regression
B)Sublimation
C)Repression
D)Displacement

Question 40

Welma is unable to accept the fact that she has been diagnosed with lung cancer.She refuses treatment despite her family's attempts to convince her.In the context of defense mechanisms,Welma is most likely engaging in _____

A)regression.
B)repression.
C)sublimation.
D)denial.

Question 41

_____ refers to Alfred Adler's view that people are motivated by purposes and goals and that perfection,not pleasure,is the key motivator in human life.

A)Evolutionary psychology
B)Community psychology
C)Individual psychology
D)Behavioral psychology

Question 42

According to Jung's analytical theory,the term _____ refers to the passive feminine side in an individual.

A)persona
B)superego
C)anima
D)id

Question 43

In the context of Adler's individual psychology,_____ refers to an individual's attempt to overcome imagined or real inferiorities or weaknesses by developing one's own abilities.

A)repression
B)sublimation
C)fixation
D)compensation

Question 44

According to Carl Rogers,which of the following is an essential ingredient of healthy human relations?

A)conditional positive regard
B)self-actualization
C)sympathy
D)genuineness

Question 45

According to Jung's analytic theory,emotionally laden ideas and images that have rich and symbolic meaning for all people are known as

A)archetypes.
B)traits.
C)schemas.
D)prototypes.

Question 46

According to Rogers's approach to personality,which of the following is most likely the reason for unhappiness?

A)As individuals grow up,people who are central to their lives condition them to move away from their genuine feelings.
B)As people grow up,the demands of the id conflict with the demands of the superego.
C)When a person's basic physiological needs are not met,the person has to reach a compromise between his or her true impulses and reality.
D)When a person's basic safety needs are not met,the person has to reach a compromise between his or her true impulses and reality.

Question 47

Mathew is a 14-year-old adolescent.He is poor in academics but is a national-level basketball player.Despite his poor performance in academics,his parents never criticize him.They try to assist him in academics and encourage him in sports.Which of the following elements of Rogers's theory is demonstrated by Mathew's parents in this scenario?

A)conditions of worth
B)unconditional positive regard
C)defense mechanisms
D)reactance

Question 48

According to Abraham Maslow,_____ is the motivation to develop to one's full potential as a human being.

A)self-deprecation
B)self-awareness
C)self-actualization
D)self-esteem

Question 49

Roberto is a humanistic psychologist.He is most likely to focus on a person's

A)neuropsychic structures and psychophysical system.
B)early life experiences.
C)unconscious motives.
D)capacity for personal growth.

Question 50

According to Jung's analytic theory,the _____ always allows one to keep some secret part of oneself hidden from others.

A)anima
B)id
C)animus
D)persona

Question 51

Gus,a successful manager,quits his job and joins college at the age of 40 to study art.A proponent of Abraham Maslow's humanistic theory would most likely argue that Gus went back to college because

A)he had unresolved childhood issues.
B)he wanted to change his persona.
C)he chose to develop his full potential.
D)he wanted to prove that he was superior to others.

Question 52

Christina's parents are very strict about her academic performance.When she performs well,they shower her with love;when she does poorly,they are unfriendly and distant.Christina soon learns that the only way she can receive their love is by performing well academically.In the context of Rogers's humanistic psychology approach,Christina's parents are demonstrating _____ for Christina.

A)unconditional positive regard
B)conditions of worth
C)altruism
D)repression

Question 53

Victor has a counseling session with Lisa,a humanistic psychologist.During the session,Lisa says that Victor should reconnect with his true desires to feel happy.In this case,Lisa is most likely to recommend that Victor should

A)interact with self-actualizers who are spontaneous and creative.
B)encourage relationships in which people are authentic and have no false pretenses.
C)be in a relationship that requires him to meet external standards to experience positive regard.
D)interact with those who are sympathetic toward him.

Question 54

Identify a core principle of the psychodynamic perspectives.

A)Personality is solely determined by current experiences.
B)One mentally transforms one's experiences,giving them meaning that shapes one's personality.
C)Personality is solely determined by early experiences.
D)The capacity for personal growth and positive human qualities are the two factors that shape one's personality.

Question 55

According to Jung,the deepest,impersonal layer of the unconscious mind that is shared by all humans is called the

A)archetype.
B)animus.
C)collective unconscious.
D)persona.

Question 56

Which of the following is true of Horney's sociocultural approach?

A)She believed that no woman experiences penis envy.
B)She believed that the need for security is the most important human need.
C)She supported Freud's notion that anatomy is destiny.
D)She rejected the notion that men covet women's reproductive capacities.

Question 57

_____ means being accepted,valued,and treated supportively regardless of one's behavior.

A)Agreeableness
B)Unconditional positive regard
C)Fixation
D)Reciprocal determinism

Question 58

Which of the following is an important element of Carl Rogers's humanistic theory?

A)self-concept
B)persona
C)archetype
D)sublimation

Question 59

Catherine,a 15-year-old,has an elder sister and a younger sister.According to Adler,which of the following is most applicable to Catherine in the context of birth order?

A)She is likely to be the center of attention in comparison to her siblings.
B)She is most likely of the three to suffer from a psychological disorder.
C)She is most likely of the three to engage in thefts and other petty crimes.
D)She is likely to be inspired by her elder sister and strive for success.

Question 60

Brittney is a counselor who believes that her clients have the innate ability to make good choices.She accepts all individuals as they are.It is important to Brittney that her clients learn to evaluate themselves and not depend on the opinions of others.In this scenario,Brittney's views of personality fit best within the _____ perspective.

