Deck 8: Thinking, Intelligence, and Language

Question 1

Identify a true statement about heuristics.

A)They are time consuming than other types of strategies.
B)They guarantee the right solution to a problem.
C)They aid in narrowing down the possible solutions to a problem.
D)They are intermediate goals that lead to only one possible solution for a problem.

Answer 1

They aid in narrowing down the possible solutions to a problem.

Question 2

Approaches that attempt to explain observable behavior by investigating mental processes and structures that cannot be directly observed by individuals fall under _____ psychology.

A)psychoanalytic
B)behavioral
C)cognitive
D)biological

Answer 2

cognitive

Question 3

Alice,Natalie's roommate,argues that computers can perform several complex tasks better and more accurately than humans.However,Natalie counters her argument by stating that humans alone are capable of

A)developing new learning goals.
B)performing statistical operations.
C)evaluating loan applications.
D)compiling new information.

Answer 3

developing new learning goals.

Question 4

Neil has been riding his bike to work for the last five years.Which of the following characteristics of concepts is being illustrated in this statement?

A)Concepts aid memory.
B)Concepts facilitate generalization.
C)Concepts facilitate association between experiences and objects.
D)Concepts provide clues about how to react to a particular object.

Question 5

Kate,a member of the sorority at Quantasia State University,argues that AI machines will become intent on domination of the human race as soon as they realize that they are intellectually superior to humans.As a psychology major,Laura scoffs at this position and argues that AI machines will never come to the realization that they are smarter than humans because they

A)lack the ability to compile information.
B)lack the capacity for self-awareness.
C)cannot complete tasks that involve evaluation.
D)cannot perform numerical operations accurately.

Question 6

Concepts refer to

A)mental categories that are used to group objects,events,and characteristics.
B)appropriate ways to attain a goal when the goal is not readily available.
C)unique strategies that guarantee a solution to a problem.
D)specific reasons behind linguistic differences between ethnic groups.

Question 7

Claudia has bought a recipe book that gives her step-by-step procedures to prepare Italian cuisines.This scenario illustrates the use of

A)heuristics.
B)algorithms.
C)prototypes.
D)concepts.

Question 8

Rohan,an infant,often has ice creams.When he is offered a new type of ice cream,which he has never had before,Rohan's mother reassures him by saying "That is ice cream!" Which of the following characteristics of concepts has been illustrated in this scenario?

A)Concepts facilitate stereotypes.
B)Concepts facilitate association between people and time.
C)Concepts aid cognition.
D)Concepts provide clues about how to react to a particular object.

Question 9

Which of the following is a situation in which concept facilitates generalization?

A)Mark goes around to the same grocery store for the last six years.
B)Irene,an infant,learns that all living things that fly are called birds.
C)Rodney,an infant,is always happy when given an ice cream.
D)Fiola reacts with joy whenever she sees pancakes.

Question 10

Sam manages a fast-food restaurant.He is frustrated because employees often call in sick at the last minute before the start of their shift.Given that Sam recognizes this problem,which of the following is the next immediate step that he should take to solve this problem?

A)Sam should call a meeting with all his employees and explain the problem to them.
B)Sam should threaten to fire anyone who calls in sick just prior to the start of their shift.
C)Sam should evaluate his employee policies.
D)Sam should define the problem in detail.

Question 11

Ryan learns that he is always late to work.He analyzes his reasons for being late to work and learns that he always wakes up very late in the morning.As per the problem-solving process,which of the following should Ryan do?

A)He must evaluate the disadvantages of waking up late in the morning.
B)He must develop a good strategy that will improve his sleeping pattern.
C)He must rethink and redefine his problem.
D)He must find out if his colleagues also report late to work.

Question 12

Which of the following statements is true of subgoals?

A)Working backward in establishing subgoals should be typically avoided.
B)They are initial goals that put the individual in a better position for reaching a final solution.
C)They are devised while developing problem-solving strategies.
D)They are used to evaluate the solutions.

Question 13

Harry,a six-year-old boy,plays with his toys.He has three different types of toys: bus,train,and an airplane.When asked about the differences among the toys,Harry indicates that even though all the three are modes of transportation,only an airplane can actually fly.Which of the following best explains Harry's concept of his toys?

A)the prototype model
B)the endowment effect
C)the sunk cost fallacy
D)mathematical induction

Question 14

Cognitive psychologists are interested in examining the process of

A)problem solving.
B)clinical diagnosis.
C)classical conditioning.
D)operant conditioning.

Question 15

Freisha intends to learn cooking but is confused about the type of cuisine she aims to learn.According to the steps in problem solving,the first step that must be taken by her is to

A)evaluate the solutions.
B)develop good problem-solving strategies.
C)find and frame the problem.
D)rethink and redefine the problem.

Question 16

In everyday situations,finding and framing problems can be difficult because most real-life problems

A)are vague and ill defined.
B)require employing complex operations.
C)cannot be solved by the average person.
D)do not require openness to experience.

Question 17

Charlotte,a three-year-old girl,learns that a doll is an object with which she can play alone or with her friends.Which of the following characteristics of concepts has been illustrated in this scenario?

A)Concepts facilitate association between experiences and objects.
B)Concepts facilitate generalization.
C)Concepts provide clues about how to react to a particular object.
D)Concepts aid memory.

Question 18

Which of the following holds true about the statement that computers provide an oversimplified model of human information processing?

A)Computers are currently unable to perform any tasks better than humans.
B)Computer information is far too complex for such a comparison to be accurate.
C)Computer information is too mathematically based for such a comparison to be accurate.
D)Computer information input is pre-coded and ambiguities are removed before processing.

Question 19

An effective way to strategize the organization of subgoals is to

A)work forward in the planning process.
B)limit the number of subgoals to three or less.
C)create a minimum of six or seven subgoals.
D)work backward in the planning process.

Question 20

When cognitive psychologists use the computer as an analogy to explain the relationship between cognition and the brain,the brain is described as the computer's

A)hardware.
B)firewall.
C)hard drive.
D)software.

Question 21

Which of the following is true of algorithms and heuristics for solving real-life problems?

A)Heuristics are shortcut strategies.
B)Algorithms lead to different answers to a given problem.
C)Heuristics guarantee a solution to a problem.
D)Algorithms are faster than heuristics.

Question 22

Jacob received his score on math paper and realized that he performed poorly in the test.According to the steps in problem solving,the next step that must be taken by him is to

A)ignore all the subgoals created by him during the problem-solving process.
B)rethink and redefine his problem.
C)employ heuristics rather than algorithms as the problem-solving strategy.
D)merely frame the problem in a vague way.

Question 23

Shane is a sales representative and uses MapQuest to get driving directions to his clients' offices.Thus,Shane uses _____ to get to his destinations.

A)shortcut strategies
B)heuristics
C)prototypes
D)algorithms

Question 24

Carlos,a teenager,wants to become an astronaut.In order to achieve his dream of becoming an astronaut,he enrolls himself in a physical sciences course.He also enrolls himself in a mathematics course.In this case,Carlos is

A)subgoaling
B)benefit finding
C)syntaxing
D)standardizing

Question 25

Lolita uses her kitchen knife to cut vegetables.She always uses her knife for either slicing bread or for chopping meat.Despite these uses,Lolita also occasionally uses the knife to unscrew nails from her kitchen equipment.This alternate way of using the knife shows that Lolita has overcome

A)functional fixedness.
B)conservation.
C)the Flynn effect.
D)the sunk cost fallacy.

Question 26

Which of the following best explains being cognitively flexible?

A)the tendency to report falsely,after the fact,that one has accurately predicted an outcome
B)recognizing that options are available and adapting to the situation
C)the tendency to ignore information about general principles in favor of very specific but vivid information
D)fixating on a thing's usual functions

Question 27

Ramesh is stuck on a math problem.Instead of asking his teacher about ways to solve the problem,he tries out various methods to arrive at the answer.He employs all algebraic formulas he has learned to solve the problem.After working for few hours,he manages to solve the problem.Which of the following strategies did Ramesh use in solving his math problem?