A)trait
B)psychodynamic
C)biological
D)humanistic

Question 61

According to the five-factor model of personality,a person who is incapable of being calm and satisfied with oneself or others is likely to rate high on

A)openness.
B)extraversion.
C)agreeableness.
D)neuroticism.

Question 62

Holly is independent,imaginative,and interested in trying all kinds of new activities and routines.According to the five-factor model of personality,Holly is most likely to rate high on

A)neuroticism
B)conformity
C)conscientiousness
D)openness to experience

Question 63

Which of the following accurately describes the process of factor analysis in the identification of personality traits?

A)Factor analysis allows researchers to create operational definitions of observed personality traits.
B)Factor analysis permits trait inferences by examining people's responses to ambiguous stimuli.
C)Factor analysis identifies which traits go together in terms of how they are rated.
D)Factor analysis allows researchers to use projective tests to determine durable traits.

Question 64

Which of the following statements is true of Murray's personological approach to personality?

A)Murray proposed that to achieve optimal functioning an individual must experience unconditional positive regard.
B)Murray focused on the enduring dispositions that tend to lead to characteristic responses.
C)Murray focused solely on conscious experiences and traits.
D)Murray embraced the psychodynamic notion of unconscious motivation.

Question 65

Jude is constantly worried.He avoids meeting new people and avoids new situations.He gets anxious if his routine is disturbed and indulges in self-pity.According to the five-factor model of personality,Jude is most likely to rate high on

A)neuroticism.
B)extraversion.
C)agreeableness.
D)openness.

Question 66

Jerry,a psychologist,administers the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)to one of his patients.Which of the following procedures is Jerry most likely to use in analyzing the imaginative story narrated by his patient?

A)regression analysis
B)content analysis
C)meta-analysis
D)correlation analysis

Question 67

According to the five-factor model of personality,which statement best describes the relationship between neuroticism and personality?

A)Neuroticism is low in anxious and insecure individuals.
B)Neuroticism is high when a person is positive.
C)Neuroticism is high when a person is emotionally stable.
D)Neuroticism is low in self-satisfied individuals.

Question 68

Chris is a bass guitarist in a popular band and enjoys performing on stage.He has a lot of friends and loves to socialize when he is not performing.His home is where all the parties take place,and he loves being the center of attention.According to the five-factor model of personality,Chris's specific traits are most reflective of

A)altruism.
B)conscientiousness.
C)extraversion.
D)neuroticism.

Question 69

In the five-factor model of personality,_____ is most closely related to liberal values,tolerance,and creativity.

A)agreeableness
B)openness to experience
C)neuroticism
D)extraversion

Question 70

Marianne contributes a part of her income to a nonprofit organization for homeless children and spends her free time teaching them.According to the five-factor model of personality,this aspect best reflects the trait of

A)neuroticism.
B)introversion.
C)agreeableness.
D)emotional instability.

Question 71

Octavia enjoys being around others and is well known for her social graces.She is warm and engaging with everyone she meets regardless of whether the setting is the classroom,her workplace,a restaurant,or her own home.Since Octavia has a fairly stable way of relating to other people,it is most likely that her behavior is

A)representative of her personA.
B)a manifestation of a personality trait.
C)a manifestation of her superego.
D)dependent on the situation.

Question 72

_____ are theoretical views stressing that personality consists of broad,enduring dispositions that tend to lead to characteristic responses.

A)Humanistic theories
B)Social cognitive perspectives
C)Trait theories
D)Psychodynamic perspectives

Question 73

According to the five-factor model of personality,a person who is rated high on conscientiousness is most likely to be

A)organized.
B)careful.
C)impulsive.
D)uncooperative.

Question 74

Which of the following is a criticism of the humanistic perspectives of personality?

A)They focus only on observable behaviors.
B)They are too optimistic about human nature.
C)They are too critical of the behaviors of individuals.
D)They tend to devalue the importance of unconditional love.

Question 75

According to the five-factor model of personality,a person who is reserved and somber is most likely to rate

A)high on energy.
B)low on extraversion.
C)high on openness.
D)low on negativity.

Question 76

Which of the following is a criticism of the trait theories of personality?

A)They miss the importance of situational factors in personality and behavior.
B)They focus excessively on the past experiences of human beings.
C)They are overly concerned with unconscious desires and motives.
D)They miss the impact of current experiences on human beings.

Question 77

Which of the following individuals is most likely to obtain a high score on the openness trait of the big five factors of personality?

A)Kim,who likes to conform to popular opinion
B)Jillian,who is practical in all her decisions
C)Jordan,who sticks to strict routines
D)Beverly,who loves experimenting with life

Question 78

According to the five-factor model of personality,a person who is generous and altruistic is most likely to rate high on

A)neuroticism.
B)ruthlessness.
C)extraversion.
D)agreeableness.

Question 79

Hilda's colleagues find it difficult to work with her on projects as she is uncooperative.They describe Hilda's personality as merciless and untrustworthy According to the five-factor model of personality,Hilda is most likely to be rated

A)high on conscientiousness.
B)high on neuroticism.
C)low on openness to experience.
D)low on agreeableness.

Question 80

Personology refers to

A)an early form of personality assessment.
B)the study of how biology determines personality.
C)the study of the specific traits of a personality.
D)the study of the whole person.