A)algorithms
B)heuristics
C)prototype
D)benefit finding

Question 28

Veronica has to cook dinner for 30 people this Saturday.Moreover,her apartment is a mess,and she has nothing suitable to wear for the party.Hence,she decides to do her laundry on Thursday night,buy the groceries on Friday,clean the apartment on Saturday morning,and cook dinner by Saturday evening.This process of defining intermediate problems is known as

A)creating subgoals.
B)using algorithms.
C)using heuristics.
D)fixation.

Question 29

Diana has to study four chapters of management information systems for her test tomorrow.If she decides to use the problem-solving strategy of adopting subgoals,she must

A)cram the night before the test.
B)breakdown the topics to be studied and complete each within the time frame.
C)decide to do a group study with her friends.
D)study only the larger topics and ignore the smaller topics.

Question 30

Which of the following is the main difference between algorithms and heuristics?

A)Unlike heuristics,algorithms lead to different answers to a given problem.
B)Heuristics take more time than algorithms.
C)Unlike heuristics,algorithms always guarantee a solution.
D)Unlike heuristics,algorithms are shortcut strategies that suggest a solution to a problem.

Question 31

Identify a true statement about deductive reasoning.

A)It involves making random generalizations.
B)It involves moving away from making a specific conclusion.
C)It moves from a general principle to a specific case.
D)It is based on intuition rather than facts.

Question 32

Ivan has misplaced his room keys.Which of the following would he do if he decides to use an algorithmic approach to find them?

A)He will avoid searching and instead get a replacement key made.
B)He will break open the door.
C)He will call his wife to get the spare keys.
D)He will go through each drawer in his house.

Question 33

Human beings will often reason from the specific to the general.That is,people often form general rules and concepts based on specific experiences and examples.This type of reasoning is termed as

A)deductive reasoning.
B)retrospective reasoning.
C)inductive reasoning.
D)descriptive reasoning.

Question 34

Rajiv works as a junior engineer in a firm.His friends Luke and Layla,who work in a different firm,earn more salary than he does.Rajiv considers quitting his job and joining his friends' firm as he believes that everyone in that firm earns more salary than him.Which of the following types of reasoning is Rajiv using in his decision making?

A)inductive
B)fixation
C)functional fixedness
D)deductive

Question 35

Which of the following is the main disadvantage of using algorithms?

A)They only work for large problems.
B)They are very similar to the trial-and-error method.
C)Correct solutions are not guaranteed.
D)Finding solutions may take a long time.

Question 36

Raina wants to get to the nearest hospital as soon as possible.Clark recommends Raina to take a route that would avoid any possible traffic.He tells him that he will be able to quickly reach the hospital if he follows his directions.Instead of looking at other options,Raina quickly acts on Clark's advice.In this case,Raina is using _____ to reach the hospital.

A)algorithms
B)subgoals
C)heuristics
D)benefit finding

Question 37

Which of the following is a characteristic of good problem solvers?

A)self-doubt
B)humility
C)groupthink
D)risk avoidance

Question 38

Monique routinely uses a shredder to shred her paper mail into confetti-sized pieces of paper.When packing her glassware to move into a new apartment,she runs out of protective Styrofoam packing material.Suddenly,Monique remembers about the shredded junk mail confetti that she could use as packing material.From the above scenario,it can be concluded that Monique has

A)overcome functional fixedness.
B)used a heuristic to solve her packing problem.
C)used an algorithm to solve her packing problem.
D)demonstrated object fixation.

Question 39

Jake developed a study plan for his Graduate Record Examination and completed his paper on Tuesday. According to the steps in problem solving,the next immediate step that must be taken by him is to

A)employ good problem-solving strategies.
B)find and frame the problem.
C)rethink and redefine the problem.
D)evaluate his performance.

Question 40

Rose picks up a chocolate biscuit from a jar.The first biscuit she eats from the jar is stale.She empties all other biscuits from the jar into the dustbin as she believes that all the other biscuits must also be stale.Which of the following types of reasoning is Rose using in disposing the biscuits away?

A)inductive
B)functional
C)accommodative
D)deductive

Question 41

Identify a true statement about loss aversion.

A)It helps to explain the endowment effect and the sunk cost fallacy among people.
B)It emphasizes that people make more losses than gains in their lives.
C)It is the tendency to report falsely,after the fact,that one accurately predicted an outcome.
D)It is the tendency to report falsely about a loss in order to gain sympathy and escape punishment.

Question 42

Who among the following is likely using the controlled system of reasoning in his or her decision-making process?

A)Hendrik,who uses a map to reach a cafe
B)Rita,who uses trigonometric formulas to solve a science problem
C)Voshell,who uses a shortcut to get to the school
D)Sylvia,who uses a hammer to hit the nail on her door

Question 43

Phil frequently eats at a Chinese restaurant in his neighborhood.He has tried all the items from the restaurant and has always been satisfied with the quality of the food.Recently,the restaurant started making a new variety of rice.Phil is willing to try the new item,as he believes that it will be as good as the other items.Which of the following types of reasoning is Phil employing in his decision making?

A)automatic
B)heuristics
C)rapid
D)inductive

Question 44

Joel and Zeus watch a soccer game between team A and team B on TV.Team A wins the match and Zeus exclaims,"I knew team A would win this match!" According to the biases and heuristics in decision making,it can be concluded that Zeus is employing _____ in this scenario.

A)confirmation bias
B)hindsight bias
C)the availability heuristic
D)the representativeness heuristic

Question 45

Cathy has long believed that all her supervisors are cranky and disagreeable individuals.According to the confirmation bias,after being transferred to a new department,which of the following will Cathy most likely do on her first day in the new supervisor's department?

A)She will forget the things she had thought about her previous supervisors.
B)She will look for positive behaviors on the part of her supervisor.
C)She will share her feelings with the new supervisor.
D)She will look for negative behaviors on the part of the supervisor.

Question 46

Robert wants to go out on a picnic.He packs his bag and gets ready,but at the last minute he has a hunch that it might rain.He follows his instinct and drops the idea of going out on a picnic.In this case,Robert used the _____ system of reasoning in his decision making.

A)controlled
B)automatic
C)hypothetical-deductive
D)analytical

Question 47

Naomi intends to become a pilot.However,her father refuses to comply with her intention.He states that the women in his family have always been in the academic field and persuades her to pursue teaching as her future career.According to the biases and heuristics in decision making,it can be concluded that Naomi's father has employed _____ in this scenario.

A)the representativeness heuristic
B)the availability heuristic
C)confirmation bias
D)hindsight bias

Question 48

Which of the following statements is true of inductive reasoning?

A)It involves drawing conclusions based on facts.
B)It refers to reasoning from a general principle that individuals know to be true to a specific instance.
C)It is illustrated when psychologists and other scientists use theories to make predictions and then evaluate their predictions by making further observations.
D)It involves bottom-up processing.

Question 49

Many smokers like to associate themselves to the late George Burns,a famous actor who smoked cigars continuously for many years and lived to be nearly a hundred,as evidence that smoking is relatively harmless.These individuals tend to ignore the thousands of people who die every year from lung cancer.They are illustrating

A)the availability heuristic.
B)confirmation bias.
C)the representativeness heuristiC.
D)hindsight bias.

Question 50

Based on his observation of a group of patients who suffer from a psychological disorder and display immense creativity,Collin develops a theory of creativity among patients with that disorder.According to the types of reasoning,it can be concluded that Collin has employed _____ reasoning.

A)deductive
B)inductive
C)automatic
D)controlled

Question 51

Every week during football season,Fred and his friends have fun following the local high school teams.Before the games,Fred never really talks too much about how the games will turn out.On Monday,however,it is a different scenario altogether.Fred is more than happy to share with his friends that the results of the games turned out exactly as he thought they would.Thus,it can be concluded that Fred is demonstrating

A)overconfidence bias.
B)hindsight bias.
C)inductive reasoning.
D)deductive reasoning.

Question 52

Mark is reluctant to sell his car.He says that his car is of great significance to him even though most people who owned a similar car have sold it.Mark is not willing to let go of the car because he considers it to be invaluable.Mark's belief about his car is an example of

A)the endowment effect.
B)the Flynn fallacy.
C)functional fixedness.
D)fixation.

Question 53

Identify a true statement about the controlled system of reasoning and decision making.

A)It entails following one's hunches about a particular decision.
B)It specifically uses heuristics in solving a problem.
C)It involves processing that is rapid and associative.
D)It is used specifically in situations where the complexity of a problem is low.

Question 54

Identify a true statement about the automatic system of reasoning and decision making.

A)It involves processing that is extremely thoughtful.
B)It involves effortful thinking.
C)It involves processing that is rapid and associative.
D)It involves analytical thinking.

Question 55

Maria is extremely active in politics.She has strong conservative beliefs about what is correct and what is not.Each day when she reads the newspaper,she pays close attention to the editorial section in particular.According to the confirmation bias,what will she do when she reads them?

A)She will read all of the editorials to get a balanced view of issues.
B)She will only read the editorials that she agrees with.
C)She will read the editorials that she disagrees with to get another perspective on issues.
D)She will only read the editorials that are devoid of political issues.

Question 56

Ira invested in a stock six years ago.Since then,the value of her stock has reduced drastically.Ira is hesitant to pull out her money from the stock because she feels that she has already invested a lot of time and money into it.She feels that it is too late to make any decisions about her investment.Ira's belief best explains

A)the Flynn effect.
B)the sunk cost fallacy.
C)functional fixedness.
D)benefit finding.

Question 57

If Professor Wagner were to build a robot that functions using only automatic processes,we would expect it to make decisions using

A)algorithms.
B)functional fixedness.
C)heuristics.
D)conscious reflection.

Question 58

In the context of biases and heuristics that affect an individual's decision-making strategies,_____ refers to the fact that people are reluctant to give up on a venture because of past investment.

A)sunk cost fallacy
B)endowment effect
C)hindsight bias
D)object permanence

Question 59

Alex intends to board a flight this evening to another country for an official visit.However,his wife prevents him from boarding the flight stating that there is a likelihood of danger to his life owing to several plane crashes that occurred that month.According to the biases and heuristics in decision making,it can be concluded that Alex's wife mirrors the _____ in this scenario.

A)base rate neglect
B)hemispatial neglect
C)representativeness heuristic
D)availability heuristic

Question 60

In the context of loss aversion,_____ means that people ascribe greater value on things they already own,compared to objects owned by someone else.

A)sunk cost fallacy
B)endowment effect
C)hindsight bias
D)object permanence

Question 61

Which of the following describes the trait of a critical thinker?

A)grasping the deeper meaning of ideas
B)providing a single accurate solution to a problem
C)relying on the opinion of more experienced others
D)practicing groupthink

Question 62

Gwyneth views the exceptional ratings of a pair of jeans on an online shopping website and decides to purchase it over the weekend.However,her friend who has a similar pair of jeans complains about the poor quality of the material,which prevents Gwyneth from making the online purchase.According to the biases and heuristics in decision making,it can be concluded that Gwyneth mirrors _____ in this scenario.

A)confirmation bias
B)hindsight bias
C)the base rate neglect
D)the hemispatial neglect

Question 63

Hillary meets her brother's friend Drake who is a tall and lanky man.She concludes that Drake might be a basketball player for his college team.According to the biases and heuristics in decision making,it can be concluded that Hillary mirrors _____ in this scenario.

A)the representativeness heuristic
B)the availability heuristic
C)confirmation bias
D)hindsight bias

Question 64

Sharon had a major argument with Terence,her 50-year-old general manager in her previous company,whom she perceives as being arrogant and snobbish.Following the argument,she quit her job,and found a job in another company,and is currently working under Ian,who is about the same age as Terence.She now feels that Ian is also arrogant and snobbish.According to the biases and heuristics in decision making,it can be concluded that Sharon is likely to employ _____ in this scenario.

A)availability heuristic
B)representativeness heuristic
C)base rate neglect
D)hindsight bias

Question 65

Norah is employing the process of _____ since she intends to oppose the existing views regarding feminism in post-modern era.

A)convergent thinking
B)divergent thinking
C)critical thinking
D)automatic thinking

Question 66

Rahul has job offers from three different employers.He carefully analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of each of the offers.He compares the offers and evaluates them thoroughly to select the one that would be best for him.Which of the following types of thinking is Rahul employing in his decision making?

A)convergent thinking
B)heuristics thinking
C)automatic thinking
D)divergent thinking

Question 67

Serena,an advertising lead,is holding a meeting with her teammates regarding the development of an advertisement for a new perfume brand.Which of the following processes of thinking do Serena and her team mates most likely employ in this scenario?

A)passive thinking
B)convergent thinking
C)automatic thinking
D)divergent thinking

Question 68

Sandra is most likely to seek out information that refutes the existing hypothesis regarding the relationship between smoking and dementia when she engages in

A)confirmation bias.
B)critical thinking.
C)convergent thinking.
D)hindsight bias.

Question 69

Danielle is planning on a vacation with her family.During dinner,she talks to her family about it,and each one of them give their own ideas and plans for the vacation.Which of the following types of thinking has Danielle employed?

A)divergent thinking
B)controlled thinking
C)convergent thinking
D)analytical thinking

Question 70

According to Ellen Langer,an individual's routine of engaging in meditation every morning is an example of

A)divergent thinking.
B)open-minded thinking.
C)mindful behavior.
D)automatic behavior.

Question 71

Samantha believes that Gabe is a member of the football team because he is muscular and wears gym shorts.This typically illustrates

A)the availability heuristic.
B)confirmation bias.
C)the representativeness heuristiC.
D)hindsight bias.

Question 72

Adrian is solving mathematical equations in his classroom.Which of the following processes of thinking is he likely to be engaged in at present?

A)convergent thinking
B)automatic thinking
C)divergent thinking
D)passive thinking

Question 73

Identify a true statement about divergent thinking.

A)It means to find out the best possible solution from a wide range of possibilities.
B)It predominantly occurs during a brainstorming session.
C)It is the best method of thinking when a problem has only one solution.
D)It is a slow and analytical method of thinking.

Question 74

Lisa,a marketing manager,has suggested using crowdsourcing to come up with ideas for advertising.She has found a number of people who are ready to volunteer to answer a questionnaire and be a part of a focus group.Which of the following processes of thinking is being illustrated in this scenario?

A)critical thinking
B)controlled thinking
C)divergent thinking
D)mindful thinking

Question 75

Being receptive to other ways of looking at things is referred to as

A)critical thinking.
B)mindfulness.
C)convergent thinking.
D)open-mindedness.

Question 76

Which of the following statements is true of creative thinkers?

A)They are usually superficial in their approach.
B)They are usually convergent in their approach.
C)They are usually engaged in objective evaluation of their work.
D)They usually avoid taking risks.

Question 77

Which of the following statements is true of convergent thinking?

A)It works best when a problem has only one right answer.
B)It occurs during brainstorming.
C)It produces many solutions to the same problem.
D)This type of thinking is avoided by creative people.

Question 78

Identify a trait that is most commonly associated with creative thinkers.

A)functional fixedness
B)loss aversion
C)risk avoidance
D)inner motivation

Question 79

Harry intends to pursue his career in the armed forces.However,his mother prevents him from applying for a position in the armed forces.She fears that she will lose her son just like she lost her husband who died during his regime in the armed forces.Hence,it can be concluded that Harry's mother has used

A)confirmation bias.
B)the availability heuristic.
C)hindsight bias.
D)the representativeness heuristic.

Question 80

Henry,the marketing team lead of Shield Corp,always consults his team members prior to making any important decisions.This,in turn,indicates that Henry engages in _____ during the process of decision making.

A)convergent thinking
B)open-minded thinking
C)inductive reasoning
D)deductive reasoning